KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHE
MGHIEIXI CUIJ C H U O I G I A T R ! IMGAIXIH HAIXIG SEIM TilVH DOIXIG T H A P
Ve Ilii Bd TTio^, Nguydn Tri Khifim=' T6MTAT
Nghidn ciiu nham phan tich chudi gia tri nganh hang sen dnh Dong Thap qua khao sat 44 nong dan, 5 co sd so chd, 5 tidu thirang, 5 doanh nghiep che bien va 6 nha hd tro. Khung ly thuydt chudi gia tn cda Kaplinsky
& Morris (2001) va phuang phap phan tich chi phi - loi nhuan duoc sir dung d^ danh gia muc tieu tren. Ket qua cho th^y, nam 2018 tong san luong guong sen b tinh Ddng Thap la 2.115 tdn, tong doanh thu sen dat 243,87 ty ddng va tdng loi nhuan la 31,23 ty dong. Trong dd. lgi nhuan frong khau san xu^t ciia toan bo nong dan frong sen la cao nhat (chiem 47,1% tdng loi nhu^n toan chudi), tuy nhien loi nhuan trung binb/b6/nam la thap nhat, khoan 105 tri#u dong do lugng ban trung binh/ho/nam khong nhieu (khoang 5,1 tan/bo/nam). Trong khi do, tdng lgi nhugn ciia doanh nghiep che bien ruon sen chi chidm 11,696 frong toan chudi nhung lgi nhuan trang binh gdn 903 trieu dong/doanh nghiep/nam. Tieu thu sen khong dn dinh ve gia va san lugng do thieu thong tin thi tnrong; chua lien ket tieu thu vdi cac doanh nghifip so chd, che bien sAu; thieu cong ngh$ san xuat va so che la nhung bat cap frong chudi gia tri sen Ddng Thap. Thi trudng tidm nang npi dia va xuat khau sen lua va cac san pham che bidn tu sen con rat cao. Dd bao dam dn dmh va phat trien bdn vung nganh sen, thoi gian toi tinh Ddng Thap can chii frong xay dung quy hoach phat tridn viing nguyfin lifiu sen, nghifin cuu phat tiien cong nghfi frdng frgt, so ch^, day manh xuc tidn thuong mgi va lifin kdt chat che giua cac tac nhan frong chu6i gia tri nganh hang sen va va hudng den thi trudng xudt khau.
Tir khda: Chudi gia tii, gia tii gia tang, sen Bdng Thap.
LO^TVANDE
Sen la bieu tugng dac trung cua tinh Ddng Thap.
Nam 2017, didn tich frdng sen ciia Ddng Thap la 892 ha (chiem 16% didn tich frong sen khu vuc ddng blng sdng Ciru Long) va san lugng dat 2.115 tan guong (Sd Ndng nghidp va PTNT Ddng Thap, 2017).
Trang binh mdt ha sen Idy guong vdi nang sudt tnmg binh la 3,9 tan/vu, vdi gia girong sen trung binh vao muc 12.000 d A g thi mdi ha sen se mang lai Icri nhuan khoang 37 trieu ddng/vu. Hieu qua kmh te cua frdng sen gan gap ddi so vdi frdng lua (Nguydn Van Tidn, Pham Le Thdng, 2014). Hien nay, ngoai vide ban cac san pham tuoi nhu girong sen, hat sen lua, sen cdn dupc che bien thanh nhieu san phdm cd gia tri gia tang nhu hat sen say, fra tun sen, siia sen, ruou sen, v.v. Mac du sen phat trien tdt b Ddng Thap nhung van cdn rat nhidu vdn de frong san xudt va tidu thu, nhu tiiieu thdng tin thi trudng, gia dau ra cua sen bien ddng ldn giira cac vu (Nguydn Van Tidn, Pham Le Thong, 2014). Su kem hieu qua vd ky thuat canh tac va bdnh thdi ngd, chay day lam cho nang
' So Nong nghidp vii Phat InC-n rong thon tinh An Giang Email' thodoankhoi@gniml,com
" Trudng Dgi hgc Nam Can Tha
sudt sen giam; ben canh dd, frdng sen tdn nhidu cdng lao ddng frong thu hoach (Nguydn Van Tidn, Pham Ld Thdng. 2014). Vi vay, vide phan tich chudi gia tri sen Ddng Tliap la rat can thiet, nham: (i) Phan tich thuc frang san xudt va tidu thu sen tinh Ddng Thap; (li) Phan tich boat ddng cua cac tac nhan tham gia chudi gia tri sen; (ui) De xudt cac giai phap nang cdp chudi, nang cao gia tri gia tang va cai thidn sinh kd nong hd frdng sen.
Z. PHUDNG PHAP NGHEIICliU 2.1. Hiuong phip tidp cSn
Ung dung each tiep can khung ly thuydt ve chudi gia tri ciia Kaplinsky va Morris (2001), phuong phap phan tich chi phi - lpi nhuan de lam ca so cho danh gia chudi gia tri, phat hien cac diem nghen cua chudi gia tri sen. Day la ca sd' de xay dung giai phdp nang cao gia tri gia tang san pham sen, gdp phan nang cap chudi gia tri nganh hang sen tinh Ddng Thap.
2.2. Phuong phip nghidn oiu
Phirong phap nghien cuu dinh tinh duoc su dung nham tim hidu qua trinh van dong, tuong tac giira cac nhdm tac nhan, ban chat cua chuoi gia tri sen tinh Ddng Thap. Trong giai doan nghien cmi dmh tinh, ap
132 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G T H 6 N - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020
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dung phuong phap chpn mdu cd muc dich, chon mdu lidn ket dd thu thap du Ueu, phan tich sd hdu thu cap, tdng hpp va giai thich ket qua nghien ciiu.
Ddi vdi nhdm phuong phap dinh lupng, nghien ciiu ap dung cac cdng cu didu fra thdng kd, phan tich chi phi - lgi nhuan, phan tich gia tri gia tang cho timg cdng doan va toan bd chudi gia tn theo mdt sd kenh san phdm chu ydu.
Nghidn ciru ap dung phuong phap chpn mdu phi xac suat de thu thap thdng tin do didu kien thuc te la hidn khdng cd danh sach khung mdu tdng the ndng dan frdng sen frdn dia ban tinh Ddng Thap, khdng hidn dien danh sdch cac cff sff sa che, cac tieu thirong tai chp ddu mdi va doanh nghidp che bidn san pham sen. Ddng thdi, su tidp xiic ddi vdi cac tac nhan nay ddi hdi nhdm nghidn cuu phai thiet lap duac dd tin cgy nhdt dinh, do do, mdu quan sat khdng thd dirpc lua chpn mdt each hoan toan ngdu nhien. Muc tidu nghien cuu chi nhdm tim hieu ban chat cua chudi gia tri sen va cac mdi quan he ndi tai giua cac nhdm tac nhan tham gia. Dtr lidu vd canh tac san xudt sen dugc thu thap tu 44 ndng hd frdng sen tai huydn TTiap Mudi, noi cd dien tich frdng sen ldn nhat tinh Ddng Thap (chiem 37%) va dugc Cue Sb hiru Tri tud thudc Bd Khoa hgc va Cdng nghd cap chung n h ^ nhan hieu Sen Thap Mudi. Tiidng tin sau thu hoach vd chd bidn phan phdi dupc thu thap tir 5 c a sd sa chd, 5 tieu thuong, 5 doanh nghidp che bien thanh phdm va 6 nha hd trg chudi.
8.KtrQUAVATHA0LUAN
3.1. Tmh hinh sdn xudt vd tidu thu sen tinh Ddng Thdp
3.1.1. Tinh hinh sin xui't sen
Sen la cay frdng truyen thdng cua tinh Ddng Thap ndi chung va ciia huyen Thap Mudi ndi ridng.
Gidng sen dupc frdng d Ddng Thap chu yeu la nhdm sen ta (guong lom), sen Dai Loan (guong to va phii ldn) (Nguydn Khde My, 2001). Dien tich frdng sen cua tinh nam 2017 la 892 ha (giam 29% so vdi nam 2014) va nang suat trung binh 2,37 tan guong/ha (tang 0,03 tan/ha so vdi nam 2014) [ U ] . Trong dd, didn tich frdng sen tai huyen Thap Mudi nam 2017 la 325,8 ha (chidm 37% dien tich frdng sen cua tinh).
Didn tich va san lugng sen cua tinh Ddng Thap ndi chung va a i a huyen TTiap Mudi ndi rieng bien dgng nhieu la do tinh hinh gia ca khdng dn dinh, thieu ngudn gidng chdt lugng cao, chua cd bien phap kidm
soat dich bdnh, nhdt la bdnh thdi ngd, chay day, ky thuat canh tac ciia ngudi dan cdn ban chd, chua cd c a gidi hda frong khau thu hoach sen (Nguydn Van Tien. Pham Le Thdng, 2014). Trong giai doan 2014- 2017, didn tich frdng sen cua tinh Ddng Thap khdng dn dinh, binh quan dien tich giam 5%/nam va san luong giam tmng bmh 7%/nam (Hinh 1). Tlieo sd lieu khao sat nam 2018, gia ban sen cua ndng dan bien ddng manh giira cac thdi didm frong nam. Gia guong sen thap tiiudng roi vao cao diem thang 5, 6 (10.000 -15.000 ddng/kg), gia frimg bmh tiiudng vao tiiang 9,10 (20.000 - 25.000 ddng/kg) va vao dip Tet Nguyen dan gia sen cd xu hudng tang cao (70.000 - 80.000 dong/kg).
—*— san luiinB (ti")
Hinh 1. Didn tich, nSng sudt vd san lupng sen tinh Ddng Thdp, giai do^n 2014 - 2017 Ngudn: Bio cao thdng ke san xuat ndng nghiep va PTNT ti'nh Ddng Thap giai doan 2014 - 2017.
Tai huyen TTiap Mudi sen dugc canh tac 2 vu/nam hoac 1 vu lua ket hpp vdi 1 vu sen (Chi cue Thdng ke huydn Thap Mudi, 2017). Vu sen keo dai tu 5 - 8 thang. Ddi vdi he thdng 1 vu lua 1 vu sen, thdi gian frdng thudng bat ddu tir thang 3 ddn thdng 9 hang nam, sau khi thu hoach lua ddng xuan. Ddi vdi he chuyen canh. vu 1 tir thdng 9 den thang 3 nam sau va vu 2 bat ddu ttr thang 3 ddn thang 9 hang nam. Sau khi thu hoach guong sen, ndng dan se ban cho co sd sa chd. Tai co sd sff chd, cdng nhan se tach guong sen, bdc vd lua de thu ve hat sen lua va tim sen. Mdt phan hat sen lua va tim sen se dugc cac ca sd s a che ban cho cac tidu thuong tai chg dau mdi Binh Dien (TP. Hd Chi Minh) de phan phdi cho ngudi ban le va ban ddn tay ngudi tidu dung; phdn cdn lai cff s a sa che se ban cho cac doanh nghiep che bien fra tim sen, hat sen say, siia hat sen va rugu sen.
* Ket qui khio sit nhdm ndng ho tidng sen Dien ti'ch ti-dng. TTieo ket qua didu fra nam 2018, dien tich frdng sen trung binh/hd la 22.800 m^ (thap nhdt 7.000 m-, cao nhdt 50.000 m^. Trong dd, 7% sd
KHOA HOC CbNG N G H £
hd giam dien tich frdng sen so vdi 3 nam trudc do gia ca sen khdng dn dinh va bdnh thdi ngd, chay day fren sen chua cd bien phap dieu tri hieu qua.
Mua vu, gidng vi ky thuat canh tic. Sen frdng chuyen canh kdt hgp nudi ca va du lich sinh thai, hoac frdng luan canh liia - sen. Gidng sen frdng de Idy girong chu yeu la sen Dai Loan. Phuong tidn van chuyen nguyen vat lieu dau vao cho qua trinh san xuat cua ndng dan la xe may (chidm 57% sd hd khao sat), hoac dai ly giao den tan noi (chiem 43% sd hd khao sat). Trong ky thuat canh tac, hdu hdt ndng dan trdng sen deu cd nhidu kinh nghiem; ngoai ra, ndng dan cdn dugc Trudng Dai hoc Can T h a va can bd khuyen ndng dia phuong to chiic tap huan ky thuat san xudt sen (chidm 100% sd hd khao sat). Khau frdng va thu hoach hoan toan bang lao ddng chan tay frong khi khau lam dat dupc cff gidi hda hoan toan (thud may xdi). Huyen Thap Mudi cd nhieu ca sd thu mua va so che girong sen thanh sen lua (sen lua la hat sen da dugc bdc vo lua va tach tim sen), vdi san lugng khoang 25 tan/ngay, do vay da hinh thanh cac dich vu nghd sen nhu: hai guong sen, thu mua sen, van chuyen, tach vd lua va thdng tim sen, say sen, ldm sua sen, lam tra tim sen. Dieu nay da tao dugc vide lam cho nhieu lao ddng dia phuong, nhat la lao ddng nhdn rdi frong viing chuyen sen.
Thuan lai va khd khan cua ndng ho sin xui't sen:
Thuin lgi: Ndng hd frdng sen cd nhieu thuan lai vd ddt dai, dieu kien tu nhien phu hgp (chiem 84% sd hd khao sat) va cd nhieu kinh nghidm frdng sen (chiem 100% sd hd khao sat). Ndng dan duoc tap hudn kJ thuat canh tac sen (chiem 100% sd hd khao sat) va dd dang tiiud mirdn lao ddng de thu hoach sen (chiem 37% sd hd khao sat). San pham guong sen duac nhieu co so thu mua (chiem 95% sd hp khao sat) vd ha tang giao thdng thuan lgi cho viec mua ban guong sen (chiem 85% sd ho khao sat).
Kho khin: Nang sudt sen dat 2,346 tdn/ha, thap hffn so vdi tinh Long An la 3,13 tan/ha (Sd Nong nghiep va PTNT tinh Long An, 2017) do anh huong cua nhidu yeu td nhir thdi tidt thay ddi thdt thuong (chiem 92% sd hd khao sat), bdnh thdi ngd, chay day fren sen chua cd bien phap dac tri (chiem 100% sd hd khao sat), thieu ngudn gidng chdt lugng tdt (chiem 95% sd hp khao sat). Ngoai ra, ndng hd frdng sen cdn gap phai nhirng khd khan nhu thidu vdn san xudt (chiem 57% sd hd khao sat), thieu may mdc frong khau thu hoach sen, chi thu hoach bdng tay (chiem
100% sd hd khao sat), gia ca ddu ra khong on dinh (chidm 66% sd hg khao sat) va khd time mudn lao ddng do ngudi dan di lam b tinh khac (chidm 63% so hg khao sat).
3.1.2. Tinh hinh tieu thu sen
Ndng din: Sen tam tiiu hoach se dugc ban frong ngay va hdu hdt ban cho CCT sd so che (chiem 100% sd hd khao sat). Gia ban chu ydu dugc ngudi mua quyet dinh (chiem 91% sd hp khao sat), trudng hgp ndng dan va ngudi ban thoa thuan gia chi chiem 9% frong tdng sd cac hd khao sat. Gia ban va tht trudng dau ra khdng dn dinh la riii ro ldn nhat frong tieu thu sen va ngudi san xudt hau nhu chua quan ly dugc rui ro nay ma pbu thudc rdt ldn vao ngudi mua.
Ca sd sa che va doanh nghidp chd' bien thinh pham:
Ket qua khao sat nhdm c a sd sa che: San lugng guong sen tuoi ca sb so che thu mua nam 2018 trung binh la 206 tan/nSm/ca sd, san lugng sen lua bdn trung binh la 68,6 tdn/nam/co sd va san lugng tim sen khd trang binh ban ra la 0,34 tan/nam/co sd (tir 3 kg guong, thu dugc 1 kg sen lua va 5 gr tim sen).
Sau khi thu mua guong sen tir ndng dan, c a sd thue lao ddng bdc vd lua va tach tim sen. Sen lya dupc ddng gdi 1 kg/gdi vdi gia bdn trung binh 100.000 ddng/kg. Tim sen se dugc phoi frong ngdy vd ddng gdi vdi gia ban binh quan 250.000 ddng/kg. 48% ca Sff ban sen cho cac tieu thuong tai chg' dau mdi, sau dd sen lua va sen tim duoc thu mua bai cac thuong nhan, tieu thuong d cac chg- ldn nhd frong va ngoai dia ban thanh phd; phdn cdn lai cac ca sb so chd ban sen lua va tim sen cho doanh nghiep che bien thanh pham.
Tlieo phan tich vd cac ddng san pham frong chudi, cd 5 nhdm tac nhan san xuat ra 5 ddng san phdm chinh ban ra thi trudng hien nay la: doanh nghiep che bien fra tim sen, doanh nghidp che bien hat sen say, doanh nghiep che bien siia sen, doanh nghiep che bidn nioTi sen, cu the nhu sau:
Doanh nghidp che bien fra tim sen: Hdu hdt khdi luong tim sen tir co sd so chd dupc dung de san xuat fra tim sen (chiem 46%). Quan hd mua ban giua ca sd sa che va doanh nghiep che bien chu yeu la thoa thuan mieng, khdng cd hgp ddng rang budc. Day la nii ro rat ldn ve vide thieu hut nguyen heu ddu vao ddi vdi doanh nghiep chd bidn ndu mui quan hd cd van dd.
134 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020
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Doanh nghidp chd bidn hat sen say: Khoang 32%
khdi luong sen lua dtrgc cff sd sa che chuydn den doanh nghidp diing de chd bien sen say. Vdi 2,5 kg sen lua nguyen lidu, sau khi say chan khdng se tiianh 1 kg thanh phdm sen sdy. Hidn nay, gia ban sen say frgn till trubng la 27.000 ddng/hdp 100 gr.
Doanh nghidp che bidn siia sen: Khoang 16%
khdi lugng sen lua dugc cac ca sd so chd chuyen ddn doanh nghidp de chd bien siia sen. San phdm siia sen hidn dang hi canh franh bdi nhidu loai siia tmyen tiidng nbu siia bap, siia dau nanh, v.v. Sau khi xay nghien 3 kg sen lua, loai bd xac sen vd ndu vdi 3 kg siia dac se thu dupc khoang 70 chai siia 330 ml vdi gia ban ra thi tiirdng la 10.000 d/chai.
Doanh nghidp che bien mpu sen: Rupu sen dugc san xudt tir sen lua, tim sen, cti sen, ruou frang, tat ca ngam ii frong 12 thang mdi dat chat lupng tiianh pham. Day la san pham cd ty le hat sen fren tong khdi lupng san pham kha thdp, ngudn cung dau vao chi chidm khoang 3,6% tdng lugng sen lua va 5,7%
Itrgng tim sen fren thi trudng. Rugu sen la mdt san phdm kha mdi frdn thi trudng va gia thanh khoang 150.000 d/750 ml ruou.
Thuin lpi, khd khan tiong khau tidu thu cua cac casasachd'vi doanh nghiep che'bidn:
Tiiuan lgi: Cac cff sd va doanh nghidp ddu cd kinh nghidm frong kinh doanh (chidm 45% sd doanh nghiep khao sat), cd uy tin frong kinh doanh (chiem 33% sd doanh nghidp khao sat), ngudn nguyen Heu sen tai chd ldn, ngoai ra cd the thu mua sen d cac tinh khac nhu An Giang, Long An (chidm 74% sd doanh nghidp khao sat), dd thud mudn lao dong, tan dung lao ddng nhan rdi tai dia phuong (chiem 57% sd doanh nghiep khao sat); giao dich mua ban dd dang (chidm 60% sd doanh nghidp khao sat).
Khd khan: Ca so so che va doanh nghiep che bidn gap nhieu khd khan do thi tradng khdng dn dinh ve sd luong va gia ca (chiem 59% sd doanh nghidp khao sat) do ngudn nguyen lieu sen khdng on dinh gitra cac mua vu, thudng gia guong sen rat cao, khoang 70.000 - 80.000 ddng/kg vao cac thang tmdc, frong va sau Tdt Nguydn dan; chua lien ket san xuat - tidu thu (chidm 69% sd doanh nghiep khao sat); thieu vdn san xuat (chiem 25% s6 doanh nghiep khao sat);
thidu thiet bi, may mdc SCT che tach sen lua va tim sen tni guong sen (chidm 69% so doanh nghiep khao sat).
3.1.3. Hd tig chudi0i tri nginh hang sen
Ddi vdi ndng dan: Qua phdng van cac nha hd fro' chudi gia tri nganh hang sen, 85% ndng dan nhan duac sir hd frg tii cac tac nhan khac frong chudi nhir dugc tap hudn ky thuat frdng sen va dupc hd frg dao tao nghe theo Chuong trinh 1956 tir Sff Ndng nghidp va PTNT, Phdng ndng nghiep, can bd khuyen ndng, chinh quydn dia phuong, cac vidn, Trudng Dai hoc Can Tho va dai ly ban thudc bao ve thirc vat. Qua dd, giiip nong dan ndm dugc ky thuat frdng sen, each bdn phan, phdng va tri bdnh cho cay sen. Ngoai ra, ndng dan cdn dugc vay vdn tir Ngan hang Ndng nghidp va PTNT hoac Ngan hang Chinh sach Xa hdi (chiem 64% sd hd khao sat); dugc hd frp' kinh phi san xuat tir To chuc Bao tdn Thien nhien Qudc td - lUCN va dugc dai ly thudc bao ve thyc vat hd frp cung cap vat tu ndng nghiep den cudi vu thanh toan vdi khoan ldi phai chi fra them la khoang 2,5% - 3%/thang fren tong sd tien mua hang, nhd vay da giup ndng hd frong sen giai quyet mdt phan khd khan vd thieu vdn san xuat. Dac biet, ndng dan cdn duoc Sd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghd hd frg tap huan nang cao nhan thiic ve san xuat tdt va dang ky nhan hidu tap the "Sen Thap Mudi".
Ddi vdi Cff sd sa che va doanh nghidp che bien:
Cdc doanh nghiep nay ciing nhin duoc nhieu su hd frp' tir cac ca quan, ban nganh cua dia phuong frong qua trinh san xudt va kinh doanh, cu the nhin giam 10% thud thu nhap doanh nghiep cho cdc doanh nghiep mdi thanh lap, duoc hd frg' vay vdn bi cac to chiic tin dung, dugc hd fro chiing nhan nhan hieu san pham tir Sd Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe. Ddng thdi, Sff Cdng Thuong va Trung tam Xiic tien Thuong mai va Ddu tu cung hd frg cac doanh nghidp quang bd, gidi thidu san phdm thdng qua vide tham gia cac hgi cha, dang ky san pham OCOP va hd frff mdt phan kinh phi cho cac doanh nghiep khi dau tu trang thidt bi tinh che. Su hd frg' tich cue tir cac don vi da giiip cho cac doanh nghiep quan tam, phat trien chd bien sau cac san pham bi sen.
3.2. Phan tich chudi gid tri ngdnh hdng sen tinh Ddng Thap
3.2.1. Sa dd chudi gii tii nginh bing sen tinh Dong Thip
San pham cua chudi gia tri sen tinh Ddng Thap chti yeu dupc beu tiiu d thi trudng npi dia (Hmh 2).
- Ndng dan mua gidng sen di ndng dan frdng sen khac va mua phan, thudc bao ve thtrc vat tir dai ly vat
KHOA HOC CONG NGH|
tu ndng nghiep dia phuong. Sau khi thu hoach sen, ndng dan ban hau hdt san lugng guong sen tuoi cho ca sd Sff chd (100% ca sd sff che thu mua sen tai nha ndng hd).
- Cac ca sd so chd sau khi sa chd tach guong sen thanh hat sen lua va tim sen. 48% sen liia, bm sen dirge ban cho cac tieu thuong tai cha ddu mdi Bmh Dien; phan cdn lai cung cdp cho cdc doanh nghidp chd bidn thdnh pham nhu 46,3% tim sen duoc ban cho doanh nghiep chd bidn fra tim sen, 32,2% sen lua dupc ban cho doanh nghidp che bien hat sen say, 16,1% sen lua ban cho doanh nghidp che bidn sua sen, 5,7% tim sen va 3,6% sen lua dugc ban cho doanh nghiep che bien nrgn sen.
3.2.2. Kdnh thi trudng chudi gii til nginh hing sen
Chudi gid tii sen Ddng Thap dupc phdn phdi chu ydu qua kenh thi tmdng tieu tiiu ndi dia. Cac ca sd sff chd mua true tidp guong sen tir ndng dan, sau khi sa che 48% lupng sen lua va tim sen dugc phan phdi ddn tidu thuong tai cac chg dau mdi va phan phdi ddn ngirdi tieu dung; 52% sen Itia va tim sen cdn lai dup'c chd bidn va tidu thii dudi dang san phdm gid tri gia tang nhu fra tim sen, hat sen say, sira hat sen va rapu sen (Hinh 2).
Hidn tai, cac kdnh tidu thti ndi dia chidm hdu hdt, tuy nhidn cac san pham gia tri gia tang da dugc cac doanh nghidp chd bidn quan tam, ddu tu va phat trien nhidu ddng san phdm gia tri gia tang cao, do dd
nen can duoc quan tam hd frg de phat trien tiiem cac kenh ti6u thti xuat khdu.
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Sd cine ismat. TlU(1^m>iUBT. O E W Mifc.ln^H».HniHinh 2. Sa dd chudi gid trj sen tinh Ddng TTidp nam 2018
Ngudn: SdUeu khao sat, 2018 3.2.3. Phan tich chl phi - lgi nhuan chudi gii tii nginh hang sen
Bang 1 va 2 phan tich chi tiet lgi nhuan theo 5 kdnh thi trudng, tat ca cac chi tieu dugc su dung frong phan tich kmh te chudi dudi day deu dugc quy ddi ra sen lua (ty Id quy ddi: tmng bmh 3 kg guong sen sau khi so che thu dugc 1 kg san pham chinh Id sen lua va 5 gr san phdm phu la tim sen, 2,5 kg sen Itia - 1 kg tim sen vi thdi diem khao sat, gia tim sen cao gap 2,5 ldn sen lua).
Bang 1. Phdn tich chi phi - lgi nhulm theo cdc kdnh thi trading
DVT: DdngAg sen lua chi tieu Nong dan Ca sa sa che
Kenh 1; Nong dan c z ^ Ca so- sa che czj) Tieu thuong [=!
Gia ban
Chi phi trung gian [13]
Chi phi tang them [13]
Lpi nhuan
% Lgi nhuan
60.000 6.556 32.850 20.594 74,04
100.000 60.000 38.832 1.168 4,21
Tieu thuong
Doanh nghiep ch^
bi^n
Tong loi n h u ^
> Ban le 111.000 100.000 4.950 6.050 21,75
27.812 Kenh 2: Nong dan l=> C a s o s a c h ^ c::> DNCB siia sen i=> Banle
Gia ban Chi phi tmng gian Chl phi tang thim Lai nhuan
% Loi nhu^n
60.000 6.556 32.850 20.954 33,5
100.000 60.000 38.832 1.168 1,9
233.333 100.000 93.666
39.667 61,430 64,6
Kenh 3: Nong dan i=C> C a s o s a c h e cz:> DNCB hat sen say c=> Banle
136 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHt Gia ban
Chi phi trung gian Chi phi tang th6m Loi nhuan
% Loi nhuan
60.000 6,556 32.850 20.954 30
100.000 60.000 38.832 1.168 1,7
225.000 100.000 78,167 46,833 68,3
68,596 Kenh 4: Nong dan i=|> C a s a s o c h ^ i=> DNCB mau sen c z ^ Banle
G i a b ^ Chi phi trang gian Chi phi tang thgm Loi nhuan
% Loi nhuan
60.000 6.556 32.850 20.954 11
100.000 60.000 38.832 1.168 0,6
578,000 100.000 313,056 164,944 88,3
186,707 KSnh 5: N6ng dan ^^ Co so sa che 1=^ DNCB tra tim sen i = ^ Ban le
Gia ban Chi phi tmng gian Chi phi tang them Lai nhuan
% Lai nhuan
60.000 6.556 32.850 20.954 39,1
100.000 60.000 38.832 1.168 2,2
167,667 100.000 36,758 30,909 58,7
52,672 Ngudn: Kdt qui khao sat, 2018 Ghi chu: Nh&ng chl tidu tren duac ti'nh tren 1 kg sen lua
Ket qua phdn tich d bang 1 cho thay ndng dan lidn ket true tidp vdi cac ca sd so chd, khdng qua thuong lai trang gian nen gia ban tirang doi cao.
Ndng dan chidm loi nhuan cao nhat d Kenh 1, chidm 74,04% tong lgi n h u ^ / k g cua toan chudi. Mac dii, lgi nhudnAg Id cao nhat nhung ndng dan chi thu dugc lpi nhuan/hp/nam la thap nhdt va thap nhat d ca 5 kdnh bdi vi san lugng sen tieu thu/nam ctia mdi hd frdng sen tirong ddi thdp (tmng binh 5,1 tdn/hd/nam).
Trong 4 kdnh chd bidn sau, doanh nghiep chd bien nrgu sen chiem 88,3%, chidm lgi nhudn/kg cao
Bang 2. Phan tich tdng hgp kjrtii td chudi gid tri sen tinh Ddng TTidp
nhat todn chudi Kdnh 4 vd cung chidm lgi nhuan/doanh nghiep/nam cao nhdt d ca 4 kenh chd bien vi thdi gian ngim u nrou mat nhieu tbdi gian va dau tu he thdng chiet tach rugu tdn nhieu chi phi, nen gia tri gia tang dugc tao ra nhidu hon. Ba kenh con lai, cac doanh nghidp che bien deu thu dupc lgi nhuan/kg cao, chidm tu 50-70% todn chudi.
Bang 2 phan tich tdng hgp kinh te chudi gia tri sen tinh Ddng Thap vdi tdng san lugng sen Itia ciia tinh nam 2018 dat gan 714 tdn.
Chi aeu San luong (tan) Gia ban (dong/kg) Lai nhuan (dong/kg)
% Loi nhuan Tong loi nhuan (ty dong)
% Tong loi nhuan Tong doanh thu (ty d6ng)
% Tong doanh thu San luang TB/chil th^/nam (tan)
Nong dan 713,813
60.000 20.594 6,7 14,7 47,1 428,29
17,6 5,1
C a s o so che 713,813 100.000 1.168
0,4 0,83 2,7 71,381
29,3 142,8
Tieu thuong
342,63 110.000 2.091
0,7 0,72 2,3 37,689
15,5 68,526
DNCB sira sen 115,067 233.333 39.667
13 0,46 1,5 26,849
11 57,534
DNCB sen say 230,133 225.000 46.833 15,3 10,78 34,5 51,780
21,2 230,133
DNCB ruou
sen 21,904 578.000 164.944 53,9 3,61 11,6 12,661
5,2 21,904
DNCB tra tim sen 4,078 167.667
30.909 10,1 0,13 0,4 0,684
0,3 4,078
Tong
306.206 100,0 31,23 100,0 243,87 100,0
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Lgi nhuan/chtt the/nam (tridu d)
% Lgi nhuan/chii the/nam
166 7,3
230 599
39,6 ^5.7 I 10Q>Q Ngudn: Kef qui khao sit, 2018 Ghi chu: Nhirng chl tieu tren dugc ti'nh trdn 1 kg sen lua
dau tu cac cdng nghe frdng frgt nham tao ra san pham chdt lugng, nang cao nang Iuc cgnh franh cho ngdnh sen Ddng TTiap.
Tiep tuc dau tu cho cdc boat ddng nghidn cuu ling dung va chuydn giao ky thuat tien bg vd gidng, ky thuat canh tdc vd cham sdc nham ndng cao nang suat va chat luong sen. Mdt sd cdng nghd frdng frpt, thu hoach cdn dugc uu tien phdt trien de tao ra duoc san pham cd chat lugng cao hon, cd gid thanh san xudt thdp hon.
4.2. Khau chd bidn vd tidu thu
Cac san pham gia tri gia tang can tang cirong ve tieu chuan chat lugng, mdu ma; nghidn cuu ap dung cac quy trinh - tidu chuan san xudt xanh, sach, than thidn vdi mdi trudng vd dap ling frdch nhidm xa hdi de tang cirdng hinh anh va chat lugng san phdm sen Ddng Thap.
Tidp ttic day manh cdng tac xiic tien thirong mai va quang bd hinh anh sen va san phdm sen Ddng Thdp. To chtic dang ky vd bao hd chi ddn dia ly, bao hd thuong hidu cua doanh nghiep che bidn cdc san pham sen.
Cdc CO sd sa che va doanh nghiep chd bidn chit ddng mff rdng cac kenh phan phdi, dua san phdm vdo sidu thi, san giao dich thuong mai didn tu va xudt khau. Lidn kdt vdi cdc cong ty xuat khdu md rdng thi tnrdng tieu thti cac san pham sen.
5. KET LUAN VAOe XUAT 5 . 1 . K ^ t l u a n
T m h D d n g T l i d p c d lpi t h e s o s a n h r a t tdt d^
p h a t t r i e n n g d n h s e n , t a o r a n g u d n liic k i n h td ddi d a o va v i e c l a m c h o k h u vtic n d n g t h d n , d a d a n g hda t h u n h a p va d n d i n h s m h k d c h o m d t b d p h d n ddn cu n d n g t h d n .
C h u d i g i d tri s e n D d n g T h a p cd n a n g Iuc canh franh t d t n h d t a n d i i n g d u g c c a c n g u d n Itjc s a n xudt n h u d a t dai, lao d d n g n g i t i n h .
M a c d u vay, c h u d i gia tri s e n D d n g ' H i a p c d n tdn tai m p t sd h?m c h d n h a t d i n h n h i r S u hr n k^t I d n g leo frong q u a n h e tiiuong m a i giira c d c r,,, ,1,^^, ^^^^
N O N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020 Bang 2 cho thay, nam 2018, tdng doanh thu sen
cua tinh Ddng Thap khoang 243,87 ty ddng, cao nhdt la doanh thu cua co sd sa chd chidm 29,3%, ke den la doanh nghiep che bien (DNCB) sen sdy 21,2%. Sau khi trir chi phi thi tong lpi nhuan todn chudi dat 31,23 ty ddng, frong dd ndng dan chidm cao nhdt 47,1%; tuy nhien, lgi nhuan/hd/nam la thdp nhat do luong ban cua 1 hd frong nam thap hon nhidu so vdi ca sd so che, tieu thuong va cac doanh nghidp che bien. Mac dii, tdng Igi nhuan cua doanh nghiep che bien rugu sen frong nam chi chidm cd 11,6% nhung lgi nhuan/doanh nghidp/nam la frdn 900 tneu dong.
Tuong tu, lgi nhuan/doanh nghiep che bien sen sdy/nam la 599 tridu ddng, frong khi ndng dan dat lgi nhuan Id 105 tridu ddng/hd/nam.
4 . GIAI PHAP NANG CAP CHUOl GIA TRI S B I T I I W OONG THAP 4.1. Khdu sdn xudt
Tap hudn kien tinic ve chudi gia tri cho toan bd cdc tdc nhan tham gia va cac nhd hd frg chudi vd thi tradng va phdt tridn ndng nghiep ben vung nhdm thay ddi tu duy frong san xuat va quan ly.
Phdt tridn hdn ket dgc ket ndi cdc cdng ty che bien frong va ngoai tinh, cdng ty xudt khdu de du bdo quy hoach san xuat phu hgp cho tiing thdng, timg nam nham franh hidn tugng Iuc thira, ldc thieu nguydn lidu, gid ca khdng dn dinh.
Cdn rd sodt vd xdc dinh didn tich thuc frdng sen cila todn tinh hien nay; ddnh gid todn bp hd thdng co sd Sff chd, doanh nghidp chd bien san pham sen frong tinh va phat trien hen kdt dpc ket ndi cac cdng ty che bien frong va ngoai tinh, cdng ty xudt khdu;
qua dd, xay dtmg quy hoach ngdnh sen de phat trien can ddi giira frdng frgt, che bien va tidu thti.
Lien ket vdi cdc tinh lan can cd ngudn sen nguyen hdu nhu An Giang, Long An frong viec quy hoach san xudt vitng de bao dam can ddi giira nang Itic san xuat nguyen heu sen vd nang Iuc chd bidn nganh sen frong viing, dat frong quan he can ddi lgi ich cua vimg sen ddng bang sdng Cuu Long.
Hd frg cdc gdi vay tin dung cho phat trien cdng nghd frdng frpt vdi lai suat uu dai cho ngudi frdng.
138
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHE
chudi, thidu cdng nghe san xudt va sff che, nang Iuc che bien chua dugc phat huy tdi da va thieu can ddi ngudn nguydn lidu cho che bien npi tinh la nhung ban che quan frgng nhat.
Trong tbdi gian tdi, tinh Ddng Thap can chii frgng xay dung quy hoach phdt tndn nganh sen cho giai doan sap tdi; xay dung vd thuc hidn chuang trinh phdt tiien sen lam nen tang cho cac giai phap tdng hgp ff cac mat to chuc san xudt, nghien cuu phat tridn cdng nghe frdng trot, sa che va doi mdi cdng nghd che bien, xuc tidn thuong mai va hdn ket chat che chudi gid tri nganh hang sen.
5.2. Dd xudt
Ddi vdi ndng dan, cdn tang cudng ung dung tien bd khoa hpc, ky thuat trong san xudt de nang cao chat Iirgng, san lugng. Ndng cao nhan thiic, thay ddi tu duy san xuat theo nhu cau thi frudng ve chat lugng va sd lugng. Phat frien mdi hen ket vdi cdc ndng dan khac va hen kdt vdi cac ca sd sa che, doanh nghidp che bien dd dn dinh dau ra vdi gid ca hgply.
Ddi vdi CO sff so chd, can ddy manh ling dung cdng nghe frong khau sa chd de tang chat luong san pham va giam bdt lao ddng thti cdng. Phat trien cac lien ket dpc vdi ndng dan va cdc doanh nghiep che bien, dam bao cung cap san pham qua so che chat lupng. Tang cudng Hen ket vdi cac cdng ty xuat khdu de md rdng thi trudng tidu thu san pham sen.
Ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp chd bien, cdn nghien ciiu dp dung cac quy trinh - tieu chuan san xuat xanh, sach, than thidn vdi mdi trudng. Nghien ctiu san xudt cdc san pham mdi cd gia fri gia tang cao ban. Day manh cdng tac xuc tidn thuong mai, quang ba san pham va nghien ciiu thi tradng de san xuat san pham dap ling theo tin hieu thi trudng. Dang ky bao hd san phdm, bao hd thuong hieu cua doanh nghiep. Lien ket chat che vdi ndng dan, ca so sff che de dam bao cdn ddi ngudn nguyen lidu dau vao va han chd bien ddng gia ca. Phat trien Hen ket vdi cac he thdng sieu thi, san giao dich thuong mai dien tti va cac cdng ty xudt khau de md rpng thi truong tieu thu.
Ddi vdi tinh Ddng Thap, can td chiic tap hudn kien thiic vd chudi gia tri cho toan bd cac tac nhan frong chudi ve thi truang va phat frien ndng nghiep ben viing nhdm thay ddi tu duy frong san xudt va quan ly. Lien ket vdi cac tinh khu vuc DBSCL frong vide quy hoach san xudt viing nguydn lidu sen de bao
dam can ddi ngudn nguyen lieu ddu vdo cho cac doanh nghidp so che va che bien. Hd frg kmh phi cho cdc boat ddng nghien ctiu ling dung vd chuyen giao ky thuat tidn bd ve gidng, ky thuat frdng trpt va cdng nghe so che, che bien nham nang cao nang suat va chat Itrgng sen va cdc san pham gid tri gia tang cao. Hd frg cac doanh nghiep dang ky bao hd san pham, bao hd thuong hidu doanh nghiep va quang bd san phdm sen Ddng Thap frong va ngoai nude. Thdng ke, ra soat va du bao nhu cdu thi tnrdng tieu thli sen va cdc san pham tir sen de dinh hudng cho ndng dan va doanh nghiep sdn xuat theo tin hieu thi trudng. Trien khai thuc hien hidu qua cac chinh sach khuyen khich phdt tridn hop tdc, Hdn ket frong san xuat va tieu thu san pham ndng nghidp (Nghi dinh sd 98/2018/ND-CP ngay 5/7/2018), chinh sach khuyen khich doanh nghiep dau tu vao ndng nghiep, ndng tiidn (Nghi dinh 57/2018/ND-CP ngay 17/4/2018) va cac chinh sdch ve phdt tndn ngdnh nghd ndng thdn, chinh sdch ho frg dau tu phat tnen nong nghiep den ndng dan, co so sa che va cac doanh nghidp che bidn sen.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl
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9. Sff Ndng nghidp va PTNT tinh Ddng Thap, 12. Tr^n Tidn Khai va cdng su, 2011- Bao cdo 2015. Bdo cdo tong kdt san xuat ndng nghiep va nghien ciiu phan tich chudi gia tri diia Ben Tre, Du PTNT nam 2015. Ddng Thdp. an DBRP Ben Tre.
10. Sd Ndng nghidp va PTNT tinh Ddng Thap, 13. Vo Thi Thanh Ldc va Nguydn Phu Son, 2016.
2016. Bdo cdo tdng ket san xuat ndng nghiep va Phan tich chudi gia tri sdn pham - Tdi ban Ian thti PTNT nam 2016. Ddng Thdp. nhdt, Nha xuat ban Dai hgc Can Thff. 4749.
ANALYSIS OF LOTUS VALUE CHAIN IN DONG THAP PROVINCE
Vo TTu Be TTio, Nguyen Tri Khiem Summary
The study aims to analyze the value chain of lotus products in Dong Thap province using data from 44 farmers, 5 processing facilities, 5 small businesses, 5 processing companies and 6 experts. The method of value chain analysis of KapLnsky & Morris (2001) and cost-profit analysis method were used to evaluate these objectives. TTie results showed that in 2018, total lotus production in Dong Thap province was 2,115 tons, total revenue was 243.87 billion VND and total profit was 31.23 billion VND. In particular, the profit of all lotus farmers accounted for highest proportion (47.1% of the total profit of tbe whole chain), but the average profit/household/year is the lowest, about 105 million VND because the average selling quanhty/bousehold/year is small (5.1 tons/bousebold/year). Meanwhile, the total profit of lotus wine processing enterprises made up only 11.6% of the whole chain but tbe average profit is nearly 903 milhon VND/enterprise/year. Lotus consumption is unstable in price and output due to lack of market information, no linking between farmers and pnmary processing and processing enterprises, lack of production and processing technology are problems in lotus value chain in Dong Thap. The potenUal market for domestic and export of lotus products is still very high. In order to ensure the stability and sustainable development of Dong Thap lotus mdustry in the future, Dong Thap provmce should focus on developing raw material areas, researching and developmg technologies of cultivation, preliminary processing and steping promotion and close linkages between actors in the lotus value chain and towards export markets.
Keywords: Value chain, added value and lotus in Dong Thap.
Ngudi phan bidn: PGS.TS. Trdn Tidn Khai Ngdy nh$n bdi: 15/11/2019
Ngdy tiidng qua phan bidn: 16/12/2019 Ngdy duydt dSng: 23/12/2019
140 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020
