MOT SO YEU CAU NHAM NANG GAU GHAT LIfliNG UAY HUG LAM VAN NGHI LUAN HA HUI fi TRIffiNG TRUNG HUG PHU THONG
VO NGOC DQC
Abstract: In the context of teaching innouation for Language Arts and Literature according^
approach of competency as today, teachers should haue innouatiue thinking in teaching the luriSg texts in general and the social debate in particular. Therefore, this article discusses some basic orien- tation to innovate the teaching methods of Ihe social debate lo enhance the quality of teaching the social debate at high schools. Based on this orientation, teachers should be proactive, flexible lo choose the appropriate level for each lesson and student.
Keywords: Language Arts, Literature.
T
rong so cac kieu van ban ma hpc sinh (HS) dupc hpc trong phan mon Lamyancisa chuong trinh Ngd van a \mng hpc pho thong (THPT), van ngh j luan covjtriquan tipng dac biettrong viee phat trien tuduy, kha nang ti/nhan djnh danh gia, trinh bay^van de mptcach thuyetphuc. Nghj luan dtn/dng pho thong thudng co hai dang: nghi luan van hgeva nghi luan xahgi (NLXH). Neu nghj iuan van hpc giup HS ren luyen tuduy nghj luan vet^c p h ^ hay nhan djnh van hpe thi NI.XH giup cac em phat trien tu duy ve nhung van de, hien tupng xa ha, hoae mpt tu tudng dao limangy nghia xahoi. Day la mpt "kenh" ratquan trpng trong viec giao due nhan each cho HS.
Bai viet nay de cap mptsd'yeu cau trong day hpe NI.XH nhSm nang eao chat Iupng day hpc theo tinh than doi mdi.
1. Day hpc NLXH theo hudng tich hpp Chuongtrinh Ngavan THPT da khing "djnh/ay quan diem tich hep lam nguyen tac chu dao tochtk ngidung chuong trinh, bien soan SGK vi It/a chgn phuang phap giang day. Vdi dac trung cua minh, lam van NLXH cho phep viec thuc hien tich hpp nhu mpt nhu cau tu than. Bdi le, van de xa hpi la pham tnj phi/c tap, ton tai vdi nhieu moi quan he, nhieu phuong dieri trong ddi song. Viec thuc hanh nghj luan ve eac van de xa hpi ddi hoi phai huy dpng mpt each tong luc nhieu kie'n thdc d nhieu linh vue, dac bietia cac kie'n thOfc khoa hpc xa hpi nhu: lich su, dja li, chinh trj, dao ddc, van hda, ton giao,.. Cac kien thdc nay can phai mang tinh cap nhat va gan chatvdi thuc tiln ddi song. Mat khae, viee tao lap eae van ban lam van phai su diing ngon ngd lam eong ey, doi hoi dHS nhung kien thi/c va kinang ve thuc hanh van ban tieng Viet ma phan mdn Tieng Viet
381 Tap chi Gido due so 379
dap ung. Ben canh dd, de tutudng ban luan duct sau s^c, thau tinh, HS can co nhifrig chiem nghiem ve cac van de xa hpi dat ra trong tac pham van t i ^ ma phan mon Dpc van dap ung.
Do vay, lam van NLXH huy dpng mpt each tmg luc ca kie'n thuc - kTnang lien mon va npi mdn. Tich hgp trong day hpc lam van NLXH vua lasi/phahgpcac kien thuc, kTnang cua phan mdn Tieng VietvaBgc van; vua lasutich hpp lien nganh detao ram^'^hong' van hda cho HS. HS can van dung tong fiffl) tatca nhung kie'n thLC npi mon va lien mdn eung vdivonscnl von kinh nghiem eua ban than delam van NLXH.
Day hpc lam van NLXH theo hudng tich help la viec to chLfc noi dung day hpc cua giao vien (GV)sao cho HS cdthe huy dpng npi dung, kien thdc, kinang npi mdn va lien mon nham gialquyetdupccacvaiide xa hpi dat ra trong hoat dpng hpe tap va thyc th thong qua do lai hinh thanh kie'n thdc, kTnang moi,ti) ddphat trien dupc nhung nang lyc can thiet cho HS.
De day hpc lam van NLXH la theo hudng tich ho^
GV can hudng d i n HS huy dpng kie'n ttiiic 6eM sang td van de xa hpi dat ra theo nhung cau hoi goi mdft/duy tich hop. Vi du nhu: - Degiai quyet diM van de nay, em can huy dpng nhung kien tfidcnao?- Em se siidung tulieu dan chung thupc ffnh vyc nao?
- Hay xac djnh pham vi dan chdng ctio van de; - Hay huy dong kien thdc thupc finh vyc A/B/C deminfi hga chovandexa hpi dang xet?
GV cung cothe tich hpp lam van NLXH khi day tieng Viet hay dpc van b l n g each tao ra cac cau tioico van de. Vi du: - Tdnhdng yeu eau ve sudyng Heng
* Truvns Tning hgc plio thong Tran Quoc Ti huyen Dak Ha, tinti KonTum
-Thj ban flak Uf
(kil-4/201&
i/iet, suy nghTve thuc trang sudung tieng Viet cua gidi [re hien nay {bai NhOng yeu cau ve sudung iBhg Viet, Nguvan10,tap2);-Hayvietmptdoanvanbanvey thdc bao ve moi tardng cua ngudi dan dia phuong.
Trong do co su dung kieu eau co khdi ngd hoac cd trang ngdchitinh liuo'ng (bai Thuc hinh sudung mgt sokieu ciu trong van ban.HqQvanU,iap ^);-T\J quan diem song trong bai tho" Vgivan^' (Xuan Dieu), nghTve li tudng sd'ng cua thanh nien trong thdi dai ngay nay (bai l/p/Vangr.Nguvan 11, tap 2}.
i . D a y h o c N L X H gan vdi t h u c te'ddi s o n g , de NLXH t r d t h a n h nhu cau t u t h a n cua HS
Trong van NLXH, van de xa hpi la san pham cua tu duy thuc tien, la qua frinh khai quat hda nhieu sy viec hien tupng trong ddi song xa hpi thanh nhdng quy luat nhan thde, nhung nhari djnh, chan li, nhdng trudng hpp dien hinh lam chude, detai cho hoatdpng nhan ttidccuachuthengudiviet. Chinh thucte xahoi la nguon goc, dpng lye va muc tieu cua hoat dpng lam van NLXH.Vivay.khon^thedayhpc NLXH khicac hoatdpng hinh thanh kien thdc-kTnang;thai dp cho HSthoaththycte. Muc tieu cua nguyen tac nay la lam cho NLXH trdthanh nhu cau tu duy thudng xuyen, can thietva tugiac cua HS, tue la NLXH can trdthanh nhu eau tuduy tythan eua HS trong hpe tap va lao dong suot ddi. Day hpc NLXH g§n vdi thye te ddi song, vi these la CO sdtarc tiep dS hinh thanti vaphat trial nang luc nhan thdc vadanh gia thucte xahoi eho cac em. Nang luc nay giup bai lam van cua cac em cd nhifng luan c d s a u sac va thuyet phuc^ ed nhdng tu tudng, nhdng doi thoai giau gia tri thuc tien. Tddd, cac em se tutin va chu dpng tiiam gia vao ddi song xa hoi vdl tu each la mot ngudi eong dan, mpt ngutM lao dpng chan chinh.
Vephuong hudng day hoc,day hpcNLXH gan vdi thyc teddi song can dupc hieu la nguyen tSc bao trum vaxuyensuottatcacac khau cua quatrinh day hpc: day hpc li ttiuyet, ren luyen thue hanh, ra de kiem tra danh gia, cham vattabsa.C\i^i:-Tiongviect6chtk;dayhgc lam van NLXH: + T d cac luan diem nghj luan lien he den cac van de, hien tucmg, nhan vat xa hpi cd lien quan; + Tdnhieu van de, hien tupng xa hpi, khai quat thanh luan diem nghi luan phan anh dupc quy luathinh thanh,t6ntaivaphattrien cuacac hientupng.yandexa hoi ay; - Tmng viec kiem tra va danh gii.-Qe van can g i n lien vdi thuc te xa hpi, mang tinh thof sy sau s§e;
-Quan trietthaidpton trpng thyc tiln nhumptphupng phap lam bai.Dd la yeu cau viet khach quan,tiung thye vadanh giathyctemptcachdijngdan.Day eung Iampt tieu chuandeGV danh gia bai viet, danh gia tutudng, thai dd cua HS.
3. Day hoc NLXH theo h u d n g tich cue hoa hoat dpng cua HS
Trong quafrinh day hpc lam van NLXH, dephat huy tinh tich cue trong hoat dpng nhan thdc cua HS thiquatrinh day hpephaidien bien sao cho:
- HS dupe dat d vj tri chu the, ty giac, tich cue, sang tao frong hoatdpng nhan thdc cac van de xa hpi cua ban than. G V can tao dieu kien cho eac em dupc neu quandiem, chinh kie'n ve van dexa hpi tardc tap the. Y kien ay se dupe ban luan, dong tinh, bo sung hay phan bien bdi ehinh tap theldp hpc, sau do mdi la vai trd djnh hudng cua G V. De lam dupc dieu nay, van de hdng thu co y nghTa va tam quan trpng dae biet. Moi trudng giao t i ^ supham dan chu, than thien, khong djnh kien sequyetdjnhviectao vaduy tri hung thu. Ben canh dd, de phat huy tinh ty giac, tich cyc, sang tao cua HS, G V can tao dupc ntiu cau giao tiep d cac em. Bdi vay, cai khd cua ngudi G V khi day hpc lam van NLXH la d cho phai tao ra dupe nhdng tinh huong giao tie'p ve van de xahoi sao cho hap dan, 161 euon,taodupcnhu eau giao tie'p dephathuy tinh tieh cue va chu dpng cua HS.
- Qua trinh day hpc phai dya tren sy nghien ctru nhimg quan niem, kien thdc xa hpi s^n cd cua ngudi dpc; khai thac nhdng thuan Ipi, dong thdi nghien cuu kTnhihig chudng ngai ve tu tudnq, ve tam ddn nhan cac van de xa hdi cua ngudi hpe de cd phuong hudng day hpc phu hpp. Theo dd, GV can lua chon van de xa hpi tronp day hpc lam van N LXH sao eho phu hpp vdi chutfiengui^ hpc, khong vuptquatam nhan thiJc eua tam lilda tuoi, khong quaxa la so vert "phdng" kien thue s i n cd cua HS THPT.
- Myc dich eua day hpc NLXH khdng chiduffig lai dvieccungcaptrithdc, kTnang, kTxao lam van ma eon phai day cho HS each hpc, each tu hpe, ty hoat dpng nhan thde n h l m dap dnp cac nhu cau cua ban than va xa hpi. Bdi vay, de phat huy tinh tich cue, chu dpng ciia HS trong day hpc lam van NLXH, GV ed nhung dinh hudng giup HS tuhpc, tutrai nghiem thye t e x a hpi nham phat trien eac nang lyc cua ban than.
- Tietday can dupc da dang hoa cac phuong phap, hinh thdc tochdc day hpc, ap dung cac kTthuat day hpc tich cue nham phap huy tinh tich cue, chu dpng, sang tao d H S trong qua trinh day hpc NLXH. Ben canh do, can edsudoi mdi trong each danh gia bai lam van NLXH cua HS mptcach khach quan, te nhj,tdn frpngvakhuyenkhich;franh kieu danh gia bai lam van mptcach thd bao, biquan, huy hoai niem tin va hdng thu hpe tap cua HS.
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4. Day hoc NLXH theo h u o n g tang c u o n g tinh thuc hanh
Lam van la khau thgc hanh thuc hanh tong hop 0 cac muc dptijflhap dai cao, tif bp phan tataig hop. Ket qua hoc tap phan mon nay la can ciichuyeu (Jetfanh gia nang iuc NgiJvan cua HS trong nha trucmg. Thuc techothay, HS I<h6ng thevietiJuoc nhung bai lam van dung va hay neu khong n j m vung li thuyet. Can phai hinh thanh duoc li Biuyet lam van cho tung kieu bai thi viec Ihuc hanh-luyen lap m d CO djnhhu6ng.Tuyvay, d ^ h gia nang luc hoc van, lam van la danh gia tren khau thuc hanh viet van ban, chiJ khong phai la dan tl gia kha nang ghi nhdvalietke Iithuyet lam van. Lithuyet chila congcu, muc dich cua day hoc ^ van lagiupHS thuc hanh tao lap van ban giao tiep theo detai giao tiep cuthe. Hon nua, thuc Bin bai lam van cua HS (dac biet la cac HS kha, gioi) da dang vasang tao hon nhieu so veil khuon m l u 11 thuyet de ra. Nang luc sang tao nay can dugc djnh huong va khuyen khich trong hoatdgng thuc hanh lam van.
Muon tang cuong tinh thi/chaiihcua mot gid day hpc lam van can xac djnh he thong nang luc va k i nang fim van cho HS Irong lOmg bai hpc cuthe. Tuong iJngv6ld6lahethongbai^thychanhphuhcrp.He thong bai tap thuc hanh can duoc s5p xep ti} (Je den kho, tii'yeu cau cu theden yeu cau phiic hop, turviec van dijng nang li/c dpc lap den viec phoi k^tlit;'p nhieu nang ii/c, dam bao tinh viia siic, pliu h(;rp va 161 cuon hiing ttiiithtJC hanh cija mpi doi tuong HS. Hethong bai tap thuc hanh tuong flng viji he thong nang li/c can dugc cong bo cong khai vcri hpc sinh trurSc m6i tuan hpc, ki hpc de hoc sinh chij dpng hon trong qua trinh hpetap.
Vi du, bai hoc 77iao (ac lap luan binh turn, day la bai day hoc lam van nghj luan noi chung, chiing toi chi xetphan baitap binh luan ve van de xa hpi trong Ngu van 11, tap 2. Co the mo ta phan thuc hanh nhusau:
_ - CacnangluccanrenluyenchoHS:+Uhan dien van de dugc binh luan trong doan van NLXiH hoac dupc ma hoa trong mpt de bai NLXH cu the; + Hop tac dedua raytuong binh tuan cho motvande xahoi;
+ Glao tep ngon ngOde trinh bay van de, viet doan van ban tuan xahpi; +Nhan thiic va danhgia thuc tiln xa hpi trong ban luan de thuyet phuc ngudi dpc, ngudi nghe tan dcng vcri luan diem.
- HS ren luyen cac nang luc Iren Ihdng qua he Ihmgbaltap theo cacdangsau. + Doan trich A {ci the sidung doan trich trong SGK NgOvan 11 ,tap2, trang 13) c6 sudung thao tac binh tuan khong? Can ciivao dau deanh (chj) CO ket luan ay? + Nhan xetve
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each trien khai lap luan binh luan trong doan trich B(l la doan trich binh tuan vevan de xa hgi). Anh (chjoi thebSn them dieu g i v e van dedo?+_Hayxayii'ij»
mot lap tuan binh tuan de neu y kien cila ban liiaiivl m6t liien tugng, van de dang dugc quan tam Innj nhatrudng (hoactrong dtilsong) hiSn nay.
Mpt khi hettiong baitap thuc hanh nhutremijBt minh djnh ro rang thi hoat dpng thuc hanh sedilnra tog ic,diing huiSngva phathuy tac dung.GVcoliiisj dung hethd'ng baitap thuc hanh de day hpc tren ^ , dekiem tra, danh gia hoac lam djnh huringgi^yclio H S t u h p c o n h a . . .
Day hpc NLXH theo nguyen tac tang cucmglinl thuc tianh cung yeu cau tuyet ddi tranh hien tuonj day hpc lam van thep kieu "dpc chep", "hpc Itiuit' theo m l u , tu de. Day la each day hpc phi sir pham, hiiy hoai dan tu duy va nang luc Ihuc hanh ciia HS, t\/ldtsunhin nhan dung dan vaday dUvevailioeua thuc hanh trong day hpc lam van se giiip GV xaciih ducc phuong phap day hpc phii hgp va co hieu quii khac phuc dugc tinh trang day hpc lam van m6tcM han lam, tnju tiipng, nang ne va khd khan. Thay vao4 ta nhQng gidhgc li thuyet thdng qua thuc hanh-luyef tap dekhac sau vamorpng pham vi lithuyet
Nhin Chung, trong bdi canh ddi mdi day hpc Hgi rantheo hudng tiep can nang luc ngudi hpc ntiuhi|o nay, day hpc tam van ndi chung, lam van NLXH can b§t kjp vcri xu hudng nay. Tren day la nhOng yeu cau n h i m ddi mdi phuong phap day hpc NLXH ded^
ling muc tieu tiinh thanh va phat trien nang tucoGa HS. Tren CO sd nhirng yeu cau nay, GV chD dfing, tinh hoat lua chon nhiing hinh thiic va phuong phi day hpc saochophuhrjp vdi tiingndi dung bai hge, V(j timg ddt t u i s i g H S . a
T^i lieu tham khao
1. BP (JD-DT. Chucmg trinhgUoducphdtlienginln
