CAC NGUYSN T A C CO B A N TRONG Vl£C m DUNG MULTIMEDIA TRONe DAY HOC
O TS. N G C ANH T U A N "
N hOng n^idn c ^ ihig dyng da phuong H|n (multimedia) cho dpy hpc hl$n nay dd chuyen h> vi$c ICfy cdng ngh$ Idm trung tdm sang I ^ ngudi hpc Idm trung tdm vd nhd'n mpnh din cdch thuc thilt k l tdi li$u muJKmedia hd Irp qud trtnh n h ^ thOc cua ngudi hpc. Cdch Hip c^n Icfy ngudI hpc Idm trung tdm trong dpy hpc vdi mulKmedia N^p Ining vdo qud trinh xj If nh$n thik cdc thdng di$p mulHmedio vd dnh hudng cua qud trtnh ndy ISn vl|e hpc.
Ti> nhOng co sd If lu$n, co sd tdm If hpc vd thyc H^n cOa vl^c Ong dyng mulNmedlo, bdi vllt ndy dua ra cdc nguyfin t6c ^ung cOa vi|e Ong dyng muhtmedia trong dpy hpc nhdm phdt huy hit nhOng lAlm mpnh do mulHmedla mong k;il cOng nhu hpn chl ode dilm ylu cOa chOng.
Cdc nguyta N5C CO bdn trong xdy di/ng cdc tdi ll$u multimedia
1) Xdc dinh rd chd di cin stf dt/ng multimedia. Trong thyc t l khdng |:^dl tit cd cdc cho dl diu ed thi Ong dyng mulHmedlo. C^l c6 nhung chO d l nhdt djnh mdl c6 thi Ong dyng cdng ngh$ muklmedki m|t cdch c6 hl$u qud.
Ddid:
- NhOng sy v$t hi|n tupng hllm khi xdy ra, phy thu^ vdo cdc dilu kl$n ty nhign d^c bl^tvd ydu d u phdi c6 m$t Ipl thdl dilm xud't hl^n (hl|n tupng nh^tthyc, nguy^ttfiyc, b6c eye quang...).
- NhOng si/ v$t h l ^ tupng x&y ra qud nhanh ho^c qud di$m, vf dy: 2 qud edu va vdo nhau vdl tic d9 rIt nhanh (lOOkm/gld) vd blln dpng th) khdng thi nh^n ra dupe sy biln dpng (hodc khdng Ihl do dupe). COng khdng thi chd dpi d l do dupe drvj k) bdn rd cuo cdc dni^ c6 khi k6o ddl d ^ m ^ ngte n&n.
- NhOng qud trtnh vi n>d khdng thi quon sdt dupe hwig ihyc t l md chl c6 thi xdy dyng c6c md hlnh M quon sdt vd phdl chOng minh bdng cdc thf nghiSm do.
- Nhung chu d l cd ll§n quon din nhung sy v$t hl|n tupng nguy hllm, khi thf nght|m ho^e cho xem tine cd thi dnh hudng d ^ ngudi hpc Idn ngudi dpy (cdc thf nghl$m hda hpc c6 gdy chdy n l , set ddnh, di$ivgl$t...).
- Dpy hpc cho ngudi l^uylt t$t nhdm b l sung cho khilm khuyll cOo cdc co quon cdm gidc...
2) Sd dyng pAuong H$n dgy hgc phd hgp vdl phuong phdp dgy hgc (PPDH). Cdc kitaud nghign cOu dd < ^ thi^ hl$u qud cuo >^|c dpy hpc khdng phy thu$c vdo phuong H|n dpy hpc.
Ylu t l di dpy hpc tit khdng phdl Id f^uong H$n md chfnh Id PPDH; PPDH d^t ra phuong thuc su dyng phuong H$n dpy hpc.
Cdc phuong H ^ khi sO dyng cdn phO hpp vdl tOng PPDH d l mang tpl hl$u qud cao nhdt; ngupc Ipl, niu sO dyng khdng thfch hpp sS mang Ipl hl$u qud Hdu eye. Sy ra ddi cOa mdy Knh vd mpng Intern^ mang Ipl PPDH ed sy h5 trp eOo muhimedio c6 uu thi tr|l hon hdn so vdi cdc phuong ti^n dpy hpc khdc, tuy nhign trgn thyc t l khdng phdl gido vign (GV) ndo cOng khol thdc m|t cdch h l ^ qud phuong H|n ndy.
3) Qudn If vi$c ldl nh^n thiic. Theo nhOng If thuyit v l eo d i l tdi nh^n thOc cOa eon ngudt, trong mpi Hnh huing dpy hpc, GV ho$c nhd thilt k l dpy hpc phdl cdn nhdc ^ n v l ^ tdi nh$n thOc, dQe bt^ Id khi sO dyng muhimedio vdl nhilu kgnh thdng Hn phong phO. Lupng thdng Hn md eon ngudi cd thi xO If dnh hudng din vi$c dpy hpc.
Vl$c cung cdp din d$p m|t lupng thdng Hn tdn cho ngudi hpc trong cOng m$t thdi dilm cd ihl gdy trd ngpt cho vl|c hpc khi tdl ll|u dd vupt qud khd ndng xO If cuo ngudi hpc.
4) Trdnh Igm dgng muttlmadla. MulHmedlo cung cdp cho GV khd ndng tfch hpp cdc kSnh thdhg Hn phong phO vdo tdl li$u dpy hpc cdo
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minh. Nhung k;im dyng thdl qud, phd dien khd nfing cung cdp thdng Hn « d l y hlSu Ong" se gdy r i l nhlSu cho ngudi bpe.
5) Djnh hvdng s»f <hd f cOa ngudf hgc. Sp diO ^ td n>$t CO d i l tdm If md ngudt hpc dung d i dipn k;a h> mdl trudng nhOng thO hp se dua vdo kf Oc ldm v i ^ . Con ngudi khdng Idm vi|c tot khi phdl chu y vdo nhilu thO m|t Iuc. D l ngudi hpc khdng bj phdn tdm, cdn phdi phdi hpp cdc kgnh thdng Kn m ^ cdch hpp If. Mdi m$t kgnh thdng Hn ngn c6 m|t vol trd nhdt ^ n h trwig vl$c cung e d nh^in thOc. Vl f h l , Ididng ngn duo vdo ede l ^ h ihdng Kn cd mye dfeh trong trf hay bilu d l l n khi khdng cdn thilt. Nhd thilt k l cung c6 t h i glup ngudi hpc t^p trung chO ^ vdo m$t d l myc bdng cdch Idm n i l b^t nhOng thdng Kn v l d l mye dd.
i)HS trg thdm cholddc. Oil vdl nhilu nhi|m
vy hpc l$p, ngudi hpc cdn f ^ d l dugc hd trp thgm cho td Oc eOo hp d l khteg bj phdn tdm vdo nhOng ylu id phy bdng cdch cung cdp thdm thdng Hn cin thilt d l hodn thdnh bdl tdp. Cdc thdng Hn ndy khdng dupe d l cdp trong bdl hpc nhung ngn dupe cung cdp thgm nhu m$t h>y chpn d l ngudi hpc thorn khdo Uii qugn hoy Imdng nhd difnh xdc (vf dy: n - 3 , 1 4 , cdng thOc tfnh dl|n trd...). Cd thi thilt k l ngoy t r ^ giao di^n eOo chuong trtnh m^t mdy Knh cho phgp ngudi hpc Knh lodn ngay trgn chuong hlnh dd. Cdc dudng dfin lign kit ngudi hpc d i n cdc ^ a chf cdn tra cOu thdng Hn cOng thudng dupe sO dyng.7) Hgp nhd't cdc hlnh dnh vd dm ihmh.
Cdc nghign cOu mdl ddy dd so sdnh Knh hi$u qud cOo cdc phuong ihOc phdl hpp thdng fln khdc nhau 1^1 dpy hpc vdl multimedia. Sou nhilu thyc nghl$m vdl nhilu cdch phdi tr$n ede thdng Hn:
cho, hinh dnh vd dm thanh d l fim ra cdch phdl h ^ tdt nhdt, phdn Idn ede nhd khoo hpc dd thong nhdl rdng cdch minh hpa tdt nhdt Id dOng hinh dnh ed kim theo ldl gidi thfch.
Phucng f ^ p d l qudn If nhdn thOc cd hieu qud Id hpp nhdt cdc thdng Hn hinh dnh vd €HII thmh d l md r^ng khd ndng cOa kf Oc ldm vlic vin ludn bj gidi hpn.
8) Tgo dliu kl$n <ho ngudt hgc tbi/c hdnh.
Do kf Oc Idm v l ^ nhanh chdng bj trdn ngpp khi cd nhilu thdng Hn mdi dupe trtnh bdy ngn | : ^ l dua ra nhilu co h^i dio hpc slnh thyc hdnh cdc ihdng Hn h w i g kf Oc Idm vl|c. Cdc eo h^l thyc hdnh Id cdc cdu hdi to don gidn d i n phOc Ipp r ^ m myc dtdi glup dio ngudi hpc l u y ^ tdp vd
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d i u y i n nhung th«ig Hn cd dupe trong kf Oc Idm vi$c h d thdnh kiln ihOc dupe luu trO trong kf uc ddi hon. Ldm spdi kf Oc Idm vi|c bdng edeh too ro CO hdl d l luygn tpp va khuyin khfch ngudi hoe luy§n Idp nhilu hon nuo d l d i u y l n th&ig Hn vdo Id Oc ddi hpn.
Ngudi hpc khdng dif thyc hdnh nhilu md cdc bdl thyc hdnh phdl dupe cung cdp thudng xuy&n vd theo mdt h^t h;. Cdc nghien cOu mdi ddy da so sdnh hl$u qud cuo ^ ihyc tpp trgn hai nhdm.
Mdt nhom Idm tdt cd cdc bdi thyc hdnh trong mdt khodng thdi gion nhdt^nh vd nhdm cdn Ipi thyc tdp hdl ddi h-ong sudt khod hpc Nhdm thO hal cho k S qud tdt licvi nhilu khi dupe ygu cdu truy xudt Ipl ode thdng Kn 10 kf Oc ddi hpn.
9) Sd dtfng cdc Iff Hiuit md hda hl$u qud.
Vl$c t$p )uv$n hay ihyc hdnh cd 2 myc tigu b l sung dio nrau: xod kf Oc Idm vi^ vd dl chuy&i thdr^ Hn vdo kf Oc ddi hpn. Trong tdm If hpc nhdn thuc, Hin trinh ehuyin hod thdng Hn vdo td Oc ddl h ^ dupe gpl Id Hin Mnh cOo ma hod thdng fln.
Trong ihllt k l dpy hpc vdi mulflmedla, cdc kf thudt md hod thdng Hn ddng vol trd rdt quon trpng.
V l | c md hod k ^ thdng qua vl|c sO dyng cdc to cd y nghlo cy t h i vd cdc kilu t h i hi$n Ididc nhou nhu chO, hinh dnh vd dm thonh cd tdc dyng cOng ( ^ thdng dl|p mudn hvyin dpt. Vdi sy plnol trdn ede thdnh phdn h i t sue phong phO, muhimedio dupe xem Id sy chpn lya thfdi hpp cho qud trtnh cOng cd thdng fln thdng quo hal hoy nhilu kilu h-lnh bdy: h> diO d i n hlnh dnh vd dm thanh. Khi thilt k l chuong h-inh dpy hpc, y tudng vd thdng tin dupe dlln dpt cdng cy t h i cdng tdt, vdi h>ng ehO d l sS c6 nhilu edeh khdc nhou d l d l l n td y tudng quo sy phdi hpp cdc Icgnh thdng fln. Tuy n h l ^ vi|c su dyng muhimedio d l d l l n td y hidng d n khgo leo ^ ngudi hoe khdng bj phdn tdm.
10) khuyin khfch si/ phgc hil cd hl$u qud td kl uc ddl hgn. Budc quon trpng nhdt vd cung Id chia khod d l do sy thdnh cdng cOa PPDH td phyc hoi nhOng gl da hpc hrong kf Oc ddi hpn khi cdn d ^ . Mde dO sO dyng cdc phuong fl$n tdl tdn, kf uc con ngudi nhilu khi chua phyc hdi kal dupe nhOng kiln thOe dd dupe hpc khi cdn thi^.
Dd Id Knh trpng mdt khd ndng ehuyin dol. Di khdc phyc tinh trpng ndy, sou mdt lopt cdc qud h-lnh md hod d l ehuyin d i l thdng Hn Kr kf Oc ngdn hpn vdo kf Oc ddl hpn, G V cdn thdng quo ede bdl tdp Hnh hudng d l ygu cdu hpc slnh sO
dyng kf Oc ddi hpn nhdm tang hi|u qud truy xud't vd ghl nhd cOo tipe shih.
V l g c nghign c u u Ong d y n g cdng ngh$
mulHmedlo vdo day hpc hifn nay td hodn todn cd CO sd khoa hpc vd phu hpp vdi xu i h l phdt triln cOo thdl dpi. Sy phdt friln mpnh mS cuo CNTT da eo bdn khdc phye dugc nhOng nhupc A i m hvdc ddy h w i g qud Mnh dpy hpc, khdng djnh h'nh hi|n ihyc vd Hnh khd thi cOa vlgc Ong d y n g CNTT v d o d q y hpc. Khi Ong d y n g multimedia Idm phuong Hgn hd h-p dpy hpc, cdn luu ;y' d i n myc ^ c h dpy hoe vd phdl x u ^ phdt tu nhOng ygu cdu v l mdt su phpm eOo qud Mnh dpy hpc. D l cd t h i ung dyng hl^u qud cdng n g h | mulHniedlo, G V cdn phdl dupe bdl dudng, ddo tpo d l ( ^ nhung td* nISng eo bdn v l Kn hpc, nhOng kiln thOe If kidn cua vi|c Ong dyng CNTT vd muhimedio vdo qud Mnh dpy hpc. Cdc nguy&i tdc CO bdn Ong dyng muhimedio h-ong d ^ hpc dupe rOt ro h> nhOng nghign cOu Ong dyng mulHmedla phO hpp vdl qud Mnh nhdn thOc cOa con ngudri. Id mdt tdl lifu thom khdo cho ede G V nhdm (i^dt huy i l l do hl|u qud eOo v l ^ day hpc h'ong moi trudng c6 ung dyng Ct^TTT. Q
1. Dale, E. Audio-visual methods in teaching. New Yorlt: Holt, I^nehart & Winston, 1946.
2. Brauon-Jeffay, M. R, Hoffman, S. Q., & iefSery. A.
B. Instructional design opportunities in military education and training environments. In R.A. Reiser and J. V. Dempsey (Eds.). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (2nd ed.), Columbus Ohio: Pearson Education, Inc. 2007.
3. Dicic, W., Carey, L.. & Carey, J. The systematic design of instruction. (6lb ed.). Boston: Allyn &
Bacon, 2005.
4. Glaser, R. Pyschology and instructional technology. In R. Glaser (Ed.), Training research and education. Pittstnirgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962.
SUMMARY
How can we ovoid a trc^ of broken promises con- cemt)g ttie educatlorialtjeneftts of new educational technologies such as mullimecSa learning evionmerrts?
A reasonctile solution b to use instructioncri technol- ogy in ways tt\at ore grounded in research-based tt}ec^. The over c^ct^\g ttieme of ttis paper Is ttyat effective use of miMmedla must be guided by a re- search-based theory ot trow students team. In ttils paper we provide a researclUxjsed review of c^)pty- Ing principles ofmultlme<Sa desl^.
Gail true lal nol dung va..
(Tl^ Iheo trang 46}
Duo ra vf dv yfiu c^u HS hodn thdnh;
C,H, j O . + KMnO^ + H j S O , - > M n S O , + C O j
CnHj„ + K M n O , + H j O - > C n H j . | O H ) j + M n O j + . . .
Q u a bdi todn t r ^ phdt Iri^n cho HS ndng li/c tu duy phdn tfch, suy dodn, t&ig h9p vd khdl qudt hod.
d] Khi con b & n phdn ung oxi hod - khi), n&s xdy ra Iran todn phdn h) chdt oxi hod hodc chdt khi} n&i Knh iheo s6 oxi hod Ining blnh, cdn n^u xdy ra tren m$t nhdm nguySn tu n i n Knh iheo s&
QXt hod li&ig.
3 . K^t iu^n
Phdn ung oxi hod - khu Id b q l phdn ung hdo h^ic xuyen s u ^ trong chuong Wnh hod h9c p h i thdng. N A i HS Ai<?c trang bl dSy do nhOng kl6i thuc nhu da nSu Ihl cdc em dS ddng K ^ thu du<?c Knh chdt hod h^c cua cdc nguySn tS cv t h i cOng
nhu Knh chdt hda h9C cOo cdc hpp chdt, ti> dd gdp phdn phdt t i i l n ndng li^c tu duy vd r6n trl ihdng mInh cho HS. •
h . K n h c h d t >
n i U t u t h a m k U o
1. NguySn XuSn TniCmg (t6ngchfibi£nkiem ctifi bien) - Nguybi Ddc Chuy - LeMjiu Quydi - Le Xuan Tr^ng.
Hoi hvc 10. NXB aUo difc. H.2007.
2. T i ^ Qutfc Scm. Tii U(u gUo khoa chuyen Holt hvc. NXB Giiodiie. H.2000.
3. Dto HOu Vinh - Nguyen Duy Ai. Til U(u gUo idioa chuyen Hot h f c NXB GUo dfc, H.200I 4. Nguyin Duy Al - Nguyin Tinh Dung - TrSn Thinh Hui - Trtn Qu«c Son - Nguyin VSn Tftng. MJl s« v*n di cbfa ifc cda Ho< hpc NXB CMo dw:. H.2002 3. BO GD-DT. Di Ihi vto cic miftng (I«i hoc cic nam 1999-2010.
SUMMAmr
The redox reaction Is Itw most Importani concept In chemistry. In tills paper we proposed some Ideas about programme structure ana contents otumts on trie redox reaction tor better leaching chemistry at school.
