JOURNAL. OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI: 10.18173/23_-S4-1067.2017-0103 Social Science. 2017, Vol. 62, Iss. 11, pp. 177-186
This paper is available onhne al http.//sldb.hnue.edu vn
PHAN TICH BIEN DONG SlT DUNG DAT O TINH HAI DlTONG GIAI DOAN 2005-2015 VA ANH H U 6 N G CUA SU BlfeN DONG NAY
T 6 I V I E C SIT DUNG H O P LY TAI NGUYEN DAT
^Nguyen N g g c A n h , ^Nguydn Q u a n g T h a i , ^Biii Thi C a m N g p c , ^Pham A n h T u i n
^Khoa Dm li, Tnfdng Dgi hgc Sit phgm Hd Ndi
^ Khoa Qudn If Ddt dai. Tntiiiig Dgi hoc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tnfflng Hd Nc)i
Toin tat. Vdi chii irUOng si't dung hdp If nguon liii nguyen thien nhien dac biei la tai nguyen dii, cac dia phUdng irong ca nudc dang ra soat va kiem tra idng the nham nitng cao hieu qua sfl dung dit, tao dgng lUc thuc day phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Trong qua trinh thUc hien Hai DUdng gap khong il nhflng bal cap nhU* viec phat trien kinh te lam ldn hai den mdi IrUdng, 6 nhiim mdi IrUcfng ngay m6l tram trong, vin de IhUc hien CNH - HDH, cac khu cong nghiep md ra, do ihi phai Inen iiim ihu hep quy dii san xuil nong nghiep din din van de an ninh lUdng thuc.^dng dUdc dam bao, cd cau sfl dung dai mai can doi; quy hoach mang nhieu bat cap, han che; hieu qua sfl dung dat chua cao, dac biel la dien ifch dat hoang hoa ngay mgt lang tai cac khu cdng nghiep, khu ddng cao nhi3ng dieu nay dang lao ra nhilu he luy trong ddi song ngudi dan, kim ham sU phat tnen kinh le - xa hoi, khiln cho chil lUdng moi irUdng dii bj suy thoai nang nl d nhieu khu vUc trong tinh ,..
Bang viec pbSn tich ngudn s6 lieu Ihdng ke va danh gia hien irang .sfl dung dit qua cac nam 2005, 2010, 2015 cd sfl dung cong cu cua he thong lin dia If (GIS), cac lac gia da tim ra va luan giiii nhflng biln dong cila cac loai hinh sfl dung dit, dinh hUdng viec quan If dai dai, d l xuat cac giai phap khai thac vii sfl dung hdp It iai nguyen dat.
Tif khda: Muc dich sd dung dit, hien trang sfl dung dii, biln dgng sfl dung dii, quy hoach, moi IrUdng, Hai DUdng,
1. Mcf dau
Nhflng niim gin day, viec nghien cflu diinh gia bien ddng sfl dung dit tai cac dia phUdng dUdc tiln hanh kha thubng xuyen va dUdc tht,fc hien b i n g nhieu each thflc khiic nhau nhU: sfl dung ngudn so lieu thdng ke hang niim de hd trd danh gui bien dgng sU dung dit; sfl dung ngudn ban dd hien trang sfl dung d i t cua ciic nam de IhUc hien chdng xep khong gian, chiet xuit npi dung de danh gta bien ddng sfl dung dit; mot each khac la sU dung ngudn dfl lieu iinh hiing khong hoac anh ve tinh d cac thdi ki khac nhau, lien hanh giai doiin va chdng x i p cac ldp thong tin de lim ra cac phin dit bj biln d d n g . . . cac phUdng phap niiy deu cd nhflng Uu viel, han che nhit dinh. Vay nen, cac tiic gia tap trung sfl dung ket hdp cac each thflc tren de phan tfch nhflng bien dong Irong
Ngay nhan har 15/8/2017 Ngay sfta hai'21/9/2017, Ngay nhan dang 25/10/2017 Lien he Nguyen Ngoc Anh, e-mail. anh@hnue edu.vn
Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Quang Thai, Bin Thi Cam Nggc va Pham Anh Tuan
sfl dung dai tren dia ban tinh Hat DUdng giai doan 2005 - 2015 Tfnh loan dien tich thay ddi cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dit. Tim ra va luan giai nhflng thay doi trong qua trinh quan If va sfl dung- dit dai d Hai DUdng.
- Theo bao cao mdi nhit cua Sd Tai nguyen va Moi irUdng tinh Hai DUdng. nam 2017 hien trang sfl dung d i t da thdng ke den 31/12/2015 vdi day du dien tfch cac Idai hinh sfl dung dit nhit;
Dat ndng nghiep, dat phi nong nghiep va dit chua sfl dung. Ben canh dd danh gia ket qua thuc hien ke hoach sfl dung d i t 5 nam ki dau 2011 - 2015. Dong thdi cdng bo ke hoach sfl dung dit 5 nam ki cudi 2016 - 2020 [6; 8]. Trong bao cao mac du da thdng ke kha chi tilt nhung chUa lam ro dugc nhflng bien dgng cu the cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dat d llnh Hai DUdng giai doan tfl 2005 din 2015, khoang thdi gian ma Hai DUdng ihUc hien manh nhat cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda.
- Tren dia ban huyen Thanh Ha, tac gia Nguyin Tuyet Ngan da nghien cflu Danh gia hieu qua sfl dung dat nong nghiep theo hai gdc dd la phat trien kinh te va xii hgi. Qua do khing dmh ro tim quan trgng cua viec bien dgng sfl dung dit anh hudng den hieu qua sfl dung dat nong nghiep [2].
- Viec flng dung tU lieu viln tham va dfl lieu trong GIS de nghien cflu bien dgng sfl dung dat, giam sat sU thay doi dien lich rflng, hoac sU thay ddi dien tfch mat nUdc... day la xu the nghien cflu phd biln hien nay. Trong dd khai thac tot ngudn tfl lieu anh ve tinh va nhflng cdng cu hflu hieu tfl cdng nghe GIS la dinh hUdng dung dan. Song moi cdng trinh deu can tdi ngudn dfl lieu mat dat - dfl lieu, so lieu quan trie, thdng ke [1 ], dieu nay nhac chung ta can k i t hdp hai boa cac phUdng phap nghien cflu va each tiep can van de
- Tren dia ban Hai DUdng, mac du cd nhieu ddi mdi trong quan li dat dai d cac huyen cung nhu toan tinh, song chUa cd cdng trinh nao tim ra nhflng bien dong trong qua trinh sfl dung dat cua tinh, chfla If giai dUdc anh hudng cua nhflng thay ddi nay ciing nhu nhflng he luy cua chung trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te vii xa hgi cua Hai DUdng. Day cung chinh la nhflng viec ma nhdm tac gia ki vgng giai quyel, gdp phan dac lUc trong cdng cude doi mdi, phat trien kinh le - xa hoi cua llnh Hai DUdng.
2. Noi dung nghien cihi
2.1. Bien dong dien tich trong suf dung dat d Hai Duong 2.L1. Cd cau dien ti'ch cac nhdm dat chmh giai doan 2005 - 2015
Bang 1. Dien tich dat phdn theo muc dich silt dung cdc ndm 2005, 2010 vd Loai dat
Dal nong nghiep DSt phi nong nghiep Dal chila 5\l dung Td'ng liien tich
200S Ha 114,816 48,968 1,053 164,837
69 65
%
29 71 0,64 100
2010 Ha 109,005 55,551
777 165,333
65 93
%
,33.60 0.47 100
2015 2015 Ha 107,342 59,196 286 166,797
64,35
%
35.5 0.17 100 (Nguim. Xiflivd tinh loan tif 13. 6. 8. 101)
Can cfl vao sd lieu trong bang tren trflc quan hda b i n g bieu dd trong Hinh I.
- Qua bieu dd vii bang sd lieu nhan ihay dien lich d i t ndng nghiep cd xu hudng giam deu tfl nam 2005 den nam 2010, cu the la giam tfl 114,816 ha chiem 69.65% tdng dien ti'ch tu nhien (2005) xudng 109,005ha chilm 65.93% (2010) vagiam cdn 107,342ha chiem 64.35% (2015). Nhfl
60%
40%
20%
mg SU aiing aat d tinh tiui Uittlng giai doan 2005-2015 vd dnh hudng eiia.sU biin dgng i-o 0.64 0 47 0 17
• Dat chua su dung
• Bit phi nong nghiep Bit ndng nghiep
Nam 2005 2010 2015
Hinh 1. Bieu do sU Ihay doi ve dien tich cdc nhdm ddt chinh d Hdi Difdng, giai dogn 2005 • 2010
vay dien tich dat nong nghiep bi chuyen ddi muc dfch su dung khoang 900ha mdi nam tUdng flng giam 5,82%
- Ben canh do, dien tfch d i t phi nong nghiep tang kha deu Iheo cac nam. Trong giai doan nghien cflu dien tfch d i t phi nong nghiep tiing tfl 48,968ha chiem 29 71 % long dien tich tfl nhien (2005) Ien 55,551ha chiem 33.6% (2010) va den nam 2015 tang len 59,196ha chiem 35.5% .
- Dien Ifch dat chUa sfl dung cua Hai DUdng dUdc khai ihac kha triet de Nam 2005 nhdm dit nay la 1,053ha chl chi£m 0 6 4 % tdng dien tfch IU nhien ciia tinh, den nam 2010 cdn lai la 777ha tfldng flng 0.47% va den nam 2015 chl cdn 286ha chiSm 0.17% D i t chua sfl dung tap trung vao dat ddi nui cd dia hinh hiem trd, kho khai ihac tren dja ban huyen Chl Linh.
Nhu vay. dien tfch dit cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dat d Hai DUdng ludn bien ddng. Su bien ddng nay theo xu the tiing dien tfch dai phi ndng nghiep, giam dien tfch dat nong nghiep vii din dan sfl dung triet de quy dit tU nhien cua Iinh. Xu the niiy phu hdp vdi xu th6 chung ciia ca nude, sau khi Dai hgi Dai bleu tgan qudc lan thfl VIII nam 1996, chfnh thflc dat muc lieu cho each mang CNH-HDH tdi niim 2020 lii. "dUa nUdc la cd ban ird thiinh mdl nUdc cdng nghiep" [7]. Dieu nay da day len cdng cudc chuyen ddi cd cau nen kinh te tfl nong nghiep sang cong nghiep va djch vu Dg do, mgt lUdng I6n dien tfch d i t ndng nghiep da mit di, thay vao dd la cac Ioai hinh sfl dung dit chuyen dung nhU: cac khu cdng nghiep, cac nha may, cac khu dd thj, trung tam thUdng mai hoac cac khu dan c u . . . Iam thay ddi dang ke bd mat mdi dia phUdng d Hai Dudng.
2.1.2. Bien d o n g dien tich c a c n h o m d a t c h m h 6 H a i Dtfdng giai d o a n 2005 - 2015 Bdng 2. Su bien ddng dien tich 3 nhdm ddt chinh d Hdi Dtfdng
trong cdc giai doan 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2015 vd 2005 - 2015 Loai dat/ Giai doan
D^t nong nghiep (ha) Dat phi nong nghiep (ha) Dll chua sii dung (ha)
2005 114,816 48,968
1,053 2010 109,005 55,551
777 2015 107,342 59,196
286
Bien dong 2005-2010
-5,811 6,583 -276
2010-2015 -1.663
3,645 -491
2005-2015 -7,474 10,228 -767 (Nguim Xtf It vd tinh lodn tif 13. 6. S. lOj) Sfl bien ddng dien tfch d i t theo muc dfch sfl dung, vdi 3 nhdm dat chi'nh dUdc trflc quan hda bing bieu dd sau day:
Nguyen Nggc Anh, Nguyin Quang Thai, Biii Thi Cam Ngoc va Pham Anh Tuin
12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 -2,000 -4,000 -6,000 -8,000 -10,000
I I
J Dat ndng nghi?p
• Dat phi ndng nghiep
• Dat chua sir dyng
Gia doanHinh 2: Bieu do bien dong dien tich cua 3 nhom dat chinh d Hdi Duong giai dogn 2005 - 2010, 2010- 2015 vd 2005 - 2015
Qua do nhan thay
- Dien tich dit ndng nghiep giam Irong ca 2 giai doan tfl 2005 den 2015 vit giam manh trong giai doan 2010-2015, trfldc ddgiam nhe vao giai doan sau 2005-2010. Cu the la tfl nam 2005 den 2010 dien tfch dit nong nghiep giam 5,81 Iha chiem 5.33% dien tich dat nong nghiep tai thdi diem 2010. 5 nam tiep dien tfch dit nong nghiep giam 1663ha chiem 1.55% long dien Ifch dat nong nghiep tai thdi diem nam 2015. NhU vay, sau 10 nam ke tfl nam 2005 dien tfch dat ndng nghiep giam 7474ha chiem khoang 6,95% dien tfch dat nong nghiep vit chiem 4.65% tdng dien tfch tfl nhien cua tinh lai thdi die'm nam 2015.
- Trong khi do dien li'ch dat phi nong nghiep Iai tang trong loan giai doan tfl 2005 den 2010.
Giai doan nay dien lich dit phi ndng nghiep 6,583ha chiem 11 85% tdng dien tfch dat phi nong nghiep lai thdi diem nam 2010. Giai doan tfl 2010 den 2015 dien tfch dit phi ndng nghiep lang 3,645ha chiem 6,38% tdng dien tich dat phi ndng nghiep tai thdi diem 2015. Xel trong ca giai doan 10 niim tfl 2005 din 2015 dien ti'ch dat phi nong nghiep tang I0,228ha chiem 17.28% long dien tich dat phi ndng nghiep va chiem 6.3% tong dien tich dat tU nhien ciia tinh tai thdi diem nam 2015.
-Doi vdi dit chUa sfl dung giai doan tfl 2005 den 2010 loan tinh khai hoang dUOc 277ha vit giai doan 5 nam tiep theo khai thac dUdc 2I7ha. Sau 10 nam tfl 2005 den 2015 toiin tinh da khai thac dUdc 491ba, chiem gin 50% tdng dien tfch dit chUa sfl dung cua thdi diem nam 2005. Hai DUdng la mgt trong cac tinh khai thac tdt nhdm dat chUa sfl dung nay.
- Su bi^n ddng dien tfch cac nhom dit chinh d Hai Dfldng dang d mflc dd cao trong giai
doan 2005 - 2015 va dac biet ia giai doan 5 nam tfl 2005 - 2010, bdi day la giai doan dau ciia viec
thflc hien cudc each mang CNH-HDH d nUdc ta. Theo da phat trien nay thi tdi nam 2020 ty le dien
tich dai nong nghiep vii phi nong nghiep 55%:45% va dfl bao tdi nam 2030 ly le dien tfch dii ndng
nghiep vii phi ndng nghiep se tfldng dfldng nhau. Day la mdt xu the kha hdp li, song trong thUc le
da nay sinh nhieu vin de nhU: 6 nhiem mdi trUdng tang, quy hoach chdng cheo kim ham sU phat
trien, lan chiem, Iranh chip, sfl dung sai muc dfch gia tang, chUa ke chju anh hfldng cua nen kinh
Id ca nudc va loan ciu.
Phdn tich biin dong sd dung Ml d tinh Hdi Ducing giai doan 2005-2015 vd dnh hifdng ctia .sU hiin ddng .
2.1.3. Bien d o n g d a t n d n g nghiep
Su bien ddng cac loai hinh sfl dung dat Irong nhdm dat ndng nghiep d Hai DUdng the hien qua 3 Ioai dat chinh la d i t san xuit nong nghiep, dat Iam nghiep cd rflng va d i t nudi trdng thuy san. Cac sd lieu dUdc thdng ke, tfnh idanh irong Bang 3 dUdi day, se cho chung ta biet dUdc tinh hinh sfl dung d i t nong nghiep cua tinh.
Bdng 3. Su bien ddng dien tich ddt ndng nghiep d Hdi Dudng trong cdc giai dogn 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2015 vd 2005 - 2015 Loai dat/ Nam
Dat nong nghiep (ha) Dat san xuat nong nghiep (ha) Dat lam nghiep CO rilng (ha)
Dit nuoi trdng thuy san (ha)
2005 114,816 98,398
9,149 7,269
2010 109,005 91,440
8,859 8,706
2015 107,342 86,420
11,886 9,.391
Bien dong 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 / 0
-5,811 -6.958 -29(1 1.437
2010-2015 -1.663 -5.020 3.027 6S5
2005-2015 -7,474 -11.978 2,737 2.122 (Nguim Xic If vd linh lodn tif 13. 6. 8. lOj)
De nhan dinh ro hdn sU bien ddng cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dat thude nhdm dat ndng nghiep, hay quan sat bieu do sau day:
4,000 2,000
-2,000 -4,000 -6,000 -8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
2005 - 2 c l
1
u
2010 - 2 0 ^
>•••
Z 0 0 5 - 2 t l
1 1
1
Giai a
1 '
1
Dat san xuat NN Dit LN CO rung Dit nudi irdng ihiiy san
" Tdng dien tich dit NN bien dgng
Hinh 3. Biiu do bien ddng dien tich nong nghiep d Hdi Duang giai doan 2005 - 2010, 2010- 2015 vd 2005 - 2015 Phan tfch sd lieu trong Bang 3 vit quan sal bieu dd trong Hmh 3 nhan thay:
- Trong d i t ndng nghiep, dten tfch dit phuc vu cho san xuit ludn chiem ly trong cao nhat.
Nam 2005 dien tfch dat san xuit nong nghiep 98,398ha chiem 85 7% tong dien tfch dat ndng nghiep. Den nam 2010 dien tich d i t nong nghiep phuc vu cho san xuit cdn lai 91,440 ha giam dt 6,958ha. Van Ioai dat nay den nam 2015 dien tfch cdn lai la 86,420 ha, tiep tuc giam 5,020 ha. Sau 10 nam ke tfl nam 2005 dien tfch d i t siin xuil nong nghiep giam 11,978 ha, IUdng flng giam 13.2%
tong dien tfch nong nghiep so vdt nam 2005. Nhu vay, dien tich d i t san xuat ndng nghiep giam
Nguyin Nggc Anh, Nguyen Quang Thai, Biii Thi Cim Nggc va Pham Anh TuSn
trung binh gin 1,300 ha moi nam. Giam nhanh hdn dien tich dit nong nghiep ndi chung la 400ha.
Day chi'nh thflc lit ldi canh bao tdi viec m i t can b i n g trong cd ciu sfl dung dat, khi nen kinh te phi ndng nghiep chUa thUc sU dam bao cho cudc sdng ngUdi dan, nguy cd Ihi6u hiJt lUdng thuc dang hien hflu, mac du dang la nUdc xuat khau gao ldn tren the gidi.
- Vao thap niem 90 cua the ki XIX dien tfch rflng lien tuc giam do nhieu nguyen nhan, song sau khi cd quy£t dinh 661 nam 1998 cua Thu tUdng Chi'nh phu ve dU an thfl nghiem trdng mdi 5 tneu hecta rflng. 6 Hiti DUdng tinh tfl nam 2005 din 2010 dien tich dat lam nghiep giam 290 ha Sau nam 2010, dU an dUdc phd bien. cac dia phUdng IhUc hien nghiem tuc, nen dien tfch rflng ditdc tang trd lai. Dac biet .sau Chi thi 334 nam 2009 cua Chfnh phu tiep tuc tnen khai trong rflng, dien lich rflng d Hai DUdng da tang 2.027 ha. Day la ket qua dang ghi nhan cua lanh dao vii nhan dan Hai DUdng
- Ddi vdi dien tfch mat nUdc nuoi irdng thuy san d Hai DUdng tang trong loan giai doan.
Tfl nam 2005 den 2010 lang 1.437 ha vii 5 nam sau dd liing liep 685 ha. Day cung lii diem sang trong sfl dung d i t d Hai Dudng thcii gian qua. Dd la ket qua cua ke hoach phat trien kinh te V-A-C (vUdn, ao, chudng) cua dia phUdng. Chfnh nhd vao hoat ddng kinh te niiy ma Hai DUdng da khai thac hieu qua dien tfch mat nUdc sdng sudi chUa sfl dung.
Nhin chung thi dai nong nghiep cua Hai Dfldng van giam theo hang nam mac du dien tfch dat cd mat nUdc nuoi trdng thuy san va dat lam nghiep cd rflng tang, bdi dien Ifch dat san xuil nong nghiep giam qua Idn.
2.1.4. Bien d o n g dien tich d a t p h i n d n g nghiep
Dal phi nong nghiep lii phan dien ifch cdn lai chfnh d Hai Dudng va dfldc tdng hdp trong bang so lieu dUdi day:
Bdng 4. Su bien ddng dien tich dat phi ndng nghiep giai doan 2005 - 2015 trong cdc giai dogn 2005 - 2010, 2010 - 2015 vd 2005 - 2015 Loai dat/ Nam
Dit phi nong nghiep (ha) Dat 6 (ha) Da tuai nU6e chuyen dung (ha)
Dat chuyen dung va dat khac (ha)
2005 48,968
11,089 II ,,340 26,539
2010 ,55,551 13,792 13,052 28,707
2015 59,196 15,531 12,021 31,644
Bien dong 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 / 0
6.583 2.703 1.712 2.168
2010-20J5 3 645 1.739 -1.031 2.937
2005-2015 10.228 4.442 681 5.105 (Nguun- Xif li vd tinh todn tif 13. 6. S. 10!)
De nhan dinh ro hdn v6 sfl bien dgng cac loat dit trong nhdm dat phi ndng nghiep, cd the quan sat bieu dd trong Hinh 4 du6i day.
Can cfl vito so lieu trong Bang 4 va bieu dd trong Hlnh 4 nhan thay
- Dien tfch dat d ludn tang trong ca giai doan 10 nam. Giai doan tfl 2005 den 2010 tang 2,703 ha, giai doan tfl 2010 din 2015 dien lich dat d tiep Uic tang 1,739 ha. Nhu vay, trong gia doan 10 nam tfl 2005 den 2015 tdng dien tfch dat d da tang len 4,442 ha. Dien tfch nay lang len trong ke hoach dan dan d cac dia phUdng, quy hoach ciic khu dan cfl mdl, khu do ihi mdi d thanh phd Hai Dudng vii cac thi tran trong tinh.
- Dien tfch d i t sdng, sudi mat nUdc chuyen dung giai doan tfl 2005 den 2010 tang 1,712 ha. Giai doan nay la thdi die'm chuyen ddi manh tfl dii ndng nghiep, dat mat nudc chfla khai Ihac 182
Phdn tich bien dgng sif dung ddt d tinh Hdi Difdng giai doan 2005-2015 vd dnh hudng etia sU hiin dgng...
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OSt s6ng, SUOI va mgt nu'ii'c chuyen dCing OSl chuven dung v& iJat V.Mc
' tiai cnuven uurtg vdudiKiirit ^ ^
• TSng dien tich (Jit phi n6ng nghiep bign dong ^ |
2010 -2015
Hinh 4. Bieu dd sit bien ddng dien tt'ch ddt phi ndng nghiep d Hdi DUdng giai dogn 2005- 2010, 2010 - 2015 vd 2005 - 2015
thanh dat chuyen dung. Nhflng nam sau tfl 2010 den 2015 dien tfch d i t mat nUdc chuyen dung bi giam manh (1,031 ha). Nguyen do la sau khi cd chi thj cua Nha nUdc ve viec ban che chuyen ddi dat san xuat ndng nghiep sang muc dfch khac thi xu the phat tnen theo dinh hudng CNH - HDH van dang IhUc hien, vdi yeu cau cao ve mat bing nen dien tfch mat nfldc chuyen dung bi san l i p chuyen Ihanh dat d hoac dat chuyen dung khac. Do vay. dien tfch dat co mat nudc chuyen dung thay doi sau 10 nam la 681 ha, con sd nay la ft so vdi sU thay ddi ciia mgt so toai d i t khac
- Doi vdi dien tich dat chuyen dung va mgi sd ft ciia loai dat khac, nam 2005 cd dien tich la 26,539 ha chiem 54 2 % dien tfch dat phi nong nghiep cua tinh. Den nam 2010 dien tfch dat chuyen dung da tang len 28 707 ha, nhung trong cd cau ciia dit phi nong nghiep Iai chi chiem 51.67% tdng dien tfch dit phi ndng nghiep tai thdi diem 2010. Den nam 2015 dien tich loai dat nay lii 31,789 ha tang so vdi nam 2005 lii 5,105 ha vii so vdi niim 2010 la 2.937 ha. Dieu nay cho thay dien tfch dat chuyen dung Iudn tang trong toan giai doan nghien cflu.
Nhu vay, sU bldn dgng cua dien lich cac loai dit trong nhdm dit phi nong nghiep chu yeu theo xu the tang. Dieu nay cho thay Hai DUdng lii mgt trong cac tinh cd sfl chuyen doi kha manh me trong qua trinh thUc hien C N H - HDH, trong chien Ifldng phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua dia phUdng [7].
2.2. Anh hirdng cua viec chuyen doi muc dich sur dung dat
Ban chat cua bien dong dien tt'ch cac loai dit la kk qua cua sU chuyen ddi muc dfch sfl dung dit, la he qua cua dudng ldi, chti trUdng, chi'nh sach quan If lanh thd ciia cac ciip lanh dao. Chuyen ddi muc dich sfl dung dat la nhu ciu cin thiet cua moi dja phUdng bdi, sd dan iudn tang, nhu cau ve nha d cung tang theo. Xa hgi luon phat trien, yeu ciu cd sd ha lang phai dap flng kjp thdt, dan d£n nhu c i u nhieu hdn ve dien tfch dat, Chuyen ddi muc dfch sfl dung dat la sU thay doi ve khong
gian sdng cua ngfldi dan va lii minh chflng cua sU phat trien kinh te - xii hdi [6]. i - Chuyen ddi muc dfch liim ihay ddi cd ciu sfl dung dit, thay ddi dja ban sdng va canh tac cua ngUdi dan. Chuyen ddi muc dfch sfl dung ludn mang ttnh bal mat. se mang lai nhflng hieu qua tfch cue neu cd sU nghien cflu va phan Ifch kl IrUdc khi ra quyet dinh; ngfldc lai se kem theo dd la sU lang phi tai nguyen. gay thiet hat cho nen kinh te. Dieu niiy the hien rit ro Irong hdn 10 khu cdng nghiep cua tinh cd hieu xuit .sfl dung chua den 4 0 % . Dgc theo qudc Id 5 doan qua dia phan 183
Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Quang Thai, Biii Thi Cam Ngoc va Pham Anh Tuan
ciia linh, cd the thiy cac khu cong nghiep rong menh mong dUdc chuyen ddi tfl dat trong lua sang, den nay vin de hoang.
- Chuyen ddi muc dfch sd diang dat cd the phai thay ddi ca cd cau cay trong, vat nuoi, anh hudng tdi cd c i u mua vu vii tap quan canh lac cua ngUdt dan. Chinh vi vay, irudc khi chuyen dot can nghien cflu ki de ngudi dan lam quen vdi phUdng thflc san x u i l mdi [6], Ben canh dd cdn anh hudng ldn ldi chit lUdng moi trfldng, thi trUdng b i t ddng san va phan bo dan cU. Dieu nay anh hudng sau s i c den nen kinh te va td chflc xa hgi cua tinh. De han che nhflng anh hudng lieu cUc.
phiit huy tdi da hieu qua cua viec chuyen ddi muc dfch sfl dung d i t . cac ciip lanh dao tfl tinh tdi xa can cd sU nghien cflu, can nhac ki trUdc khi quyet dinh chuyen ddi muc dfch sfl dung dit.
2.3. Ket qua
- Qua trinh phat irie'n n6n kinh te - xa hoi theo hUdng C N H - H D H cua linb trong nhflng nam qua da keo theo viec thay doi rat Idn trong viec sU dung cac loai dat. Dien tfch dat ndng nghiep (dac biet la dat san xuat ndng nghiep) phai chuyen mot phan de xay dUng phat trien he thdng dd thi, cac khu dSn cU, cac khu, ciim cdng nghiep tap trung vii xay dflng kel cau ha ting . , De dam bao an loim IUdng thUc can thay ddi cd ciu cay Irdng, val nudi. tham canh tang vu, tang nang suit.
Thuc te sU thay doi niiy vin chUa dap flng dUdc ki vgng cua sU phat trien kinh te - xa hoi dat ra.
- Den nay cd tdi 99,66% dien tfch dit tU nhien dUdc dUa vao sfl dung cho cac muc dfch dan sinh kinh le, quy dat chUa sfl dt.ing cdn lai khdng dang ke chi chiem khoang 0,34% dien tfch dit IU nhien [3] Dat san xuat nong nghiep can dUdc bao ve, quan If va sfl dung hieu qua hdn nfla. Dat cd rflng liep luc dfldc cham sdc bao ve, bao gom ca viec rflng trong mdi tren dat trdng ddi niii trpc va khoanh nuoi tai sinh rflng tU nhien dii bi tan pha. Dal nuoi Irong Ihuy san cd xu hUdng tang nhanh do viec chuyen dd'i dien tich irdng liia kem hieu qua d nhflng vung trung sang nuoi trong thiiy san tao ra nhflng md hinh nudi trong thuy san tap trung d nhieu huyen vdi lUdng san pham hang hoa ldn cung c i p cho thi trUdng Ha Ndi va cac dd thi khac liim tiing them gia Iri kinh te Iren mdl hecia canh tac.
- Quy dat san xual kinh doanh phi nong nghiep tang manh gdp phan day manh lien trinh cdng nghiep hoa d dia phUdng, trong dd tiing manh nhiil la dat cdng nghiep vdi hdn 1.360 ha [8]
Quy dat danh cho phat tnen he Ihdng giao ihdng, thuy ldi,. . cung tang dting ke. Nhieu tuyen quoc lg. llnh 16,... dUdc nang cap md rgng gdp phin niing cao chai lUdng dich vu van chuyen giao liTu gifla cac vung Irong va ngoiii tinh, la yeu id thuc day cac true phat tnen ciia dta phUdng. He thdng thuy ldi tiep tuc dUdc dau tU cai tad vii kien cd boa gdp phin nang cao niing lUc lUdi tieu, chii dong nudc cho san xuit nong nghiep.
- Quy dit danh cho cac ITnh vUc y te, giiio due, van hoa, the due - the ihao va cac cdng trinh phuc Idi khac cung dUdc diu IU md rong diing k e g d p phin niing cao chit Ifldng dao tao, chat lifdng kham chfla benh va ddi sdng vat chit tinh than cua nhan dan.
2.4. Mot so ton tai
- Viec phat trien nhanh cac khu, cum cdng nghiep trong thdi gian qua chfla dong bd vdi dau tu xay dflng cd sd ha t i n g ki thuat, cac cd sd xfl li ngudn nfldc, rac thai trong cdng nghiep. tieu thii cdng nghiep dang la nguy cd tiem an anh hUdng den mdi trfldng.
- Tmh trang sfl dung dat khdng dung muc dfch hoac khdng theo quy hoach van xay ra, sfl dung d i t phan tan, manh miin cdn pho bien lii thuc le rit khd de cd the dat hieu qua cao trong viec khai thac liem nang d i t dai Thifiu cac giai phap ddng bd trong san xuil ndng nghiep nhu chUa giai
Phdn tich hien ddng .st? dung dctt d linh Hdi Pitting giat doan 200^-2015 vd dnh hitting ciiu .sit hiin dimg .
quyel lot gifla khai thac sfl dung vdi cai lao dat, gifla san xuat vdi tieu Ihu va che bien san pha'm, gifla muc dfch kinh Ie vdi bao ve m6i trUdng sinh thai,... da anh hudng nhieu den hieu qua sfl dung dat irong vung [6]
- Do nhu cau phat trien kinh Ie - xa hgi vit dan sinh nen van phai chuyen mot sd dien tfch dai chuyen trdng lua nUdc cd nang xuit cao sang phat trien cong nghiep; dich vti; xay dUng ket ciu ha ting va phat trien cac khu dan cu mdt Day lii mgt mau thuin ldn trong vin dd sfl dung dit, tham trf cd ndi chuyen muc dfch sfl dung dat mgt each d at sau dd de dat hoang hda nhieu nam khong sfl dung gay lang phf ngudn tai nguyen dat
- Viec chinh trang, xay dUng cac khu dan cU dd Ihi va nong thon con Ihieu quy hoach hdp If ca ve kinh te va kT thuai. Co ndi chUa cd quy hoach khu dan cU gay kho khan cho viec quan U va xay dung cd sd ha tang giao ihong, dien nUdc [6].
2.5. Nguyen nhan cua nhu'ng ton tai trong su" dung d4t
- He thdng chi'nh sach, phap luat ve dit dai dUdc quan lam ddi mdi, luy nhien van chUa dap flng kip nhflng ddi hdi Irong qua Irinh phat tnen kinh te - xa hoi, thilu khung quan If ddng bo de quyel dinh nhflng vin de thUc Ii6n xay ra.
- Cong tac do dac lap ban do dia chfnh va cap giiy chflng nhan quyen sfl dung dit cdn cham, thieu kinh phi Irien khai. Con mpt sd dia phUdng chUa lap quy hoach sfl dung dit, cac dja phUdng da lap quy hoach sU dung dat thi chat lUdng cdn ban che, chua dap flng yeu cau phat trien kmh te xa hoi [6, 7]
- Tien dd ihuc hien giai quyet ton tai Irong giao dit viio xay dUng cd ban lam nha d con cham Cong lac thanh Ira, kiem Ira viec chap hanh phap lual vd dai dai cdn chua dUdc ihUdng xuyen, to chflc IhUc hien xfl If sau thanh tra cdn cham va chua triel de.
2.6. Mot so giai phap khac phuc
c i n khan trUdng tien hanh cong tac do dac ban do dia chfnh d cac xa, phudng, thi trin tren dia ban tinh (dat dan cU, dat lam nghiep) Xay dUng cac ban do chuyen de de tang sflc manh cho cong tac quan If dat dai, mdi IrUdng va xa hgi, Xay dung he Ih&ng cd sd dfl lieu cho he thong lin dia If. Day nhanh Uen do cap giay chflng nhan quyen sfl dung dit (nhit lii dit ndng nghiep sau ddn dien ddi thfla). Day manh viec giai quyel ton Iai Irong giao dat viio xay dUng cd ban, liim nha d.
c i n lap quy hoach, ke hoach sfl dung dit cac cap k|p thdi diing thdi ban I.iim idl cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra viec c h i p hanh phap lual ve dit dai [6, 7]
3. Ket luan
- Hien trang sfl dung dat la can cfl rat quan Irong trong qua trinh giam sat vii danh gta bien ddng cac loai hinh sfl dung dat d mdi dia phUdng ifl cap xa den ciip llnh Vi vay, can phai thimh lap va hien chinh ban do hien trang sfl dung dat ihudng nien
- Viec phan tfch bien ddng dien tich cac loai hinh sfl dung d i t trong mgi giai doan 5 nam hoiic 10 nam se lii cd sd de nhan dmh xu the bien ddng vit lap quy hoach td chflc lanh ihd, dmh hudng phat trieVi kmh Ie - xa hoi mgi each ben vflng. Mat khac cdn la can cfl quan trgng de danh gia chat IUdng moi trUdng dat d Hai DUdng.
- Qua dieu tra thay xuat hien nhieu mo hinh san xuit Irang Irai, san xuit rau an loiin dat gia tri cao Cac loai cay an qua cd gia In Idn nhU vai, nhiin cd xu hUdng lang ve dien tfch, nhi6u san
Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Quang Thai, Bin Thi Cam Ngoc va Pham Anh Tuan
pham dang hinh thanh thUdng hieu rieng dUdc ngUdi lieu dung trong va ngoai nUdc biet den. Do dd cin cd djnh hUdng lap quy hoach de tao dieu kien phat trien trdng trgt cac loai hinh kinh te nay
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
[I] Tran Thu Ha va nnk. 2016 U'ng dung GIS vd vien thdm trong gidin .sdt bien dgng dien tich ritng huyen Cao Phong, linh Hoa Binh giai doan 2005 - 2015. Tap chi Khoa hgc vii Cdng nghe Lam nghiep, so 4, tr.59-69
[2] Nguyen Thi Tuyet Ngan, 2014. Ddnh gid hieu qud .sif dung ddt iwng nghiep fl huyen Thanh Hd. tinh Hdi Ditdng. Luan van thac sT, Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam,
[3] Nien giam thong ke tfnh Hai Dudng cac nam 2005, 2010, 2015.
[4] l . u a l b i d ve mdi trUdng, 2012. Nxb Chi'nh tri Qudc gia [5] Lual dit dai sfla dd'i. 2013.
[6] U B N D llnh Hai Dudng, Sd Tai Nguyen vii Moi trUdng, 2017. Bao cao dieu chinh quy hoach sfl dung d i t den nam 2020 va ke hoach sfl dung dit ki cudi (2016 - 2020).
[7] UBND tinh Hai Dudng. Bao cad long hdp Quy hoach moi trUdng tfnh Hai DUdng nam 2006 va20IO.
[8] U N B D tfnh Hai Dfldng. 2009 Bao cao thuyet minh long hdp: Dieu chinh quy hoach sfl dung dat cho nam 2010 . Lap quy hoach sfl dung d i t den nam 2020 tfnh Hai Dudng.
[9] Cdng thong lin didn tfl tinh Hdi Dudng, www.httpV/haiduong.gov.vn
[10] Trang web cua Vu Ke hoach, Bg Ndng nghiep va phat Irien nong thon.
htIp://vukehoach mard gov vn/ va mdt sd van ban phap quy lien quan.
ABSTRACT
Analysis nf land-use change in Hai Duong province from 2005 to 2015 and its effect on using this resource efficiently
'Nguyen Ngoc Anh. 'Nguyen Quang Thai. "^Bui Thi Cam Ngoc, '^Pham Anh Tuan ' Faculty oJ Geography. Hanoi National Vniveiwily ol Education
^ Faculty oj Land Management, Haiwi University of Natural Resources and Environinenl To comply Ihe policy of rational use of natural resources, especially the finite resources of land, the nation-wide localities are reviewing and examining overall land-use in order to Improve the efficiency of land-use and create motivation for socio-economic development Tn this process, Hai Duong has encountered many difficulties such as: economic development has been damaging the environment, worsening pollution issues; industrialization and modernization, new industrial zones, and urban development have been reducing the land fund for agricultural production leading to insecure food security; land use structure becomes unbalanced: there exist many shortcomings in planning; the land use efficiency is low, especially, the area of waste land has been increasing in industrial zones and highlands, etc. These problems create many consequences in people's lives, inhibit socio-economic development, and cau.se severe soil deterioration in many areas in the province
By analyzing the source of .stalislics and assessing land use status in 2005, 2010 and 2015 using the Geographic Information System (GTS) tools, the authors identify and interpret the land-use change, direct the land management, and propose solutions to exploit and use land resources rationally.
Keywords: Land use purpose, current status of land use, land use change, planning, environment, Hai Duong.
