KINH N C H i g M Q U O C TE
HON NHAN DONG TINH TAI HOA iOr VA NHUNG GOI MO CHO VIET NAM
H d M i n h Thanh*
*ThS. GV. Khoa Luat Dan sU.Trubnq Oai hoc Luat Dai hoc Hue.
Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khoa- hon nhan, hon nhan dong tinh, phap luat Hoa Ky, LGBT, quan he dan sir dong ti'nh.
Lich su bdi Viet:
Nhan bai Bien tap Duyet bai
: 03/01/2019 : 17/03/2019 : 25/03/2019
Article Infomation:
Keywords: marriage, same-sex marriage, US legislation, LGBT, same- sex relationships
Article History:
Received : 03 Jan. 2019 Edited : 17 Mar 2019 Approved . 2 5 Mar. 2019
Tom tat:
Hon nhan ddng tfnh da trd thanh m6t trong nhiJng van de chinh sach xa hoi gay tranh cai nhat trong thai dai chiing ta. Cac cuoc tranh iuan ve quyen cho cpng dong ngudi dong tinh (LGBT) da dien ra trong nhieu thap ky va g3n day, hon nhan dong tinh dS trd thanh ngi dung dan dau chuong tiinh nghi sir xa hgi cr nhieu niroc chau Au va chau My. Mgt trong nhiing nuoc co sir thay doi chinh sach dang chii y ve h6n nhan dong tinh la Hoa Ky va cac chinh sach ciia quoc gia nay co the ggi m a cac y tudng cho viec xay dung chinh sacli ve hdn nhan dong tinh tai Viet Nam.
Abstract
"Same-sex m a m a g e " (SSM) has become one of the most controversial social policy today. While debates on rights for the Les-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender community (LGBT) have been going on for decades, SSM has recently risen to the top ofthe social agenda in European and American countries. One of the most nouceable nations ofthe SSM policy is in the United States and its policies may be considered as references and suggestions for development of policy on "same-sex marriage" in Vietnam in the future.
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hinh sach cua cac qudc gia nham dam bao sir binh d5ng vh quySn kSt hdn ddi vol ngudi ddng tinh cd su khac biet dang ke tren toan cau, Theo Chi6n dich Nhan quyen, hdn nhan ddng gidi la hop phap d 20 qudc gia, hcrp phap d mot sd khu vuc tai phan d 2 quoc gia, pham toi hinh sir d 75 qudc gia va bi trung phat bangcai chet d 10 qudc gia'. Trong khi cac cupc tranh luan vh quyen ciia ngudi ddng tinh da dien ra trong nhieu thap ky, chi mdi gSn day hdn nhan ddng tinh (HNBT) mdi vuon leiJ dan dau chucmg trinh nghi su xa hdi 6 nhigu nuac chau Au va chau My. Tai Hoa Kv ben cetnh su thay ddi chinb sach vh thua nhan hon nhan dong gioi, Toa an tdi cao Hoa Ky
Human Rights Campaign, 2016, International Policies on Same-Sex Manriage, <https.//www infopig- der-sexuality/intemanonal-poIicies-same-sex-mamage>, truy cap ngay 20/12/2018.
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l NGHIEN CUU , I LAP P H A P ^ So 10(386)15/2019KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE ra phan quyet rang, quyen ket hdn cua cac
cap ddng gidi se dugc bao ve tren toan bo 50 bang cua nudc nay tir nam 2015. Phan quySt nay da dugc sir hudng ung va ung hp cua du luan xa hdi. Bao cao ciia Trung tam nghien cihi Pew 2017a cho thay, su ung hd cho HNDT da tang tir 35% trong nam 2001 len 62% trong nam 20171
1. Khai quat v^ hdn nhSn ddng tinh theo phap luat Hoa Ky
1.1 Cap doi ddng gi&i dau tien kit hon hap phdp trong lich sir Hoa Ky
Ngay 18/05/1970, hai ngudi dan dng la Jack Baker va Micheal McConell da nop don cho Thu ky Toa an Gerald R. Nelson tai Hat Hennepin de yeu cau dang ky kht hon (DKKH). Tuy nhien Thu ky Toa an nay da tu choi don vi hai ngudi yeu cau DKKH cd ciing gidi tinh. Khdng ddng tinh vdi quyet dinh dd, cap ddi nay da khdi kien vai lap luan, phap luat vao thdi diem hien tai khdng he cd quy dinh cam ket hdn ddng gidi va hg hoan toan du didu kien dd dang ky k6t hon theo quy dinh tai Dilu 1,4, 8 va 9 Hidn phap My. Tuy nhien, no luc cua hg th4t bai, ke ca sau khi da de dem khang cao len toa an cap cao^. Sau dd, Baker va McCoimell da nop dan DKKH lai, lan nay la tai Hat Blue Earth va hg da thanh cdng trong viec xin giay phep ket hdn ngay truoc khi Toa an Mirmesota tam dimg giay phep ket hdn ddi vdi cac cap dong gidi*^. Ca|> ddi nay, do dd, dupe xem nhu la "cap ddi ddng gidi dau tien ket hdn hgp phap trong lich sir"\ Day cd the dugc xem nhu la mdt sir may m4n khi quygt dinh cdm KHDT nam 1972 "khdng hdi td doi trudrng bgp cua Baker va McConnell" vi hai ngudi da cd dugc giSy DKKH va da kht hdn "du sau tuan" trudc dd.
Nam 1977, Luat cua bang Colorado dugc thdn^ qua vdi quy dinh ring, hdn nhan la mdt moi quan he xuat phat tir mdt ngudi nam va mdt ngudi nu. Va cho ddn nam 1980, han mdt nira sd bang tai My thdng qua quy dinh rarig, ket hdn phai dugc xuat phat tir hai thuc the khac giqi. Mdt thap ky sau, con sd nay la 40 trong sd 50 bang va ddn nam 1945 la 45 tren 50 bang tai My. Nam 1996, Quoc hpi My da thong qua Dao luat Bao ve hdn nhan {Defense of Marriage Act - DOMA) va dugc Tdng thdng Clinton ky thanh luat.
DOMA cho phep mdi tieu bang lua chgn co cdng nhan mdt lien minh ddng gidi d mgt tieu bang khac hay khdng.
Ke tu khi DOMA dugc thdng qua, hau het mgi tieu bang da tan dung ca hdi bang each ban hanh luat hoac sua ddi Hien phap cua bang minh de tuyen bd hon nhan ddng gidi la khdng hgp le, ngay ca ddi vdi cac cap vg chdng ket hdn d mdt bang khac ma tai bang dd, cugc hdn nhan da dugc cap phep.
Vi DOMA va luat phap ciia cac bang khdng thira nhan hdn nhan ddng gidi va npi dung nay chua dugc tda an kiem tra tinh hgp hien, iien viec dua vao luat phap de giai quyet van de HNDT la van de gay tranh cai vao thdi diem^ bay gid. Do dd, narn 2002, mpt van ban nham muc dich sira ddi Hien phap dugc de xuat vdi ten ggi la Sira ddi Hdn nhan lien bang (Federal Marriage Amendment - FMA) da dugc trinh ra trudc Qudc hdi. Viec sira ddi se dinh nghTa hdn nhan la sir ket hgp cua mpt ngudi dan dng va mgt ngudi phu nii va cd the dugc sir dung de phii quyet sir bao ve ciia cac tieu bang hoac dia phuang ddi vdi cac cap dong^gidi va con cai ciia bg. De trd thanh mdt phan cua Hien phap Hoa Ky, FMA can phai dugc hai phan ba Quoc hdi pbe^ chuan va sau dd dugc phe chuan bdi ba phan tu cac ca quan lap phap tieu bang.
Tnmg tam Nghien cihi Pew, n 1.
Baker vNelson, 291 Miim. 310,191 N.W.2d 185 (1971)
Anon,, "Minnesota Statutes Annotated", West Publishing Co. (June 1969), c. 517 01 - Marriage a civil contract
"Mamage, so far as its validity in law is concemed, is a civil contract, lo which the consent ofthe parties, capable in law of conlracUng, is essential.
David E.Newton, Same-sex marriage, SecondEdition, Contemporary World Issues, 2016, trang 6,
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1.2 Luge su th&i gian cho viec thay ddi chinh sdch hon nhan Sng gi&i tgi Hoa Ky Ke tir khi chinh phu lien bang im lang ve chu de nay, HNDT ludn la van dh gay tranh cai gay gkta Hoa Ky. Trong vai thap ky qua, cac quyen va dac quyhn dugc md rpng cho cpng ddng LGBT da tang len dang ke. Tuy nhien, nhieu tieu bang van cimg ran trong viec md rpng quyen binh dang cho cac cap ddng tinh theo luat. Nam 2015, Tda an Tdi cao Hoa Ky phan quyet rang, quyen ket hdn phal dugc md rgng cho cac cap ddng tinh. Phan quylt da thay^ ddi dang ke bdi canh ciia luat hdn nhan dong gidi tren ca nudc. Tuy nhien, trudc khi di den phan quyet nay, cac bang dugc trao quyen quyet dinh lieu hdn nhan ddng gidi cd dugc phep trong pham vi ranh gidi cua ban^ hay khdng.
Bihu nay lam cho phap luat dieu chinh hdn nhan giiia nhiJng ngudi cung gidi tinh trd nen phiic tap trong mpt thdi gian dai.
1.3 He qud phdp ly ddng sau sir thay doi cdc che dinh cua phdp lugt Hoa Ky
a. Muc dp dugc bdo vi theo tung che ^nh
Trudc khi cac bang cdng nhan hdn nhan ddng tinh (same-sex mamage) - hdn nhan hgp phap giua nhiJng ngudi cimg giai tinh^ - mdt so che dinh da dugc cac bang lua chgn nham dieu chinh cac quan he giiia nhung ngudi ddng tinh. Cd the kg dhn cac che dinh ket hgp ddn su (civil union) va song chung nhu vg chdng (Domestic partner).
Kit hgp ddn sii la mdt che dinh dugc tao ra de md rdng quyen cho cac cap ddng gidi. NhiJng quyen nay chi dugc cong nhan d tieu bang ma cap vg chdng cu tni^ Ben canh dd, sdng chung nhu vg chdng^ ciing la mpt chh dinh dugc tao ra de md rdng quyen
cho cac cap va chdng chua ket hon, ^^^ ^ . ^ (nhung khdng nhat thiet ^idi han a; ^ ^ ^ ^ ddng gidri. "Quan he sdng f / ' f ^^p M t chdng; thudmg dugc quy dinh b J P^ F -^
cac tieu bang vdi nhUng.han CJJ ^ han so vdi che dinh "ket hoP ^ ^ f _ vi d u ^ a N e w J e r s e y , m d t k e t h j f J ^ ^ « ^ ^ nhieu trach nhiem chung hon vc ^ no ddng thai cung mang lai nhieu quyen loa han ddi vdi tai san khac. Trong k h i a c ^ nay, Sd Thud vu khdng cdng nhan HNDT hoac "ket hgp dan su cimg giai • Dieu nay cd nghia la cap vg chdng khdng du dieu kien de nhan cac loi ich lidn ban^ dua tren hdn nhan hoac nop td khai thue lien bang. Vi du khac la, trong mdt vu viec lien quan den quy8n tham benh cua vg chdng, nam 2007 cd Lisa Pond da chdt tai Benh vien Jackson sau khi bj phinh ddng mach nao trong chuyin di nghi cimg vdi Janice Langbehn, ddi tac nir cua cd tren quang duong tir Washington dhn Florida. Khi Lisa dang hap hoi tai benh vien, mdt nhan vidn xa hpi cua benh vien da tir chdi cho Janice vao phdng beiih cua Lisa.
Janice nghe ngudi nay da noi rang Florida la "mpt tiiu bang chdng ddng tinh". Janice kien ra tda va mdt tda an quan d Miami, Florida da bac bd vu kien cua Janice. Tda an cho rang luat phap Florida khdng ydu cau benh vien cho phep ban tinh ddng gidi den tham, ngay ca khi cd giay uy quyen y td hop le. Day la thuc te ma hau het cac cap ddng gidi d Hoa Ky phai ddi mat va nd trai ngupc hoan toan vdi each ma cac cap vg chdng khac gidi dugc ddi xir d mpi nai'".
^ Viec cdng nhan HNDT da mang lai quyen Ipi cho cac cap doi nay mdt each day dii ban so vdi cac che djnh "k6t hgp dan su"
hay "song chung nhu vg chdng"". Ndi mot each khac, chi hon nhdn mdi mang lai Igi
7 https://www.usiegalforms com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htm, truy c^p ngay 20/12/201S 8 New Jersey (tir nam 2006) va New Hampshire (tir nam 2007) cho phep cac k6t hop dan su. Vermont ban h^nh •
2000 https;//www.uslegaIforms com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htm, truy cip ngay 20/)T/'in?° " ^ ^ 9 Luat phap toan tiSu bang a Hawaii, Maine, Oregon, Washington va luat toan quan 6 QuSn Columbia itao mot • ^ ' va ch6ng nhSt dmh cho cac cap dong gioi, ^° quySn 10 Equality Florida Action, <https://www.eqfl.org/supremestoryl> tmy cap ngay 20/12/2018.
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KINH NGHIE^. ^ s ^ — " - = -
ich va sy bao ve mgt each tron ven trong pham vi toan Hen bang. HNDT la cupc hon nhan dupe cong nhan hgp phap giiia hai vg chong cimg gidi tinh. Ka tir khi co phan quyet cua Tda an Toi cao t^i Obergefell, cac cap vg chong ddng tinh eo eac quyan va Igi ich hrang tu nhu cac cap vg ehong khac gidi kat h6n hgp phap khac, bao gom giam thul, quyan ra quyat djnh y te khan cap, tiap can luat quan he trong nudc, Igi ich vp ehong (bao gom ca boi thudng cho ngudi lao dgng), quyen thua ke va dae quyan chiing thye cua ngudi phdi ngau". Theo Van phong Ka toan Tong hgp eua Chinh phu Lien bang (GAO), tong cpng se co hon 1.100 quyan Igi va nhiing bao ve khac dugc trao cho cdng dan Hoa Ky sau khi ket hon hpp phap. Cac ITnh vye duoc bao ve bao gom Igi ieh an sinh xa hpij quyari loi cua cyu chien binh, bao hiam y te, trg cap^ te, quyen tham benh, thuS bit dgng san, tiet kiem huu tri, luong huu, nghi phep eung vdi gia dinh cung nhu la nhap cu'^. Day eiing la mgt trong nhiing su khac biet can ban ve mat Igi ieh cua HNDT sau khi dugc chap nhan d cap lien bang^l
b. Xung dot phdp lugt giira cdc tieu bang trong giai dogn 1997 - 2005
Ben canh viec lam gia tang cac quyan va Igi ich hgp phap cho cac cap ddi dong tinh, phan quyat eua Toa ^n Toi cao My cung giai quyat dugc van de xung dot phap luat phiic tap tai day trong giai doan 1997- 2005. Sau khi Hawaii trd thanh tieu bang dau tian cong nhan moi quan he dan su giiia hai ngudi dong tinh (1997) den trude khi Toa an toi cao Hgp chiing quoe Hoa Ky bat bugc cac bang phai cho phep nhting ngudi dong gidi kat hdn, luat phap eua cac tieu bang tao nan mpt su xung dot phap luat nang na. Diau nay tao ra su khac biet ve tinh trang phap ly ciia eac cap dong tinh, tir quyan kat hdn
day du d mot so bang eho dan viec tir ch6i hoan toan bat ky su eong nhan nao d hau hit nhiing ngudi khac.
Do sy khae biet trong quy djnh eua phap luat giiia cac tiau bang, mgt hanh ddng don thuan nhu di chuyan qua bien gidi cua mgt tieu bang trong lanh thd My cung co the gay ra he qua phap ly khac biet cho cac cap dong tinh. Ngay ca trong mot ngay du hanh xuyan nudc My, hai eong dan dong tinh co tha trai qua cac tinh trang phap ly thay ddi mpt each dang ngac nhien. Theo do, hp co tha duge xem la dang trong tinh trang ket hon hgp phap d mgt tiau bang, nhung chi cdn la cap doi tac trong mot bang khac hay dugc eoi la nhiing ngudi la hoan toan tai bang thu ba. Chinh vi vay, nhiing cap dong tinh nay luon luon phai nhan thiie duge nhihig nguy CO phap ly va sy bao ve tir cae van phong lu|t su de giup hg ty bao ve minh, bao gom biau biat ve nhirng nii ro ciia viec di lai giiia cac tieu bang khong ton trgng cac moi quan he gia dinh nay.
2. Nhfrng ggi md cho Viet Nam Tir thue trang phap ly ve HNDT tai Hoa Ky, chiing toi nhan thay co mgt so ggi md cho viee xay dyng ehinh sach, phap luat ve quyan ket hon cua ngudi dong gidi tai Viet Nam:
Thu nhdt, vdi cac trudng hop HNDT, chiing ta co tha cap mgt giay chiing nhan ve moi quan he dan sy, vdi he qua phap ly nhu hpp dong tian hdn nhan ciia phap luat eac nudc (civil union). Nhu da phan tich, d Hoa Ky, nhiau cap dong gidi da thiat lap moi quan he lau dai trudc khi co quyan kat hon dan su. Tae dgng va loi ich co the co cua viec cong nhan hon nhan va hon nhan doi vdi cac cap vg chong lau dai da dugc kiam tra qua mdt nghian eiiu bang each sir dung dii lieu tir mgt mau cua cac thanh vian cap
s-and-domestic-partnerships.html truy cap ngay https://familyfindlaw.com/mamage/same-sex-marriage-civil-u
20/12/2018.
Mamage. same-sex and opposite-sex: Legal and economic benefits of marriage.
<hnp://www.religioustolerance.org/mar_bene.htm>iniy c?p ngay 20/12/2018.
https://www.uslegalforms.com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htmtniycapngay20/l2/20l8.
— , KGHIEN euu I e o S610(386)15/2019 ^ L A P P H A P ' *'<'
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vg chong: 307 trong mgt cupc hdn nhan dan su va 50 khong cd tinh trang quan he phap ly. Nghian ciiu dupe bao cao duge thye hien trudc khi cdng nhan ket hon d tit ca cae tieu bang cua Hoa Ky va kilm tra mdi lien he eua tinh trang hon nhan va s6ng trong tinh trang cong nhan hon nhan dan su eua cae cap dong gidi vdi ban bao cao vh LGB duang tinh va am tinh (ddng tinh nii, ddng tinh nam va ludng tinh) ban s5c, ho trg xa hgi va phan biet doi xu hang ngay Cac phan tich hoi quy Dyadic cho thiy nhiing ngudi tham gia vao mpt cugc hon nhan dan sy da bao cao miic dp trung tarn nhan dang LGB cao hon va su ho trp tir doi tac. S6ng trong mdt tieu bang dupe cong nhan hon nhan dan sy CO lian quan den viec che giau danh tinh LGB d miic dp thap hon, mgt qua trinh it kho khan hon da chap nhan mgt danh tinh LGB khac, va it canh giac va co lap hon. Kat qua dugc thao luan ve loi ieh eua eac moi quan he lau dai va tae dpng ciia boi canh Ijch sir xa hpi va chinh sach hon nhan doi vdi cac moi quan he dong gidi'''.
Thu hai, Hian phap Viet Nam nam 2013 quy djnh "nam, nii co quyen ket hon." Nhu vay, cd tha thay rang, Hien phap 2013 ehi quy dmh ye quyan kat hon chu khong djnh nghia ve quyen ket hon. Quy djnh ve quyen kat hon cua "nam, nir" khong anh hudng hay ngan can quyan kat hon ciia ngudi dong tinh. Tuy nhian, Luat Hon nhan va Gia dinh nam 2014 lai co quy djnh "Kat hon la viec nam va nii xac lap quan he vg chong vdi nhau theo quy djnh cua Luat nay ve diau kien ket hon va dang ky kat hon"'^
Quy dinh nay co tha dugc xem la mpt trd ngai trong vice luat hoa quyan kat hdn ciia nhirng ngudi dong tinh tai Viet Nam trong tuong lai.
Ben eanh do, Hiln phap nam 2013 ciing CO quy djnh ve nguyen tdc "mpt vg mgt chong"'^. Tuy nhien, nguyen tdc cd dugc hiiu trin tinh thdn phdp lugt Viet Nam chi cdng nhgn tinh trgng phdp ly Id "dan hdn , vdi npi ham la "khong ai dugc kat hon voi ngudi khac khi dang d trong tinh trang hdn nhan". Do do, hon nhan giiia hai ngudi curig gidi tinh ma dap img dupe dugc nguyan tae nay ciing nan duge xem la hpp hian.
Noi tom lai, Hiln phap Viet Nam khong ban hanh bit ky mgt ly thuylt nao v l hon nhan. Chinh vi vay chung ta ed the tu do md rgng ddi tugng dugc kat hon bao gdm cac cap dong gidi.
Co tha nhan thay rang, cau chuyen phap ly v l hpp phap hoa hon nhan cho nhiing ngudi dong gidi cung nhu van de giai quyat he qua phap ly hau hon nhan dong gidi se con keo dai trong tuang lai. Tuong ty nhu trudng hgp ciia My, ka tir sau quyet djnh cua Toa an Toi cao trong vu viee Obergefell v.
Hodges''' md rgng quyen cho cac cap ddng gidi ket hon tren toan quoc, cgng dong LGBT da dau tranh ehong phan biet d6i xu trong viee lam, nha d va nha d eong cgng.
Vao ngay 13/5/2016, T6ng thing Obama da can nhac ve "cugc chian nha ve sinh", khdi nguon tir nhiing tranh cai giiia cae bang vh viec ngudi chuyin gidi eo quyln sir dung phong tim vdi thong bao "Sinh vien c6 the sir dung phong tim theo gidi ti'nh Ur xac djnh eiiahg"'^.
Ngoai ra, mgt s6 eac van d l phap ly khac nhu la quan he phap ly gitra cha me va con, nuoi con nuoi, cip dudng hay mang thai hg doi vdi cac ngudi d i n g tinh cung la nhimg thach thtrc Idn cho cac nha lap phan tai Viet N a m "
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Riggle, Ellen D. B., impact of Civil Mamage Recognition for Long-Tenn Same-Sex Couples Sexuality Research A Social Policy- A Journal ofthe NSRC, Vol 14(2). Jun. 2017. pp 223-232.
Khoan 5 Dieu 3 Luat Hon nhan gia dinh 2014 Digu 36 Hign phap 2013
576 U.S. (2015).
8 The American Gay Rights Movement: A Timeline, <htips.//www.infoplease.com/us/gender-issues/amen- can-gay-rights-movement-timeline>, truy cap ngay 20/12/2018
I NGHIEN CUU , • I i ^ p PHAP—^ So 10(386) T5/2019
