Kinh nghiem kinh doanh van tai cua cac cong ty nguoi Vifet a Bac Ky nhung nam dau the ky XX
Phan Thi TTiu
K23 Uch sii Vi6t Nam. Dal hoc Su pham Ha Noi
G-i' ^3
C
udi thd ky XIX, dAu tiid ky XX, nhAm phuc vy cho nhu cAu ktiai Uiac thupc dia ctia minh, thuc dAn PhAp tAp tiung xAy dung he thdng giao thdng vAn tai d Viet Nam. Thyc dan Phap da lAp nfiidu cdng ty khai thac IAi nguyen, mdt sd trung IAm cdng ngfiidp ldn ra ddi dA dAt ra nhu cau phAi ket ndi giao thdng gitia cAc vting vdi nfiau, tang eudng khdi tucmg luu thdng hAng hda vA van chuyen hAnh khAch tten loan t)p lAnh thd Dong Duong, tti dd xam nhgp vAo tfij tiudng Tmng Hoa qua hudng VAn Nam.Tiong quA trinh phAl trien, cAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Vi§t vtia la ddi dA vAp phAi sy cgnh ttanh quydt Udt hi cdc cdng ly vAn tAi ngudi Hoa va ngudi PhAp. Tuy xuAt ph^l sau, nhung vdi sy nd luc hpc hdi, cAu thj vA biet dAu hi, cAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Vidt d BAc Ky ngAy cAng Idn manh, dudi kip va vupt qua cAc cdng ty nude ngoAi ttong kinh doanh. Dieu dd phAn nao minh chung khA nang kinh doanh ctia ngudi Vidt nhting nam dAu Uid ky XX.
1. Su ra doi cua cac cong ty van tai d Bic Ky Ddi vdi PhAp, hogt ddng giao thdng vAn tAi d BAc Ky chidm mpt vj tri quan trpng, cd ti'nh chdt chien lupc kheng chi phye vu cho nhu cau ttong nudc mA cdn cd giA til eting cd vung bidn gidi Viet — Hoa. DAy IA thdi ky giai cAp lu sAn phAt lridn mgnh, cd nhiing ddng gdp ldn ttong vide dAy lui cAc quan niem xua cti nhu "Di ndng, vi bAn", "Trpng nPng uc thuong". Trong quA lrinh phAt tridn vA canh ttanh, tang Idp doanh nhAn ngudi Vidl dA lAn dung ttiet de co sd ha tAng giao thdng PhAp dang xAy dyng de budn bAn, ttao ddi. Tuy nhidn, cAc Uiuong nhAn ngudi Hoa vA tu bAn PhAp dA bat dAu khai UiAc vA thu Igi sdm nhdt hi kinh doanh van tai. DAu tiid ky XX, Phap thAnh lAp cdng ty van tAi BAc Tmng Ky vA LAo, lay ten IA SAMAN/U., tidp Uieo dd IA hAng Sauvage. NAm 1916, PhAp Uidnh lAp cdng ty xe kdo Ddng Duong (Omlnium Indochinois), nAm 1920 PhAp thAnh l$p cdng ty xe xich Ddng Duong (xe dap).
Thdi didm nAy, ngudi Hoa eting bAt dAu xAm nhAp tiii tmdng vAn IAi bAng vi§c dAu ttj vAo cAc con tau ldn mang ten lj3ng mdn, Giang mdn.
CAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Viet xuAl hidn mudn hon cAc edng ty ngudi PhAp va ngudi Hoa. Ban dau cAc
hang van tAi ngudi Vidt chti ydu tham gia vAo linh vuc dudng bd thdng qua hinh thtic cho thue xe kdo. Cac hAng cho thue xe phAt tridn tti HA Ngi, md rdng ddn Hai Phdng vA lan ddn SAi Gdn. ThAm ctii dich vu cho thue xe tay kdo cua ngudi Viet da canh ttanh ngang ngtia vdi tau dien ctia PhAp. De ctiu cAc cdng ty tAu didn, Phap da Um each UiAt ehAt viec van chuydn bAng xe keo nhu cAm xe kdo ehd hai ngucri, quy djnh giAy phep chd xe kdo ddi vdi ngudi IAm nghe tten. CAc fiAng dtp cling ddn xuAt hien vol 96 hAng gdm 231 xe, song sd xe chd khAch rAt han chd (chi chidm khoAng 20,5%), da phAn IA xe vAn IAi nhd vA giA ve quA cao so vdi nhu cau ctia ngudi dAn.'
NAm 1909, ngudi Vidt dAu Uen dam dAu tti ldn vao con dudng kinh doanh vAn lAi IA Bach Thai Budi, chi tiong 6 nAm, Bgch ThAi Budi da ttd lhanh mdt ttong nhting doanh nhan thanh dat nhat BAe Ky, dupc coi id
"vua tau thtiy", "chtia dudng sdng". Trong didu kien cAc hiyen dudng sAt vA dudng bd chua xAy dyng xong, nAng lyc van lAl cdn nhd va dAt, giao thdng dudng sdng va duong bidn cd nhidu tiem nang phat trien ldn.
Cac cdng ty van tAi dudng sdng vA dudng bien vi thd cung phat bien manh hon.
DAU nhting nam 1930, vAn tai hAng khdng vAn la Iinh vuc mdi va hoAn loAn ndm ttong tay cua Phap, Hang Air France ctia Phap da su dyng sAn bay Gia l^Am de dua khach di Sai Gdn, song giA ve rAt cao vA khdng phu hpp vdi ngudi Vidt, khdng cd cdng ty ngudi Vidt nAo dAu tu vAo linh vyc trdn cho ddn nAm 1950.
Da phAn cAc cdng ty vAn IAi mA ngudi Viet cd dupc ddu IA do mua Igi hoAc thud cAc cdng ly ttudc ctia cAc ang chti tu bAn ngudi Hoa, ngucri PtiAp nen sd vdn bd la ban dAu IA khdng eao vA dA cd nen lAng co sd sAn, cd the bat tay vAo hogt ddng tiiu loi sdm. Doanh ntian Bach Thai Budi ban ddu eting Uiud ctia cdng ty van tai tau thuy Marty D'Abbadie 3 chide tau ddi ten la Phi Long, Trung Nhj vA Phi Hd, cho 2 chide chgy tuydn Nam Djnh — HA Ndi, mdt chide chay hiyen Nam Dinh- Vinh — Bdn Thuy. Nam 1910, sd tau tten tang len 30 chiec chgy khdp cac sdng d BAc Ky. Nhieu cdng ty Uiuong mgi d khu vyc BAc Ky luc bay gid nhu QuAng Hung Long, Lidn Thanh, Phupng Lau (HA Ndi), Tri Phti, Qud Duong (HAi Phdng) vua td chtic san xuAl,
i Tt CHAU A -THAI I
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bAn budn, bAn Id, vita nhAn ttiAu khoAn, md'i IAi tgo ra mdi tiudng thuAn li^ cho cAc hogt dpng vAn tAi ngudi Wdl phAt tridn nhanh chdng. CAe cdng ty xe cao-su, xe tay kdo, d-td vAn tAi, lAu thtiy ctia ngudi Viet cfiidm ttij phAn ngAy cAng idn ttong tfii ttudng vAn lAi d BAc Ky.
Tuy nhidn, cAc cdng ty ngudi Vidt ra ddi sau, vdn it Igi bj cAc cdng ty ngudi PhAp, ngudi Hoa Um cAch canh tranh, tidu didt.
2. Kinh nghiem Idnh doanh van tai cua cac cong ty ngirol Viet
CAc edng ty vAn tAi nhd Id tdn tai dudi nhidu hinh thtic nhu hAng cho Uiud xe kdo, hAng ehd khdch bAng xe kdo, hang chd ktiaeh bAng dtd, hAng chd khAch bAng dudng sdng... ddu bj cAc fiAng ngudi Hoa vA ngudi PfiAp cgnh ttanh quydt lidt, hogt ddng kinh doanh ngAy cAng khd kfiAn.
DAu Uid ky XX, CAe edng ty vAn tai ngudi Vidt nhu Bgch Thai Budi, Nguydn Htiu Thu lAn dAu tidn lAn sdn vAo kinh doanh vAn IAi dudng sdng, mpt linh vyc ddt hdi vdn Idn vA yeu cAu eao. CAc cdng ty vAn IAi ldn ctia ngudi Vidt cd ntiidu bAt igi so vdi cAc cdng ty nudc ngoAi. CAc cdng ty vAn tAi PhAp vA ngudi Hoa dA bAt dAu kinh doanh vAn IAi tii tuong ddi sdm, cAc cdng ty ngudi Hoa cd nfiidu kinh ngfiidm kinh doanh, ngudn vdn tuong ddi ddi dAo. Trong ktii dd, cae cdng ty cua Phap ra ddi cd sy uu Ai, gitip dd vA bAo hp ctia chfnh quydn Phap. Chinh vi vAy, cAc edng ty ngudi Vidt ra ddi sau, khdng trudng vdn, ft kinh ngtiidm ttong quAn ly vA kinh doanh ngAnh vAn tAi budc phAi tAn dyng nhung uu thd ctia ridng minh, bidn nd thahh bi quyet egnh tranh dd tdn tgi va ddnh bgi cAc cdng ty nudc ngoAi.
CAe edng ty ngueri \ri0t chi th^l sy OiAl Uid sau khting hoAng kinh td 1929 — 1933. ThAnh cdng ctia cae cdng ty vAn tai ngudi \^i$t xuAt phAt hi thAi dp khdng ngung hpc hdi ngudi Hoa, ngudi PhAp ttoi^ kinh doanh, Ipi dyng Uidi thd, pfiAt huy Unh tfiAn dAn tpc ctia ngudi Vidt dd dAu tu, phat tiidn vA dAnh bgi cAc cdng iy nude ngoAi.
Thti nfiAt, cAc hAng v^n tAi eua ngudi Viet Uch eye phat huy Unh UiAn dan tdc ttong canh ttanh tten thuong trudng, nang cao chAl lupng vA uy tt'n cua cdng ty-
Sy ra din vA phAt tridn cua cAc hAng vAn tdi ngudi
\^dt da khAng djnh su Idn mgnh ctia tAng Idp doanh nhAn Vidt Nam mdi. XAc djnh ddi Uiti vA Igi the ttdn Uiuong tiudng tryc tidp IA ngudi Hoa vA ngudi PhAp, cAe cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Viet ti'ch cyc kdu ggi phong trAo ngudi Vidt di chuydn, vdn chuydn hang hda ttdn cAe hAng vAn tAi ngudi Vidt. CAc hAng budn ldn vita ddng vai ttd sAn xuAt, vtia ddng vai ttd trung gian ngAy cdng phAt tridn d BAc Ky, kdo theo cAc hogt ddng giao thuong budn bAn ttd ndn sdi ndi, hogt dpng vAn tAi cd di^u kidn phAt ttidn mgnh me so vdi thdi gign tiudc.
Tuy nhidn, ngAnh vAn tAi hi ttudc ddn nay nAm
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tiong tay chti ydu ctia Uiuong nhAn ngudi Hoa vA tu bAn PhAp. Hai Uid lyc tten dA tim cAch hpp tAc vdi nhau dd chdn dp cAe cPng ty vAn tdi mdi la ddi ctia ngudi Vidt. Dd tdn tgi, cAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Vidt da Um ra cAeh ddi phd ctia rieng minh. Didn hinh nhAt IA edng ty ctia Bgch ThAi Budi, dng dA chti dOng giAm giA vAn tAi fiAnh kfiAch dd cgnh ttanh quydt lidt vdi cAc edng ty ctia PhAp vA Hoa Kidu. Dd dAy cAc cdng ty ngudi Vidl vao thd khd khAn, cdc cdng ty v§n tAi ngudi PhAp vA ngudi Hoa dA hg giA xudng tuong duong, dAu til vdn nAng cao chAt lupng vA tim cAch hg uy Un, thAm efu chAp nhdn td dd tridt tidu vdn quay vdng ctia cdng ty Bgch ThAi Budi.
CAe cdng ty vAn tdi ngudi Vi^t dA ndu cao tinh UiAn dAn tpe cua ngudi Vidl, sti dyng cAc "ydu td pfu tfij ttudng", ndu cao khAu hidu: "ngudi Nam ting hp ngudi Nam", "ngudi Nam khdng gAnh vAng di dd sdng Ngd".
CAc cupc diin thuydt dypc td chtic khAp cAc bdn cAng, cAc tAm Ap pfifch quAng b& hinh Anh vA tinh thAn ngudi vi$t d khAp noi dA khfeh Id Idng ty tdn dAn tpc cua nhidu ngudi, cAc hdm Qng hp dupe dAt d nhidu noi dd ngudi Vidt quydn tidn ting hp cgnh tranh vdi nude ngoAi, sd khAch hAng ctia cdng ty tidp tyc tang.
Ngoai ra, eae edng ty vdn nhd bon tim cAch nAng cao chAt lugng xe etia minh nhu bpc ddng, Idp eao su cho cac Iogi xe kdo, dam bAo vd sinh vA thAi dp phye vu ctia lAi xe, phu xe, tti dd xAy dyng thuong hidu v$n IAi cho ridng minh.
Thti hai, cAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Vidt tich cyc l<^
dyng mAu thuAn ttong egnh tranh gitia cAc cdng ty nude ngoAi, vtia hpp tAc, vtia dAu ttanh trong kinh doanh.
Trong quA ttinh ty sAn hda, mpt bp phAn thuong nhAn ngudi Vi^t — ttong dd cd thuang nhAn ttong ngAnh vAn lAi khdng ttAnh khdi ed Ipi ich gAn kdt Uvc tidp hoAc giAn tidp ddi vdi tu bAn PhAp, cd nhung mdi lidn hd nfiAt djnh ddi vdi hi bAn PhAp. Sy ydu dt vd kinh td vA dja vj cfiinh tr| nhd bd ttong thuang tiudng da bupc cAc cdng ty ngudi Vidt phAi dya vAo PhAp dd cd gAng vuon Idn, dAn tim cAch khAng djnh vj Utd vA thoAt ly tAm Anh hudng vA sy chdn dp ctia cAc doanh nghidp khAc.
Trong dd, cAc cdng ty vAn tAi ngudi Vidt sti dyng tti$t dd mAu thuAn ttong idnh doanh gitia cAc edng ty vAn tAi nude ngodi, d$c bi0t IA cdng ty ngudi PhAp vA ngudi Hoa. Dd gitip dd cAc cdng ty ctia minh, Uiyc dAn PhAp tang gAp nhidu lAn sd Uiud ddi vdi cAc doanh nghidp khAc. Sy bAt binh dAng ttong kinh doanh da kfiidn fiAu hdt cAe cdng ty ngudi Hoa cd mAu thuAn Idn ddi vdi cac cdng ty PhAp, day IA co sd dd nhidu ngudi Vi$t IAm Uiud cd diiu kidn hpc hdi, trau ddi vA ttiAm chi dupc tiuydn ttiy bf quydt kinh doanh ctia ngucri Hoa.
Ddng Uidi, cAc cdng ty ngudi Vi^t tim cAch mua Igi
nhting con tau, oto cua cAc tiang nudc ngoAi bj phA san de dAu hi va giAm tfiidu sd vdn tian dau. Vi du nhu cdng ^ ctia Bach TfiAi Budi, nAm f 909 thue mpt hAng PMp 3 lAu ehd khAch, ddn nAm f 9 f 5 cdng ^ da mua lai 15 chide lAu tu cAe edng ty kfiAc phA sAn vA md r6ng nhA mAy sua ehiia, tAu ttitiy cua edng ty dA chgy khap cAe ngA sdng d BAc Ky. CAc hoal ddng vAn tAi ciJa cdng ty ngudi Viet Uiam cfii dupc md rdng di nhidu nudc kfiAc ttdn Uid gidi nhu cAc con lAu ctia Nguydn Hiiu Thu xudt pfiAt hi HAi Phdng di Hdng Kdng, LAo, Singapore, Gia-Va, Pfiap (nAm f92f). 2
Thti tia, cdc cdng ty van tAi ngudi Viet tan dyng ttidt dd ngudn vdn, dau tu tti nhd den Idn trong hogt ddng kinh doanh vAn IAi.
Sau chien tt-anh did gidi Uiti nhat (1914 —1919), ipi dyng hogt ddng sAn xuAt kinh doanh ctia cdng ty PhAp gidm stit nhanh chdng da tgo khoang ttdng hdt sue UiuAn Ipi dd cac cdng ty ngudi V^iet dAu tu ldn. Tti nhting edng ty thud Vai nAm sau dgi efiien, Phap vAn chua thd tdp tiung vdn dd quay trd lgi Uij trudng Viet Nam, cdc cdng ty ngucri Viet da tAng eudng dAu tu mgnh me vAo nganh vAn lAi.
DAy cung IA thdi didm kinh te fiAng hda Vidt Nam ngay cAng md idng, nhting phuong tidn vdn IAI ngAy cAng nfiieu, luu thdng hAng hda nhanh chdng vA thuan Ipi hon, vai ttd ctia cac doanh nghidp ngudi Viet da hogt dpng khA rd rdt. Thdi ky nAy, cdng ty ctia Bach Thdi Budi vA Nguydn Htiu Thu dA sd htiu fiAng chyc lAu thtiy va Sa-ltip ttd khach ttdn cac sdng d BAc Ky.
Doanh nfian ngudi Vidt tham gia tiAu het vdo cAc fiinh Uitic van tAi nhu cho thud xe cao su, cfigy d-td vk lao Uiuy chd khach va van chuydn hdng hda. Don cti nhu d HAi Phdng cd hon 30 hAng xe cao su nhu Vgn An, Vgn Phtic, Phtic Lpi, XuAn Quang, Quang /Vn, / ^ Binh... Tgi HA Npi cd Hung Ky, Nguydn Thj HAo, Vti Van Giang, Nguyen Huy Lpi. CAc hAng kinh doanh vAn tdi tfidi ky nAy ra ddi va phat trien mgnh nhu cdng ty MAo CAnh (chgy Na Cham — Nguyen Binh), hang xe Doan Knh Thao (chay Hai IXtong — Ninh Giang). 3
Thti tu, khdng ngting hpc hoi kinh ngfifdm kinh doanh ctia ngudi nudc ngoAi, dgc bidt ctia ngudi Hoa, tit dd bien thdnh nhting ttidt Iy kinh doanh ctia minh.
Nhting ttidt ly kinh doanh ctia ngucri Hoa nhu can kiem, dam di dau, dpi phA, lam an Idn, giu chu tin, de cao vai ttd cua cpng ddng, be bgn. Cac doanh nhAn Idnh doanh van tdi ngudi Vi$t thudng xuydn hpc tAp cAc bidt ly ttdn vAo kinh doanh van tai. Chinh nhd ngudi Viet dAm giti chO tin, Uiam cfii cfiAp nhAn Uiua 16 ttong kinh doanh da nhAn dupc su ting hd to idn ctia nhieu ngudi \^et khAc, nhd dd cAc cdng ty vAn tai liic bAy gid khdng chi sdng dupc nhd doanh Uiu ban ve hay vAn tAi, mA cdn sdng dupe nhd cfiinh sy quydn gdp ctia nhiing doanh nfiAn ngudi Viet kfiAc. Nhting cdng ty van tAi ngudi Viet bat dAu cd sy lien kdt vdi nhau ttong kinh doanh, cgnh ttanh binh dAng vdi cAc cdng ty ngudi Hoa va hr ban PhAp.
Thyc td cho UiAy, hAu hdt chti cAc edng ty, cAc hAng van tAi Idn d BAc Ky ttong giai doan nay cdn hoat dpng dau tu ttdn nfiidu iinh vyc khac nhir Ithai md, budn vai, gp, gdm su, dau UiAu, tiiam chi lAn sang linh vuc van hda, bdo efu. Kinh doanh van tAi gitip cAe edng ty ttdn tdn tgi vA giAm tiiieu chi phi vAn chuyen hang hda ctia chinh minh.
Tti nhting ttidt ly, kinh nghiem ttch luy dupc ttong quA trinh kinh doanh, cAc doanh ngfuep vAn tAi ngudi Viet da nil ra nhirng bi quyet, tKd hpc cua minh: Tich Itiy Idnh nghidm, cgnh ttanh sdng phAng, bidn tinh thAn dan tdc thanh Ipi thd, xay dyng thuong fiidu, dAu tu linh hoat tten co sd giti dam ngfii, dam iam va giu chu tin ttong kinh doanh.
Nhu vay, thanh cdng ctia cac cdng ty van tai ngudi Viet d BAc Ky gieii dogn tten da chiing minh khA nAng kinh doanh ctia nguclri Viet, chting td su tiudng UiAnh d mtic dp nhAt djnh ctia lAng Idp doanh nhAn Vi$t Nam nhting nAm dAu thd ky XX, de Igi nhting kinh ngtiidm quy bdu ddi vdi cac doanh ngfiidp Mdt Nam tinng giai doan hi^n nay./.
Chutiiich
f. Bp Giao UiPng van tai (2005), Ljch sti giao lhdng van tai Vidt Nam, Nxb Giao thdng vAn IAi, HA Npi, tt.
120-121
2. 3. Nguyen Cdng Binh (1959), Tim hieu giai cAp tu san Vidt Nam Uidi PhAp Uiudc, Nxb VAn Sti Dja, Ha Ndi, tt.98; y.97
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bd Giao Uidng vAn tai (2005), Uch sti giao Uidng van tai Vipt Nam, Nxb Giao thdng van tai, HA Npi.
2. Nguyen CPng Binh (1959), Tim fudu giai cAp hi sAn Viet Nam Uidi PhAp Uiupc, Nxb VAn Sti Dja, HA Npi.
3. Le Minh Qudc (2007), khAng djnh doanh lAi nudc Viet, Nxb ttd, Tp. Hd Chi Minh
4. Cao Anh Dtic, NAm bAi hpc thuong budng tti su ngfUep kinh doanh ctia Bgch TfiAi Budi, Tgp chi Thuang Mgi, 2005, sd 40.
5. Henri Cucherousset (1924), Xu BAc K> ngay nay, Ed. de TEvell Economlque, Ha Noi.
