C H U Y S N MUC
MOI TRU'ONG VA B I E N D O I KHi HAU
TRUYAN THONG VA THONG TIN VE THICH U'NG BIEN 061 KHI HAU d VUNG VEN BI^N D 6 N G B A N G SONG
CLfU LONG VA MOT S6 V A N OE DAT RA
NGUYEN NGOC DI^M
Bien doi khi hau la ehu di edn m&i doi v&i nhiiu dan ew vung bien, do nhimg ban che trong tiip can thdng tin. Vi vay, truyin thdng va thdng tin la hoat dgng cin thiit nham eung eip eac kiin thirc cung nhw cac ky nang thieh irng bien doi khi hiu eho cw dan.
Dwa tren kit qui phin tieh so lieu diiu tra thing 10/2013 thudc di tai Nghien ciru mo hinh truyin thdng dwa vao eie nhdm cdng chung thich irng bien doi khi hau 0 ven biin Dong bang sdng Cii'u Long, bai viit cung cip birc tranh co bin ve hoat dgng truyin thong thieh Crng biin doi khi hau cua cw dan ven bien. cu thi la cw dan thuge haixa Hiep Thanh (Duy$n Hai, Tra Vinh) va Dit Mui (Nggc Hiin, Ca Mau).
Truyin thdng v i biin d i i khi hau va thich ung biin doi khi hau la mgt qua trinh tuang tae xa hdi da chiiu, nham giup eho cac ben lien quan hiiu dugc cae y i u td mdi trudng, m i l quan he phu thudc l l n nhau cua chung, eae tae ddng dua d i n Nguyen Ngoc Diem. Thac sT. Trung tam Nghien cdu M6i tryong. Vien Khoa hpc Xa hpi viing Nam Bo.
Bai Viet la mot phan k i t qua De tai cap Bo 2013-2014: Nghien cuii mo hinh truyin thong dim vao cac nhom cong chung thich Crng bien ddi khi h$u a ven biin Dong bing song COv Long. Chu nhi^m: Nguyen Ngoc D i i m , Pham Ngpc Binh; chu tri: Vien Khoa hpc Xa hoi vung Nam Bg.
bien d i l khi hau, he qua cua biin doi khi hau, va cac bien phap ung phd, thieh nghi, tham chi can thiep vao qua trinh biin doi khi hau mdt each tich cyc, nham giai quyit cac van d i ve mdi trudng.
Kinh nghiem thye t i tren the gidi va tgi Viet Nam eho thay truyen thdng v i bien doi khi hau la mpt trong nhung khau rat quan trong trong chiin luge thieh ung vdi biin d i i khi hau toan cau.
Hipn nay, tren eae phuang tien truyen thdng dgi chung, thdng tin v i mdi trudng ngay cang nhiiu, the hipn eac xu t h i tich eye nhit dmh. Tuy nhien, thdng tin ve biin doi khi hau ehua dugc quan tam
NGUYEN NGQC D|£M - TRUYAN THONG VA THONGTIN..
dung muc. Nhiiu chuang trinh truyen thdng v i biin ddi khi hau hien nay edn mang tinh ty phat, chua cd mdt ke hogch ting t h i , va ehua cd sy phan biet muc dp nhan thuc, thai dp va hanh vi cua eac d i i tugng thu nhgn thdng tin. Do dd, hogt ddng truyen thdng ehua thuc day thay dii hanh vi cua cae chu t h i hudng den than thipn han vdi mdi trudng va thich ung t i t han vdi biin d i i khi hau. Ngoai ra, cae chuang trinh/dy an truyin thdng v i biin d i i khi hau eung thiiu sy quan tam d i n nhiJng khac bipt v i kinh t i , van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su, phong tue, tap quan, tdn giao va tin ngudng eua cae vung khac nhau...
O Viet Nam ndi chung, d cac vung khd khan ndi neng, cae c i p quan ly nha nude va ehinh quyin t^a phuang cung chua nam ro thdng tin v i biin ddi khi hau, ngay ca eae thdng tin lien quan true tiip d i n dja ban quan ly. Cae to chuc chinh trj-xa hdi (thudng duge xem la Iyc luang quan trong trong thdng tin, truyin thdng) nhin Chung eOng chua nim duac thdng tin v i bien doi khi hau, tham chi viec hiiu khai niem biin doi khi hau v l n cdn rat ma hd.
Cdn doi vdi edng dong dan cu, nhdm ddi tuang dugc xem la d i t i n thuang han do eac hgn e h i ve diiu kien xa hdi va tiip xuc thdhg tin, cd t h i nhan biit mdt so biiu hien nao day cua biin doi khi hau tai dia phuang, nhung vdi hp, day v i n la khai niem xa la (Nguyin Ngpc Diim va nhdm nghien cuu, 2010).
So vdi eac nhdm chu t h i xa hdi khac (nhu nha nudc, doanh nghipp, td chuc xa hpi), cdng ding cu dan ia mgt tap t h i xa hdi cd quan he g i n bd vdi nhau, chia se eung mdi trudng sinh thai, cung cae
dieu kien kinh te-xa hgi ca ban. Cac moi de dpa ndi chung, hay eac v i n d i biin ddi khi hau (cung eae he qua, cung nhu each thuc thich ung biin d i i khi hau) tgi cdng dong la van de chung eua ea cgng ding. Vi vgy, viec h i trg, chia se thdng tin cho nhau giua cac ea nhan trong cdng ding duge xem la mang tinh tryc tiip, d l tae ddng vao tinh cam, nhgn thuc cua eae ea nhan. Do do, hoat ddng truyin thdng thich ung biin d i i khi hau d c i p cgng dong la hogt dpng can thiet nham xay dung md hinh truyin thdng dya vao diiu kipn cua cpng dong, dap ung nhu e i u thdng tin cho cdng ding.
Nghien cuu nay tap trung vao eae cdng ding dan cu sing ven bien Dong bang sdng Cuu Long. Ly do chgn egng dong ven biin vi trong xu t h i biin ddi khi hau, eu dan ven biin la d i i tugng d l t i n thuang han ca. Theo danh gia cua Chuang trinh Phat triin Lien Hipp Quie, Viet Nam nam trong 5 nude d l bj ton thuang nhit vi biin ddi khi hgu cua t h i gidi, trong dd Dong bing sdng Cuu Long la vung se ehiu anh hudng nang n i nhit. Oy ban Lien chinh phu v i biin d i i khi hau (IPCC) eanh bao rang khi mye nude biin tang I m , toan vung Dong bang sdng Cuu Long se bj nggp khoang 37,8%, tuang duang 15,116km^
(Theo Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, 6/2009). Dien din bio ton Bing bang song CLFU Long (23/6/2010) eung chi ra rang bien doi khi hgu se anh hudng d i n Dong bang sdng Cuu Long qua cae hipn tugng nhu: thay d i i lugng mua (tang giam t h i t thudng), s i lugng va cudng dp eae can bao tang len va cd khuynh hudng djch chuyin v i phia Nam, cac
TAP C H i KHOA HQC XA HQI so 8 (192) 2014 he sinh thai t y nhien bj biin doi, dgc bipt tinh da dang sinh hpe bj giam sut (chu yeu d eae tmh Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang, Bae Lieu, Ca Mau, va Kien Giang)... Diin dan cung dy bao, biin ddi khi hgu cd the lam thay d i i tap quan cua ngudi dan, de dga d i n sinh ke va an ninh luang thye eua hang trieu ngudi. Chju anh hudng ngng n i nhit se la nhung ngudi ngheo va can ngheo trong vung bdi sinh k i cua hp chu y i u phu thupe vao thien nhien (ndng nghiep va thuy-hai san). Cdn theo Ngan hang Phat trien chau A (ADB), khi myc nudc biin tang Im, thi h i u h i t cac khu vyc ven biin Dong bang sdng Cuu Long d i u b| nhan chim (Regional and Sustainable Development Department, 2008).
Tuy D i n g bang sdng Cuu Long dang phai doi dien vdl nhiiu nguy ea de dga d i n ddi sing nhu vgy, nhung cac thdng tin v i biin doi khi hgu hipn nay v l n chua dugc p h i biin va dugc cung e i p day du tai cac cgng d i n g dan cu trong vung.
1. CONG D O N G NGHIEN CUU VA PHU'ONG P H A P D A N H G I A
o i tim hieu v i hogt ddng truyin thdng thich ung biin doi khi hgu cho eu dan ven biin Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long, ehung tdi da t i i n hanh cupc khao sat djnh lugng tgi xa Hiep Thgnh (huyen Duyen Hai, tinh Tra Vinh) va xa D i t Mui (huyen Ngoc Hien, tinh Ca Mau) vdi tdng s i m l u la 206 hg gia dinh, trong dd 101 hp d Hipp Thgnh va 105 hp d D i t Mui.
1.1. Cac y i u to chgn lya cdng dong nghien euu
Trong qua trinh xac dinh edng dong thyc hien khao sat, nhdm nghien euu da su dung phuang phap Igp ban d i ton thuang
cdng ding (community vulnerability mapping) va lap ban dd tai san cdng ding (community asset mapping) d i chgn lya cgng ding nghien cuu phu hgp. Cac phan tich so sanh giua cac tinh ven biin, eac huyen trong tmh, va eac xa trong huyen da dua d i n viec chpn lya hai cdng ddng thich hgp nhit la cpng ding xa Hipp Thgnh va edng ding xa D i t Mui.
Diim ehung cua hai cdng ding nghien cuu nay la d i u dang d i i dien vdi nhiiu van d i t u biin ddi khi hgu. Khi dwo'c hdi v i cac hien tugng, biiu hipn thdi tiit, khi hau b i t thudng ma ngudi dan cd the nhgn biit trong thdi gian 5 nam (2008 - 2013), kit qua cho thiy, ehi cd 17%
ngudi dan cho ring khdng cd hien tugng bit thudng nao. Cdn lai, d i u thua nhgn hien dang cd cac hipn tugng khi hgu bit thudng chu y i u lien quan d i n lugng mua thay ddi, mua nang thit thudng (47,40/0), khd han (32,2%), nhiet dp eao (28,1%), lu lut va triiu cudng (32,7%), gidng bao va lie xoay (57,3%), xdi Id bd (33,3%),... Ca Mau thi dang ddi mat vdi eae dgt gidng bao, gid lie, biin ddng cao (86,8%) cdn d Tra Vinh, tinh trang khd hgn dien ra kha p h i biin (52.5%). Tuy nhien, v i v i n d i nhilm man, mac du eae dja phuang d sat canh biin, khdng ed t h i hien dang k i trong sd lieu thu thap dugc (xem Bang 1).
Sd dT. k i t qua diiu tra mue do nhgn biit cua ngudi dan v i sy bit thudng cua thdi tiit cd khac nhau, mdt phin cd t h i do thdng tin dwgc hdi cd mde thdi gian 5 nam, nen cd mdt so ngudi cung khdng nhd rd hoae khdng nhd hit cae hipn tugng. K i t qua tra idi phin nao phu thude vao eac i n tugng trong qua trinh
NGUYEN NBQC DiEiVI - TRUYgN THONQ VATHONGTIN..
Bang 1. Nhan biet cua ngu-c-i dan ve cac bieu hien thai tiet bat thu-ang trong 5 nam (2008- 2013)
Bieu hien thai tiet bat thuang Nhiet dp cao
Nhiet dg giam/ap thap Kho hen
Luang mua tang/giam/that thuang
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Luang n^ng tang/giamAhat thuang Mua axit
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Thay doi (xuat hien/mat di, tang/giam) luang suang
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Nhilm phen Thay doi mua Nhiem man Lu lut, trieu cucyng
Loc xoay, giong gi6, bao, bien dpng Sam set
Xoi la ba
Benh dich tren cay trong. vat nuoi Cac bat thuang khac
mu
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Tong cpng
Theo dia phuang C i M a u 20 0 13 42
22,0 0,0 14,3 46,2 1
1.1 0 0
0,0 0,0 1
1,1 2
2,2 1
1.1 31 79 3 27 0
34,1 86,8 3,3 29,7 0,0 1
1,1 91
Tra Vinh 28
35,0 1
1.2 42 39 2
52,5 48,7 2,5 1
1,2 4 5 2 6 25 19
5 0 6,2 2,5 7,5 31,2 23,7 1
1,2 30
37,5 1
1,2 0
0,0 80
Tinh Chung 48
28,1 1
0 6 55 81 3
32,2 47,4 1.8 1
0 6 4 6 4 7 56 98 4 57
2,3 3,S 2,3 4,1 32,7 57,3 2,3 33,3 1
0,6 1
0,6 171 Nguon: Nguyen Nggc Dilm, Phgm Nggc Sinh va nhom nghien cuu, 2013.
trai nghiem ciJa ngu'O'i tra Iffi. Oong thdi, phan bo noi o va nghe nghiep cijng la yeu to CO anh hu'd'ng den ket qua phan hoi. Ho gia dinh s6ng cang sat bien, thi nhan biet ve bao bien, song to, trieu cu'crng va soi id flat ro han. Ngu'Oi lam nong, thuy san thi thu'dng de y iJen tinh trang kho han, lygrng mu-a hay thdi tiet that thu'dng. NhCfng ngu'di song sau ben trong dat lien hoac co di^u kien nha d tot
hon nen cac bat thu'dng cua khi h|u khong thirc SL^ anh hu'dng din ddi s6ng va hoat dong kinh te cua gia dinh.
1.2. Thong tin thu thap
Cao thong tin thu thap t^ii hai cdng dong lien quan den hoat dgng truyen thdng thich Crng bien dSi khi hau'^' chu yeu gom:
- Nhan thCrc ciJa ngu'di dan v§ bien d6i khi hau va thich irng bien ddi khi hau.
TAP CHf KHOA HOC XA H Q I SO 8 (192) 2014
- Cae thiit bj truyen thdng cd dugc trong gia dinh va dugc trang bi bdi ehinh quyin dia phuang, eae t i ehuc xa hdi,...
Thdng tin duge quan tam va muc do quan tam d i n thdng tin biin ddi khi hau.
- Ngudn thdng tin t i i p can; cac phuang tien thdng tin hipn cd trong gia dinh va tai edng ddng.
Thdi gian danh nghe/xem tin tue; thdi gian thuan tien d i tiip nhan cac thdng tin dai Chung.
- Hoat ddng trao ddi thdng tin v i biin doi khi hgu giua eae ea nhan (trong gia dinh va edng ding); hogt ddng hpp hdi d i thao lugn hay phd bien cae thdng tin biin doi khi hau trong cdng dong; eac td chue tuyen truyin/truyin thdng hipn ed va mue dd thdng tin dugc cung cip.
- Chi phi cho hogt dpng thdng tin.
- Thdng tin va tinh kip thdi cua thdng tin lien quan d i n thien tai dugc cung cap (chinh quyin dja phuang, cac td chuc xa hdi, eae phuang tien truyin thdng dai ehung,...).
- Cae hd trg t u ehinh quyin dia phuang, cac td chuc xa hpi, nhung ngudi khae, tinh tuang than, tuang ai trong cpng ding.
- Nhung kinh nghiem ung phd thien tai va giam thiiu rui ro ed dugc thdng qua chia se, thu thap.
Ben canh bang hoi trye tiip tu eae hd gia dinh, nhung quan sat thyc t i v i sy phan bd dan cu, tinh hinh kinh t i , eac quan he xa hgi diin ra trong cdng ddng dan cu, thyc trang xdi Id dit, loa phat thanh dia phuang va hoat dpng phat thanh,... cung dugc quan tam nghien cuu.
1.3. Mpt so han c h i trong khao sat va thdng tin thu thap
- Bien doi khi hgu la khai niem khd va mdi ddi vdi ngudi dan tai cdng ding nghien cuu. Du nhdm nghien cuu da c i gang su dung ngdn ngu d l hiiu nhat, nhung each hiiu cua ngudi cung eip thdng tin ed t h i khdng thing nhit, vi vgy thdng tin eung eip cd nhung sai s i nhit dinh.
Thdi gian quan sat thyc t i ehua dai nen edn it nhdng trai nghiem thye tiln va nhij-ng diiu kien d i kiem tra cheo cae thdng tin thu thap'^'.
- Ngudi tra Idi da s i la nam gidi, 71,4%
nam d Ca Mau va 63,4 nam d Tra Vinh.
Do dd, cac thdng tin cung eip ft nhiiu mang dgc trung gidi.
- Cu dan sinh sing ehu y i u tgi hai edng ding nay la ngudi Kinh, 98,5% d Ca Mau va 99,8% d Tra Vinh. Ve tdn giao, phin Idn dan cu thupe hai edng ddng nghien euu khdng theo tdn giao nao (94,1%), s i it cdn lai theo Phat giao (5,2%), Thien ehua giao (0,6%) va Cao Dai (0,1%). Trinh dp hpc v i n eua cu dan tgi hai cdng ding tuang d i i thip, phin Idn dudi trung hpc. Chi cd 8,4% cd trinh do p h i thdng trung hpc, 0,3% dat trung c i p nghi, 0,7% cd trinh dp cao ding, va 1,2% cd trinh dp dai hoc. Vi vgy. cae thdng tin thu thap tai hai xa cd t h i khdng phLJ hgp khi d i i ehieu vdi cac cdng ddng dan tdc it ngudi, cdng ddng tdn giao hay cdng ding dan cu cd trinh dd hgc v i n da dang han, hoae eao han.
2. HIEN TRANG TRUYAN THONG V£
THICH U'NG BIEN B6\ K H I HAU CHO CU DAN VEN BI£N DONG BANG SONG cCru LONG
2.1. s d huu phuang tien/thiit bj thdng tin deae hp gia dinh
NGUYEN NGOC DIEM - TRUYAN T H 6 N G V A T H O N G 1
Hau hit cac hp gia dinh trong m l u nghien cuu d i u ed thiit bi thdng tin/truyin thdng (99,5%), p h i biin gom: truyin hinh, radio, dipn thogi di dgng va dien thoai ban. P h i biin nhat ia dien thogi di ddng (97,1% hg gia dinh) ke dd la truyin hinh (95,1%).
Mue dp sd huu truyin hinh tgi hai cdng ding gan giing nhau. Rieng v i radio va dien thoai thi Tra Vinh ed ty le hp sd huu radio cao han d Ca Mau (19,8%: 11,5%), nhung ed it dien thogi ban han (9,9%:
15,4%). Diem dac biet, khdng chi h i u h i t cae hd gia dinh ed sd hCru dipn thogi di ddng ma day edn la thiit bj thdng tin chiim s i luang cao, trong dd hg cd sd huu dien thoai di ddng thip nhit la 1 eai va cao nhat len den 9 eai. Trong khi do, phin ldn hd gia dinh chicd 1 tivi (92,8%).
Cd the ndi, nhu eiu trao doi thdng tin ca nhan ddng vai trd quan trpng. Tuy nhien truyin hinh cung ia thiit bi ed t h i chia se giua eae thanh vien gia dinh.
Tuy internet la phuang tien ehuyin tai thdng tin cd t i m rdng han, da dang han so vdi cac thiit b| truyin thdng khac, nhung cd rat it hp gia dinh sd huu may vi tinh va k i t nii internet (ca 2 edng ding cd 5 hd cd may vi tinh vdi ting sd luang la 8 may, trong dd ed 6 may ed k i t n i i internet). Day la han e h i mang tinh p h i bien d i i vdi khu vyc ndng thdn, dac biet la vung ven biin.
2.2. Nhgn biit eua ngudi dan v i cac phuang tien truyen thdng cdng cgng tai dia phuang
Cdng tae truyin thdng cua chinh quyin dja phuang khdng phai luc nao eiJng duae ngudi dan biet d i n .
Hai thiit bi/ea sd vat ehit g i n gui vdi cpng dong ma ehinh quyen cae dja
phuang thudng dau t u la loa phat thanh va nha van hda. O hai cgng dong dugc diiu tra, chi ed 58,7% ngudi tra Idi biet ed sy t i n tgi cua loa phat thanh d dia phuang (41,9% d Ca Mau va 76,2% d Tra Vinh), 40,8% khang djnh khdng cd, va 0,5% thua nhan khdng biit cd hay khdng. Han nua, trong sd 58,7% ngudi khang djnh dia phuang cd loa phat thanh thi kha lung tung khi duge hoi v i thdi gian phat thanh, 81,8% eho rang thdi gian phat thanh vao budi sang, 67,8%
cho ring cd phat ea buoi chiiu, va 14%
tra Idi loa phat ca budi trua.
Tuy khdng thing nhit, phin ldn van cho ring thdi gian phat thanh hipn nay la phu hgp (cd 48,8% cho biit tuang d i i phu hgp, 20,7% eho rang kha phu hgp, va 9,9% eho rang rat phu hgp).
Sy t i n tai eua nha van hda dugc nhiiu ngudi dan biit d i n han (98,5%). Trong dd, 85,9% cho biit da tung d i n nha van hda dia phuang vdi cac muc dd: 25,9%
it khi d i n , 40% thinh thoang cd d i n , va 20% thudng xuyen d i n . Khdng nhung t h i , nhieu ngudi dan cdn biit dugc nhiJng trang thiit bj truyin thdng cd tai nha van hda.
Ngoai eae phuang tien truyin thdng, hogt dgng trao doi tryc tiep giua eae ca nhan trong gia dinh, trong cdng ding, va cua cae t i chuc doan the, xa hdi eOng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vipe trao d i i thdng tin. Tuy nhien hinh thuc thdng tin nay eung ed nhiiu han c h i . Cae nguyen nhan hgn ehe trao doi thdng tin trong gia dinh chu y i u do diiu kipn lao ddng, trinh dg hge van khac nhau giua cae t h i he; cdn trac d i i thdng tin giua cac ea nhan trong cpng ding thudng chi
I A P CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI so 8 (192) 2014 diin ra d vai ca nhan; trong khi do trao doi thdng tin qua hinh thue hdi hop/tuyen truyin do eac to chuc doan t h i , xa hpi dia phuang td chuc cung khdng miy hieu qua do khdng tap hpp nhiiu ngudi tham dy, do diiu kien san xuat cua dia phuang.
2.3. Hoat ddng truyin thdng thich ung bien d i i khi hau va sy tiep thu cua cdng ding dan cu
Biin ddi khi hgu va thieh ung biin d i l khf hau la hai ndi dung cdn qua mdi, ehua dugc ngudi dan ven biin Ddng bing sdng Cuu Long nhgn thue d i y du. K i t qua khao sat eho thiy cd d i n 58,7% so ngudi tra Idi chua tung nghe den khai nigm nay. Cdn lai da tung nghe vdi nhiiu muc dp khac nhau. Tuy nhien, trong so nhung ngudi da tung nghe v i bien d i i khi hgu, ed d i n 35,3% thua nhan khdng biit y nghTa eua cum t u nay; 57,7% hiiu gan dung eae dac trung cua biin ddi khi hgu. s i cdn Igi chua hiiu dung v i biin doi khi hau, chu yeu nhim lln giua cac biiu hien cua biin doi khi hau vdi eae nguyen nhan hay eac tae ddng/he qua cua biin d i i khi hgu.
Viec nghe va hieu v i eum t u "thieh ung biin ddi khi hgu" d i i vdi cu dan edn hgn ehi han. Cd den 88,8% ngudi cho biit chua tung nghe d i n cum t u nay va 47,8% khdng hiiu ro t h i nao la thich ung biin doi khi hgu. Mae du vay, trong qua trinh khao sat, cac khai niem thdi tiet, khi hgu, nhijng biiu hien dgc thiJ va nhung thay ddi cua thdi tiit, khi hau h i u nhu dugc ngudi dan tiip nhan va tra Idi kha chinh xac.
Gan mdt nua s i ngudi tra Idi tung nghe d i n biin doi khi hgu eho biit nguon eung
cip thdng tin chu y i u la tu truyen hinh (84,7%). Chi cd 12,9% biet qua radio, va 8,2% biit duge tu loa phat thanh cua dja phuang. Cd t h i ndi, truyin hinh la phuang tien truyin thdng p h i biin nhit doi vdi cgng ddng dan cu. 95% ngudi tra ldi cho biit thudng xuyen nghe/xem truyin hinh. 86,8% cung cho rang truyin hinh la phuang tien cung cip thdng tin thuan tien nhit. Cdn loa phat thanh, phuang tien duac Nha nude d i u tu nham cung c i p thdng tin cho ngudi dan, lai dugc x i p vao nhdm phuang tien khdng thuan tien (99%). Hogt ddng trao dii thdng tin trong gia dinh cung bj eho la bit tien (99%). Trong khi dd, hogt ddng trao dii thdng tin giua hang xdm, bgn be lai cd vj tri kha quan han, du chi cd 5,3% danh gia la thuan tien. Sd dT truyin hinh la kenh thdng tin duge danh gia eao vi dugc trang bi sin tgi eae gia dinh, cd nhiiu loai thdng tin, cd hinh anh nen d l xem,...
Cd 98.5% sd ngudi tra ldi cho biit ed danh thdi gian trong ngay d i xem/nghe tin tuc. Ty le xem/nghe tin tuc tu 1 gid trd len chiim tdi 65%. Loai tin tuc duge quan tam nhiiu nhat la thdi sy dja phuang (82.5%). Tuy nhien, thdng tin lien quan d i n thdi tiet, khi hgu, thien tai eung duge nhiiu ngudi dan quan tam (64,1%), dge biet la vdi ngudi dan Dat Mui.
Thdng tin lien quan d i n khi hgu, mdi trudng eung dugc trao doi giua eae thanh vien trong gia dinh (67%). Tuy nhien, chi ed 12,6% trao d i i thudng xuyen vdi nhau; 34% hd cd trao ddi nhung chi thinh thoang; so cdn Igi eho biit it khi ndi d i n .
Danh gia v i diiu kien tlip can cac thdng
NGUYEN NGOC DIEM - TRUYEN T H O N G V A T H Q N G T I N . .
tin lien quan den mdi trudng, khi hau ndi Chung, 20,4% eho biet logi thdng tin nay d i tiip can; 42,7% eho biit tuang ddi d l tiip can; gan 22% cho biit la binh thudng; va 15,1% cho la khd tiep can.
Phin Idn ngudi dan eho ring thdng tin ve mdi trudng, khi hgu duac p h i biin hien nay tai dja phuang khdng qua khd hieu (32% danh gia la tuang d i i d l hiiu va 51,1% danh gia rat d l hieu). Khdng nhijng t h i , day la logi thdng tin cd t h i tim thiy d l dang qua cac ngudn nhu:
truyin hinh (86,9%), radio (11,2%), qua eae trao doi trye tiip gii>a cac ca nhan, hang xdm, doan t h i (17%), va mdt it cho biet cd t h i nghe tren loa phat thanh cua dja phuang. Hogt dgng tuyen truyen cua nha van hda cung la kenh de thu nhgn thong tin, tuy edn it duae biit den. Cd Yz s i ngudi eho biit cac hogt ddng lien quan d i n mdi trudng chua bao gid dugc to chue tgi nha van hoa. Ngugc Igi, g i n Yz eho biit cae hogt ddng nay ed dugc to ehuc tai nha van hda.
Do d sat bien va ehiu tac dgng eua cae nguy ea xdi Id, nhieu hd gia dinh ein eac thdng tin d y bao thdi tiit, khi hgu va cdng tac di ddi cua chinh quyin dja phuang (18%). Tuy nhien, khi tinh hinh thdi tiit nghiem trpng, 58,9% cho biit da khdng nhan duac cae thdng tin canh bao, giup dd. Cdn lai 41,1% cho biit cd nhgn duge thdng tin nhung chu y i u la t u truyin hinh (47,1%). Cac nguon khac chiem ty le khdng dang ke.
Trong vipe ung phd vdi thien tai, mdi ngudi dan c i n cd nhijng kien thuc, ky nang nhit djnh. Tuy nhien, vdi ngudi dan ven bien, viec ung phd nay ehu y i u
dya tren kinh nghipm cua ban than (37,9%); chi 16,0%) ed kiin thuc, kJ nang qua hogt ddng tap h u i n va hudng d i n cua ehinh quyin dia phuang; 5,3% cdn Igi tiip nhgn, hgc tap t u bao, dai.
Tim hiiu v i hogt dgng thdng tin cung nhu hieu qua eua thdng tin t d nhung sy kien thdi tiet da qua, trong phgm vi 10 nam trd Igi day, nhiiu ngudi dan (27,2%) cho biit ed nhung thien tai da gay anh hudng d i n gia dinh. Phin Idn nhung ngudi nay da t y vugt qua ma khdng cd dugc nhung thdng tin. e i n thiit. Chi 15,4% cd dugc cac thdng tin h i trg, hudng d i n t d loa phat thanh dja phuang, t u cac buii hpp edng ding va thdng bao tryc tiip cua ehinh quyen.
Hoat ddng eua ehinh quyin va cac eip quan ly dia phuang lien quan d i n ung phd biin d i i khi hgu nhin chung dugc ngudi dan quan tam han, cd le do cd anh hudng d i n k i sinh nhai, s y an toan cua ban than va s y an c u cua gia dinh.
Mac du vay, mue do tiip can thdng tin eua ngudi dan khdng gidng nhau, do do v i n ed mgt ty le dan eu khdng ed thdng tin v i hogt ddng cug chinh quyin dja phuang v i ung phd biin doi khi hgu (28,6% cho biit chinh quyin dja phuang khdng cd hogt ddng/bipn phap nap; va 7,3% cho biet khdng biit/khdng d i y). DCi vgy, da phan ngudi dan biit duge cac hoat ddng ung phd bien d i i khi hau cua ehinh quyin dja phuang. Cf Tra Vinh ngudi dan biit cd cac hogt dgng nhu xay dap/de bao (87,7%»); xay nha an toan/nha tru an cho cdng dong (16,9%();
cung eip thdng tin/thdng bao cho ngudi dan khi ed thien tai (37%)), va di chuyin dan eu (13,7%). Cdn d Ca Mau 84,7%
TAP C H i KHOA HOC XA H p i sp 8 (192) 2014
Bang 2. Cac hoat dong dng pho bien ddi khi hau cua dan b i i t d i n "
Hoat dpng Lrng phd bien doi khi hau X a y d a p , . a e b a p ; « ^ ; ' A « = ^ ! ^ - ^ ^ ' ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ - - Nha an toan/tru an cho cpng d6ng
Hu'dng dan an toan cho ngu'di dan, day boi cho tre Cung cap ao phao
. Cung cITp thong tin cgn thiet; thong bao Ho tro gia co, cai tao. xay nha chong bao/lu Trang bi he thdng canh bao sdm Lap doi CLTU hp
Trir nu^oc ngpt/nydc sach
Cung cap cac bien phap phong djch/benh Md cac lop tap huan trong iJng pho
" 9 6 !
%
%
%
%^
%
%
%
%
%
%
'" Di chuyen dan.cu
Khac (trong rCrng, tac dong chinh sach, van dong dan..,) Tong cong
%
chinh quyen
Theo dja CaMau
i.mfi -1,7
0 0,0 1
1,7 1
1,7 60
84,7 5
8,5 0
0,0 2
3,4 1
1,7 1
1,7 3 5
8,5 3
5,) 59
dja phuong d u o c ngudi
phuang Tra Vinh 64..
14 S7;.7 16,9 1
1,4 0
27
2 0,0 37,0 2,7 1
1,4 3
4,1 1
1,4 2 4 10 3
2,7 5,5 13,7 4,1 73
Tinh 64 14 2
Chung
48,5.
10,6 1,6 1
0,8
6 5 8 3
4,6 1
0,8 5 2 3 7 15-- 6
3,8 1,6 2,3 5,3
~'l1,4 4,6 132 Ngudn: N g u y i n Nggc Diem, Pham NgpcBInh va nhdm nghien cdu, 2013.
'"' Bang nay chi tinh trong so ngudi tra ldi la flja phu'ong co cac hoat dpng dng pho voi b i i n d i i khi hgu.
n g u d i d a n b i i t hogt d g n g c u n g e i p t h d n g tin/thdng bao cho ngudi dan khi cd thien tai (xem Bang 2). Tuy nhien, khac vdi Tra Vinh, 39,0% ngudi dan d Ca Mau cho biit dja phuang khdng cd hoat dgng ung phd biin d i i khi hgu.
3. KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHI Nhin chung hoat dgng truyen thdng ndi chung va truyin thdng thich ung biin ddi khi hgu tgi edng ding ven biin cdn nhiiu hgn c h i . Phuang tipn truyen thdng dugc h i u h i t eae gia dinh quan tam la truyin hinh. Tuy nhien, cac thdng tin lien quan
d i n biin d i i khi hgu va thich ung biin ddi khi hgu tren truyin hinh thudng cd thdi lugng khdng nhiiu.
Cae phuang tien truyin thdng dugc trang bj bdi ehinh quyin dja phuang it dugc ngudi dan biin d i n , hoae ed biit nhung khd tiip can dugc (nhu loa phat thanh, hoat ddng eua nha van hda, thdng tin v i nai tru i n an toan,...).
Phuang tien truyen thdng ca nhan nhu dien thogi du r i t p h i biin nhung chu yeu duac dung d i trao d i i thdng tin ngin gon v i cac chu de lien quan d i n edng
NGUYEN NGOC D1£M - TRUYEN T H O N G VA T H Q N G T I N . . .
viec gia dinh, vipe lam an, tham hdi, khdng phai phuang tign tuyen truyin nhung v i n de nhu biin doi khi hgu.
Vdi nhiiu ngudi dan, biin ddi khi hau v l n cdn la ehu de mdi. Ngudi dan v l n chua hinh dung lam t h i nao d i thich dng biin d i i khi hgu, mac du khi hoi d i n eac npi dung eu t h i , mdt bg phgn cd t h i hinh dung phin nao. Chinh vi vgy, edng tae truyin thdng thieh ung biin doi khi hgu can duge d i y mgnh han nua.
Khi hdi la can lam gi d i dap ung day du cac thdng tin c i n thiit, da s i ngudi dan cho rang can g i n them loa phat thanh.
can bd da phuang cin thdng bao, thdng tin kjp thdi den ngudi dan, tang cudng thudng xuyen cac buoi tuyen truyin, phat thanh tren loa, .. Nhung gia dinh cd ngudi cao tuii neo dan (do con eai danh hau h i t thdl gian d eac ding tdm) thi mong muin dugc thdng tin tryc tiip tgi nha, vi hg di Igi khd khan, nghe loa khdng rd, di hgp eung khdng hiiu hit, thdng tin true tiip giup hp d l hieu han. Cung cd y
kiin eho rang nen tang eudng cac pa-no, biiu ngd, cd hinh anh mau sac de khi di lai ngudi dan cd t h i nhin thay. Nhung y kiin khae thi cho rang d gan biin gid manh, neu treo cae bang biiu se ggp khd khan ea v i tinh an toan va kinh phi.
Cae hogt ddng xay dyng de bao, bd ke ven biin, hay eac hogt dpng bao dam an toan cho ngudi dan ven bien hipn nay chu y i u duge thyc hipn bdi chinh quyin dja phuang hay qua eac dy an phat trien, chua cd sy phii hgp hay tgn dung nguon Iyc tai chd. Nen chang, can cd mdt ca che phii hgp tuy theo hoan canh, dieu kipn kinh ti-xa hdi eua tdng khu vye dan cw biin, sao cho qua dp, ngudi dan thay dugc t i m quan trpng cua mdi trudng, cac van d i cua biin d i i khi hau va trach nhiem can lam cua mdi ngudi. Truyin thong, thdng tin v i biin d i i khi hgu c i n dugc day manh va xay dyng thpp mpt md hinh phu hgp de ngudi dan thiy dugc eae Igi ich cung nhu vai trd va trach nhiem eua edng dong va ban than. Q CHO THiCH
'^'Qua trinh phong van, khai ni^m "Bien dot khi hgu" du-ac thay bang "van de ve thdi tiet/khi hau"
hay nhirng bieu hien cu the cua bien doi khi hau de ngu'di dan d l hieu hon.
' Mpt so han chi trong thu th$p thong fin nhu' da mo ta da du-gc de tai bo sung, lam ro trong Qqt dieu tra khap sat cuoi thang 6 va dau thang 7/2014.
TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN
1. Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi tru'dng. 6/2009. Kich ban biin dii khi hau. nwac biin dang cho Viet Nam. Ha Ngi.
2. Diin dan Bao tin Ddng bing sdng Ciru Long. 23/06/2010. Cac khuyin nghi cua Dien ddn Bao tin Bdng bing sdng CCru Long lin thCril. Kien Giang.
3. Nguyen Nggc Dilm, Phgm Ngpc Dinh va nhdm nghien cdu, 2013. Kit qui khdo sdt hd gia dinh Giai doan 1/2013. trong De tai Nghien ciru md hinh truyin thdng dwa vio cdc nhdm cdng chiing thich irng biin ddi khi hau a ven biin Ddng bing song Ciru Long (Nghien ciru trwang hgp xa Higp Thanh, huyen Duyen Hai. tinh Tra Vinh va xa Dit f\/lui. huy$n Ngoc Hiin. tinh Cd
(Xem tlip trang 36)
NGUYEN THI COC TRAM - MOT SO YfeU Tp ANH HlTpNG...
hilm y te khi duge sir dung hgp ly khong chi mang lai Igi ich cho ngygi dan ma cdn nang cao tay nghi cho dpi ngu y t l , tap ngudn lgi d l tai d i u t y eg sg vat chit, giam tai cho cac tuyen tren.
Tir k i t qua nghien ciru cho thiy nilm tin cua ngygi dan d l i vdi bao hilm y t l ndi Chung chya cao, dac biet la cam nhan ve chit lygng kham chira benh va doi xii'.
Ve chit lygng kham chu'a benh, cac van d l nhy: eg so vat chit; to ehirc va thii tuc; nhan Iyc y t l (tay nghi, thai dp y bac sT) deu c i n phai thay doi d l dap irng
dygc nguyen vong cua ngydi dan. Khi hien trang kham chira b#nh bao hiem y t l tot thi truyen thong ehinh thirc va phi ehinh thire mdi cd dieu kien phat huy hieu qua. Tren ca sd dd, hieu biet cua ngydi dan v l cham sdc sire khde, kiln thirc ve bao hiem y t l (cac nguyen tac va Igi ieh cua bao hilm y t l ) dygc cai thien, nilm tin eua ngydi dan ve chat lygng kham ehC'a benh bang bag hiem y t l thay dli. Khi dd, ngygi dan se chgn bao hiem y t l dong hanh vdi cupe song eua hp. •
TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN
1. Bp Y te, Nhom Boi tao Y t l . 2011. Bao cao chung tong quan nganh y te nam 2011.
2. Bp Y t l . e l an thuc hien 16 trinh tiin tai bao hiim y ti giai doan 2012-2015 va 2020.
3. Bill Thi Cirdng. 2010. Bao cao Khao sat vi ca ciu xa hoi, van hda va phiic lai con ngucfi tinh Vinh Lnng, chii tri. Vien Phat triin ben virng vung Nam Bo.
4. Tong cue Thong ke. 2009. Men giam thing ke 2009.
http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabld=512&ldmid=5&ltemlD=1043810.
5. Oy ban Nhan dan tinh VTnh Long. 2010. Bao cao kinh ti xa hgi 2010.
{Tiip theo trang 88; TRUYfeN THONG VA THONG TIN..
/WauJ. De tai cap bd 2013-2014 do Vien Khoa hoc Xa hpi vung Nam Bp chii tri.
4. Nguyen Ngpc Dilm. 2010. Mgt si vin tsi ca ban vi BVMT nham PTBV vCing Nam Bg. Kit qua dllu tra a|nh lu'gng va djnh tinh e l tai clp Bd CT2009.22.04 thupc Chyong trinh CT2009.22. Vien PTBV vung Nam Bp.
5. Regional and Sustainable Development Department. June 2008. ADB's adaptation program:
poverty implications and emerging responses. ADB.
http:/Awww.povertyenvlronmenLnet/files/PEP13-CllmateChange-Roop.pdf.
