N G H | £ N C U U - TRAO OOI
QUriu Cl!)A PHU NCf NHI§M HIWAIPS TRONG QUAN H f H(3N N H A N VA GIA C?]Nh
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lieo phdp lugt Vipi Nam, quyln ciia ngudi nhiem HlV/AlDS ndi chung ludn dugc dam bao, khdng cd sy phdn bi§t ddi xir.Dieu ndy la phii hgp vdi xu ihl phdt triln chung ciia xd hgi. Trong phgm vi bdi vilt ndy, chiing tdi tgp trung nghifin ciru m^t so quyfin ca bdn trong quan h? hdn nhan ciia ngudi phy nQ nhiem HIV/AIDS, trong dd bao gdm cd quyen ciia ngudi phy n& nhiem HIV/AIDS vdi tu each la ngudi nhiem HlV/AlDS ndi chung vd quyen d$c Ihii ciia ngudi phy nQ' nhiem HlV/AlDS.
1. Cac quyen ctr ban cua ngirdi phu nir nhiem HIV/AIDS trong quan hp hon nhan va gia dinh
/./. Quyen kit hdn cua ngu&i phi4 nu nhiim HIV/AIDS
Phdp lual hdn nhan vd gia dinh (HN&GD) khdng cd su phan bipt ddi xir ddi vdi ngudi phy nir nhiem HIV/AIDS trong vipc kit hdn.
He thdng phdp ludt Vipi Nam lir trudc dfin nay khdng cdm ngudi phy nQ- nhiem HlV/AlDS kel hdn. Trudc day, trong phdp luat Vipi Nam chi cd quy djnh cam ngudi nude ngodi nhiem HIV kit hdn vdi cdng dan Viet Nam: "Niu viec kit hdn giua cdng ddn Viet Nam v&i ngu&i nu&c ngodi tiin hdnh truoc ca quan nhd nu&c cd thdm quyin ciia Viel Nam ihl ngu&i nu&c ngodi cdn phdi tudn theo cdc quy dinh tgi cdc dieu 5, 6, 7
TS. NGUYiN THf LAN
cua Ludl HN&GD Viel Nam, khong bf nhiii HIV vd dugc co quan co thdm quyen cu qudc gia md ngu&i dd Id cdng ddn xdc nhg, cd dii diiu kiin kit hdn vd viec kit hdn d\
dugc phdp ludt quoc gia hg cong nhan (Dilu 6 Phdp Ipnh ciia Uy ban thudng vi Qu6c h0i vl HN&GD giO-a cdng ddn Vi?
Nam vdi ngudi nude ngodi ngdy 2/12/1993 vd trong hd sa ddng ki ket hdn phai c6 gia]
xdc nhgn ciia to chirc y lfi, dugc cap chin qud ba thang, xdc nhgn hien tai ngudi dc khdng bj nhiem vi nit HIV (Difiu 7 Ngli djnh cua Chinh phii sd 184/1994/ND-CP ngdy 30/11/1994 ve thii tyc ket hdn, nhgi con ngoai gia thii, nudi con nudi, nhan do dau giii:a cdng dan Vipt Nam vd ngudi nuoc ngoai). Hipn nay, vdn bdn quy phgm phap lugl ndy dd het hipu lyc. Vi vgy, c6 the khdng djnh mpt lan n&a quyen kfit hdn cua ngudi phy n& nhiem HIV/AIDS Id hoan loan binh ddng nhu nhOng ngudi phy nii khac.
Mdi khdc, phdp ludl hien hanh chi cam nguoi bj mat ndng lyc hdnh vi dan su kit hdn (mic bpnh tam than hodc benh khdc md khdng co khd ndng nhan thirc hanh vi cua minh), lite la dd logi bd vipc nhiem HIV/AIDS ra khoi danh sdch bpnh bi cdm kit hdn. Viec dam
* Giang vien Khoa phip lu$t din su Trirfmg D91 h^c Lu^t H i NQI
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 2/2013
NGHIEN cUU - TRAO DOI
bao quyfin ket" hdn cua ngudi phy nii nhiim HIV/AIDS dd gidi quyfit dugc hai van de:
Thu nhdt, Ioai bd dugc su phan bipt ddi xu ddi vdi phy niJ nhiem HIV/AIDS, dilu ndy la phii hgp vdi chinh sach vd phdp luat ciia Viet Nam, cung nhu phii hgp vdi phap luat qudc te ve quyln con ngudi, md d$c bi^l Id Cong udc CEDAW - Cdng udc quoc t l v l xoa bd cdc hinh thiic phdn biet doi xii vdi phy nfl-; thii- hai. myc dich nhdm ngdn ch^n va phdng chong lay nhiem HIV/AIDS ra cpng ddng, trong chimg myc nh^l djnh sfi dgt dupe hieu qua hon. Bdi vi, khi ngudi phy nii nhiim HIV/AIDS dugc phdp kit hdn. bdn than hg se cam thay minh hodn lodn binh thudng, dugc xd hdi va gia dinh nhin nhdn, dieu dd cd tdc dpng tich cyc Idi hdnh vi an toan linh dye trong hdn nhan. M^t khdc, khi ngudi phy nu nhiem HIV/AIDS song trong hdn nhan, rdng budc bdi hdn nhan Ihi hg phai thyc hien nguyfin tac vd nghTa vu nhal djnh do luat dinh nhu nguyfin tac hdn nhan mdt vp, mgt chdng; vg chdng co nghia vu chung thuy vdi nhau; nghia vy nudi day, gido due cac con... Dieu do sfi rdng budc trdch nhiem ciia hg vdi gia dinh. Dgt gia thiet, khi phdp luat khong cho phep ngudi phy nQ nhiem HIV/AIDS kit hdn thi cd thi hg se cd thai dp tifiu cyc vdi cupc sdng vd ngudi xung quanh, khdng logi tni trudng hgp hp cd linh Idy truyfin HIV/AIDS cho ngudi khdc. Difiu dd cd the dan dfin hau qud "khdn ludng" eho xd hdi.
Tuy nhien, theo quy djnh ciia Lu§t phdng, chong nhiem vi rut gay ra hdi chiing suy gidm mien dich mdc phdi d ngudi (sau day gpi tdt id Lugl phdng, chdng HIV/AIDS), ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS Inrdc khi
kit hdn cd nghia vy thdng bdo kit qud xet nghifim HIV/AIDS duong tinh ciia minh cho ngudi chuan bj kit hdn vdi minh. Nlu ngudi kia dong y kit hdn thi vific kit hdn mdi ddm bdo sy ly nguypn theo quy dinh ciia phdp lugt. Ngodi ra, khodn 2 Dieu 9 Ludl HN&GD quy djnh: " Viec ket hdn do nam nir t{r nguyen quyet djnh. khdng ben ndo dugc ip bugc, lira ddi ben ndo. khdng ai dugc cuong ep hodc cdn tra". Nghj quyel ciia Hpi dong tham phdn Tod dn nhan dan loi cao sd 02/2000/NQ-HDTP ngdy 23/12/2000 hudng dan dp dung mot s6 quy djnh cua Luat HN&GD (sau ddy gpi tdi Id Nghj quyet s6 02/2000/NQ-HDTP) hudng dan cy thfi mdt trong nhihig hdnh vi bj coi Id lira d6i kit hdn, dd Id bifit minh bj nhifim HlV/AlDS nhung cd linh gidu. Vi vay, trong trudng hgp ngudi phu nir nhiem HIV/AIDS khi ket hdn khdng ndi ro vfi tinh trgng nhifim HIV/AIDS ciia minh vd da dupe co quan nhd nude cd tham quyfin cdp gidy chimg nhan kfit hdn thi vipc ket hdn dd bj coi Id kfit hdn trdi phdp lugt do cd su lira ddi kfit hdn. Viec kfit hdn sfi bj huy nfiu bfin bj lira ddi yfiu cau;
nfiu bfin bi lira ddi kfit hdn bifit ngudi phy nir nhiem HIV/AIDS ma thdng cam, tifip tuc chung sdng hod thuan thi khdng huy viec ket hdn dd (Nghi quyfit sd 02/2000/NQ-HDTP).
Nhu vay, phdp ludt ludn bao ve tdi da quyfin vd lgi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi frfiy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS trong quan he kit hdn.
Phdp luat quy djnh ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS cd nghTa vy phdi thdng bdo vfi tinh trang nhiem HIV/AIDS cho ngudi chudn bj kfit hdn Id nhdm dam bao quyfin ty nguyfin kit hdn vd bdo vfi quyfin va Igi ich hgp phdp ciia cac ben kit hdn, Tuy nhifin, quy dinh
TAP CHI LUAT HOC S6 2/2013
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO OOI I
nay cd lifin quan den quyln bi mgt ddi tu ciia ca nhdn Irong phap lugl dan sy, "quyin bi mgi doi lu cua cd nhdn dugc idn trgng vd dugc phdp lugt bao ve" (Dieu 38 Bp lu^t dan sy). Ve nguyfin tdc, ngudi phy nii nhiSm HIV/AIDS dupe quyen giQ- bi m§l vc tinh Irgng bpnh ciia minh nhung nlu bi m§t dd cd nguy CO dnh hudng den quyen vd lgi ich cua ngudi khde, dnh hudng den Igi ich ciia gia dinh vd xd hpi thi trong phgm vi nhal djnh, bi mgt ddi tu dd khdng cdn nguyen y nghia luypi doi ciia nd. Trong trudng hgp ndy, bi mat \t tinh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS ciia ngudi phy nd van dugc ddm bdo vi nhiing ngudi dugc thdng bdo cd nghTa vy phdi giir bi mgt vl tinh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS ciia ngudi phy nO' dd. Tuy vgy, day Id vipc khd kifim sodt trfin thyc t l , bdi khi ngudi phy nD nhiem HIV/AIDS bj lir choi kit hdn thi cd thfi tinh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS cua hp sfi bj lilt Ig mgt cdch vd linh hay cd y. Difiu ndy sfi gdy ra hgu qud bdt lgi cho ngudi phy nd bj nhiem HIV/AIDS. Mdt khdc, trfin thyc l l V ipc quy kfit trdch nhipm cho ca nhan v l hdnh vi xam phgm quyen bi mat ddi tu ciia ngudi phy nO: nhiem HIV/AIDS khdng de ddng.
L2. Quyin lam me cita ngu&i phu nie nhiim HIV/AIDS
Quyfin Idm mp cua ngudi phy n& ludn lifin quan den quyfin mang thai, quyen ngo phd thai, quyfin sinh con vd quyln nudi con.
Quyln Idm mp Id quyln d$c bipt, dugc ddm bdo ngay cd khi ngudi phy nii khdng tdn tgi quan he hdn nhdn hgp phdp. Nhu vgy, ngudi phu nCi nhiim HIV/AIDS cd ihl thyc hipn quyln lam mp khi Id ngudi ddc than hodc hp dang cd hdn nhan hgp phdp. Hipn nay, Lugt
phdng, chong nhiem HIV/AIDS cd nhii quy djnh dam bdo quyln lam mp ciia ngui phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS. Vi dn. tai Dilu 3 Lugl phdng, chdng nhiem HIV/AIDS qu djnh v l phdng, chdng lay nhiem HIV/AID lit mp sang con; Phu nii mang thai ly nguy^
x^t nghiem HIV/AIDS dugc mien phi; diip tgo dilu kipn tifip can bipn ph^p dy phdn]
Idy nhiem HIV/AIDS tu mp sang con; troni thdi kl m£mg thai dugc tu van ve phonj chong HIV/AIDS; co sd y te cd trdch nhi^n iheo ddi, dicu trj vd thyc hipn cdc bipn phij nhdm gidm sy Idy nhiem HIV/AIDS tir m^
sang con cho phy nQ: nhiem HIV/AIDS ironj thdi ki mang thai; Bp trudng Bp y te quj djnh cy the vipc chdm sdc vd difiu trj ddi v(Si phy nQ- nhiem HIV/AIDS trong thdi ki mang thai, ngudi mp nhiem HIV/AIDS khi sinh con vd cdc bipn phdp nhdm gidm lay nhiem HIV/AIDS tir me sang con. Ben canh d6, l^
Dilu 39 Lugl phdng, chdng nhiem HIV/AIDS quy djnh thfim chinh sdch uu tien doi vdi phu nil nhiem HIV/AIDS dang mang thai nhu co the dugc cap mien phi ihudc khdng HIV. Nhu vay, phdp lugt cd nhieu quy dinh nhdm dam bao cho ngudi phu nft nhiem HIV/AIDS khdng chi thye hien quyfin mang thai, sinh con md cdn cd thfi thyc hipn quyfin dugc nudi con lau ddi. Dd Id phuang thirc hiiu hipu giiip cho ngudi phy nQ- nhiem HIV/AIDS cd muc dich s6ng rd rdng vd y nghTa nhat.
Ve van d l nay, cd y kiln cho rdng can ngdn cam ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS mang thai vd sinh con, vi nguy ca lay truyen HIV/AIDS lir mp sang con len tdi 30%, dieu do cd the de lai gdnh nang cho gia dinh vaxa hgi. Tuy nhien, quan diem nay vap phai van
40 TAP CHl L U A T H O C S 6 2/2013
dl la Lugt HN&GD Vifit Nam khdng cdm ngudi phy nd nhiem HIV/AIDS kit hdn, vi vay ngdn cdn hp sinh con Id khdng hgp tinh, hop li. Y kien khdc lai cho rdng ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS cdn dugc uu lifin chdm sdc, giiip dd dfi hp cd the thyc hipn thien chiic eiia minh va han che tdi da vipc Idy truyen HIV/AIDS lit mp sang con (cd the gidm thilu cdn 5%). Quan difim ndy dam bao nguyen tdc khdng cd sy ki thi vd phan bifit doi xu ddi vdi ngudi nhiem HIV/AIDS. Tuy nhifin.
trong thyc te hien nay cd nhieu trudng hgp cha me bd rai eon tgi benh vicn ho$c noi cdng cdng, vi tre em dd bj nhifim HIV/AIDS;
nhieu nha chiia, tu vifin, co sd y lfi phdi nudi dudng tre em bi nhiim HIV/AIDS.
1,2.1. Quyfin Idm mp ciia ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS khi hp Id ngudi ddc than
Ngudi phu nO: dpc thdn cd thfi thuc hien quyen 1dm me bang hai each: Theo eon dudng ty nhifin (sinh con qua vific quan he linh due) vd Iheo con dudng cd sy can thiep ciia khoa hgc (sinh con qua vific dp dung bifin phap ho trg sinh san). Tuy nhifin, vdi ngudi phy ntr dpc thdn bj nhifim HIV/AIDS thi cdnh cira de cd the thyc hipn quyen lam mp ciia hp Id rat hep, thdm chi Id bi khep chdl.
Nfiu hp mudn cd con bang con dudng lu nhien (tire Id qua vific quan he tinh dye), hg can phai nhd ngudi dan dng ndo dd ddng y quan he tinh due vdi minh. Trfin thyc tfi, lieu cd ngudi dan dng nao khi bifit ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS nhung van dung cam, ehdp nhgn nii ro rdng minh cd thfi bj Idy nhifim HIV/AIDS di giiip ngudi phu nii nhiem HIV/AIDS thyc hipn quyen Idm mp?
Vi vay, ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS
thudng khdng cho ngudi kia bill v l linh trgng bpnh ciia minh vd hi vgng ngudi dd cung nhu diia con do minh sinh ra khdng bi nhiim HIV/AIDS. Cd ihl khdng djnh vific mong mu6n cd con Id quyen lgi chinh ddng ciia ngudi phu nii nhiem HIV/AIDS nhung rd rang khi muon thod man quyln lam mp cua minh thi ngudi phy nO: nhiem HIV/AIDS cd the gdy ra hgu qua lieu eye cho gia dinh vd xd hpi. Hdnh vi ndy ciia ngudi phy nii nhiem HlV/AlDS ed bj coi Id vi pham phap lugt hinh sy khdng, ed pham lgi lay truyin HIV cho ngudi khac khdng? Mac dii Dilu 117 Bd Iuat hinh sy dd quy dinh: "Nguai ndo biit minh bi nhiem HIV md cd y Idy truyin benh eho nguoi khdc thi bi phgt lit tir mdt ndm din ba ndm... '. Nhung vific kifim sodt van de ndy trfin Ihyc lfi Id thach thiic Idn ddi vdi Nha nude vd xa hdi.
Nfiu ngudi phu nii nhifim HIV/AIDS khdng mudn gay ra hau qua lieu cue cho gia dinh va xa hgi nhung van mudn cd con thi hg ed thfi cd eon theo phuong phdp khoa hpc hay khdng? Theo quy djnh cua phap luat hien hanh, ngudi phy nil nhiem HIV/AIDS khdng dupe thuc hien quyfin Idm mp theo each nay. Difiu 8 Nghi dinh cita Chinh phii sd 12/2003/ND-CP ngdy 12/02/2003 v l sinh con theo phuang phdp khoa hgc (sau day gpi tdt la Nghi djnh sd 12/2003/ND-CP) quy dinh: "Ngu&i nhdn tinh triing. ngu&i nhgn nodn, nguai nhdn phdi phdi dam bdo cdc diiu kiin sau • Tir du 20 tudi din 45 tudi; cd du sue khoe di thii thai, mang thai vd sinh de, khdng mdc cdc benh lay truyin qua du&ng tinh diic, HlV/AlDS, binh tdm thdn, binh truyen nhiim hay cdc binh di truyin
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 2/2013
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI
khcic; khong lim hiiu vc ten, luoi. dfa chi vd hinh anh ciia nguoi cho". Mdt khdc, ngudi phy nii doc than khi muon sinh con bdng phuong phap khoa hpc thi hp cdn phdi ludn theo difiu kipn han e h l , dd Id: "Ngu&i phit nir dgc than cd nhu cdu sinh con dd dugc ca sa y ic nic dfnh cd nodn bdo ddm chat lugng de ihu thai" (Dieu 9 Nghi djnh so 12/2003/ND-CP). lire Id ngudi phy nir dpc than khdng dugc quyen xin nodn (le bdo trirng) vd phdi (san pham ciia qud trinh ket hgp giO^a nodn vd tinh trimg) de sinh con theo phuong phdp khoa hpc. Ngodi ra, Dieu 9 Nghj djnh so 12/2003/ND-CP ciing quy dinh: "Ngu&i nhdn nodn phdi la ngu&i vg irong cdp vg chdng dang diiu tri vd sinh. md nguyen nhdn vd sinh Id do nguai vg cd nhu cdu sinh con nhung khdng co nodn hodc nodn khdng bdo dam chdt lugng de thu thai;
ngu&i nhdn phdi phdi Id ngu&i vg trong cdp vg chong vd sinh md nguyin nhdn vd sinh la do ca ngu&i vg vd ngu&i chdng".
Vdi quy dinh eiia phdp ludt hien hanh.
vipc ngudi phy nu- ddc than bi nhiem HIV/AIDS mudn thuc hipn thifin chirc ciia minh qua vific thu thai, mang thai vd sinh con Id rdt khd khdn. Nhung trong thyc tfi ngudi phu nit nhiem HIV/AIDS van cd thi thuc hipn dupe quyfin Idm me, bdt chdp hgu qud v l mdt xd hdi vd phdp li md ehinh hg ciing nhu dira tre vd ngudi dan dng dd cd quan he tinh dye vdi hp cd the phai gdnh chiu. Tuy nhifin cung cd nhifiu ngudi phy nii ddc than bi nhiem HIV/AIDS Id ngudi hilu bifit phap lugt, sdng vd lam vipc theo phdp luat; bdn than hp mudn Ihyc hipn quyfin lam me nhung hg khdng muon dnh hudng d i n
bdt ki ai, khdng mudn x3 hdi vd gia dii phdi gdnh chju hgu qua do minh gay ra. Vi hg sfi thyc hipn quyln 1dm mp cua minh bdr cdch ndo? Theo Luat nudi con nudi, dii kipn nhan nudi con nudi khdng logi tt ngudi phu nir nhiem HIV nhan nudi co nudi. Hp hodn lodn binh ddng vdi ngut khdc Irong v i | c nhdn nudi con nudi, mien 1 ddp img day du dilu kipn nudi con nudi the Lugl djnh. Trong lodn bd dilu kipn nhg nudi con nudi, khdng cd dilu khodn nao d cgp vdn dfi nhiem HIV/AIDS ciia ngudi nhai nudi con nudi md chi quy djnh ngudi nuo phdi: "Cd diiu kien vi sue khoe. kinh le. ch
& bdo ddm viic chdm sdc. nuoi du&ng, giai due con nudi" (difim c khodn 1 Difiu 14 Lug nudi con nudi). Mdt trong nhirng ddi lugnj khdng dugc nhgn nudi con nudi Id ngircr
"dang chdp hdnh quyil dinh xu li had chinh tgi ca s& gido due. ca s& chiea benh' (difim b khodn 2 Difiu 14 Luat nudi con nudi). Hon nua, nfiu ngudi phu nii bi nhiem HIV/AIDS la cd, di, chii, bdc rudt mu6n nhgn chdu rudt ciia minh Idm con nudi thi ho cung khdng phai ddp img difiu kipn \e siic khoe, kinh tfi, chd d de bao dam vipc cham sdc, nudi dudng gido due con nudi (khoan 3 Dieu 14 Luat nudi con nudi). Trong cac vSn ban quy phgm phdp Iuat hudng dan thi hanh Lugt nudi con nudi khdng cd quy dinh nao cho rdng ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AlDSJa cd van dfi vfi siic khoe de hgn che quyfin nuoi con nudi cita hp. Nhu vay, ngudi phu niJ nhifim HIV/AIDS hodn todn dugc dam bao quyfin lam me bdng viec nhan nudi con nuoi.
Viec thyc hipn quyfin lam mp bang vific nuoi con nudi se tranh dupe nguy co lay nhiem
TAP C H ! LUAT H O C S 6 2/2013
NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI
HIV/AIDS cho ngudi khac va lay nhifim HIV/AIDS tir mp sang con nhu trudng hgp ngudi me nhiem HIV/AIDS thy thai, mang thai vd sinh con. Tuy nhien, quyfin nhan nudi con nudi cua ngudi phy nQ nhiem HIV/AIDS trong nhifiu trudng hgp bi han che bdi y chi ciia cha mp de ho^c ngudi gidm hp ciia dua tre ma ngudi phy nii- nhifim HIV/AIDS mudn nhan nudi. Thdng thudng, trfin thyc tfi, cha me de hodc ngudi giam hO ciia tre em dd khdng mudn cho con minh Idm con nudi ciia ngudi bi nhiem HIV/AIDS vi hp sp nguy ea lay truyen HIV/AIDS eho con, em hp. Do dd, ngudi phu nil: nhiem HIV/AIDS thudng nhan con nudi tai ca sd nudi dudng tre em hoac ban than tre em dd ciing bi nhiem HiV/AlDS hode tre em dd Id ngudi than thich cua ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS va khdng cdn ai cham sdc, nudi dudng.
1.2.2. Quyfin 1dm mp ciia ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS khi hg dang cd chdng
Trong trudng hgp ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS dang cd quan he hdn nhan hgp phap thi vific thyc hipn quyfin Idm me cua hp lieu cd dfi dang hon so vdi ngudi phu nu nhifim HIV/AIDS ddc than? Xet dudi gdc dd phdp Iuat, ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS vdi tu cdch Id vg se dfi ddng thuc hien quyen lam me hon. Bdi vi, hp dang cd chdng vd ngudi chdng cd the giup ngudi vg thyc hien quyfin lam me. Nhu chimg tdi dd phan tich, ngudi vg khi hilt minh bj nhiem HIV/AIDS phdi cd trach nhifim thdng bao kfit qud xet nghifim duong tinh cua minh cho chdng biet.
TIT do, vg chdng cd thfi dp dung bifin phdp dam bao an toan tinh dye, giam thieu tdi da vific lay truyin HIV/AIDS cho ngudi chdng.
Tuy nhifin, trong ihyc tfi khi ngudi vg bi nhiem HIV/AIDS vd mudn thyc hipn quyen Idm mp ciia minh, hp sfi phdi ddi mdt vdi thyc t l Id cd thi lay nhiem HIV/AIDS ngudi cho chong. Vi vay, hp se phdi cdn nhdc giCia vipc cd con vd vific cd thfi dfi lgi hgu qud xau cho ngudi chdng. Mdt khdc, khi hp bay td y muon cd con vdi chdng, lieu ngudi chdng co sdn sdng hgp tdc dfi hg thyc hien quyen lam mp hay khdng? Nlu ngudi ch6ng khdng hgp tac thi ngudi vg bi nhiem HIV/AIDS se khdng thfi thyc hien quyfin Idm me ciia minh, bdi hp dd bi hdn nhan rang bugc (hp phdi thyc hipn nghTa vy chung thuy vdi chdng, phai tuan theo nguyfin tdc hdn nhdn mdt vg mdt chdng). Neu cd linh vi pham phdp lugt thi hp se phdi gdnh chju che tai nhat djnh tuy thudc vdo miic do vi pham vd hdu qud do hdnh vi gay ra. Nhu vgy, viec thyc hien quyen lam mp ciia ngudi vo bi nhifim HIV/AIDS Id rat khd khan, tham chi cdn khd khdn han ngudi phy nir nhiem HIV/AIDS ddc than.
Gidng nhu ngudi phy nii nhieni HIV/AIDS ddc than, ngudi vg bj nhifim HIV/AIDS cung khdng dugc thuc hifin quyen lam me bang con dudng sinh con theo phuong phdp khoa hgc. Hp ch! cd thfi thod man nhu cau dugc Idm mp thdng qua viee nhan nudi con nudi.
1.2.3. Bdo ddm quyfin lam mp cua ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS khi li hdn
Trong thye te, ngudi phy nd bi nhifim HIV/AIDS do nhifiu nguyfin nhan khdc nhau.
Cd thfi hp bi nhiem HIV/AIDS ngay tir khi chua kit hdn hogc bj lay truyfin HIV/AIDS khi dang tdn tai quan he hdn nhan. Nhu vay, cd thfi ngudi vg bj nhifim HIV/AIDS Id nan
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 2/2013
NGHlfiN cuu-TRAOOOI
nhdn do ngudi chong vi phgm nghla vy chung Ihuy. quan h? tinh dye bira bdi; do ngudi ch6ng lifim chich mu luy, bj nhiem HIV/AIDS vd lay Iruyin cho hg; do ngudi vg lam trong ngdnh nghe cd nguy co lay nhiem HIV/AIDS c;u>; ngudi vg bj Idy nhiem lllV/AIDS lir bgn linh ciia minh.
Cung cd the ngudi vg bj nhiem HlV/AlDS do tham gia vao cac lfi ngn xd hpi nhu Idm gai mgi dam, iicm chich ma tuy.,. Khi ngudi phu nd nhiem HIV/AIDS, hp thudng bj ki thj, phan bipt d6i xu, mdc dii phan Idn Irudng hgp hg Id ngn nhan bj lay nhiem HIV/AIDS lu ngudi chong, Thgm chi, cd nhifiu Irudng hgp hp bj lira ddi kel hdn r6i bj la\ nhiem HIV/AIDS \a cd thai. Vipc lira doi nay cd the cd sy thdng ddng ciia chdng vd nha chdng. vi myc dich ciia hg Id mudn cd con, cd chdu. Sau khi ngudi vg sinh con, neu dira con khdng bj lay nhiem HIV/AIDS thi chdng va nha chdng tim cdch tdch dua con khdi ngudi mp bi nhiem HIV/AIDS, ihdm chi hdi hiii, hdnh hg, ngugc ddi ngudi phy nil nhiem HIV/AIDS dfin miic hp phdi yfiu cau ti hdn.
Dii vdi bat ki li do ndo, ngudi phy nii nhiem HlV/AlDS Irong vai Ird lam mp, khi li hdn hp van dugc ddm bdo tdi da quyen dugc nudi dudng, chdm sdc, gido dye con, quyln dugc cdp dudng va thdm nom con.
Khi gidi quylt li hdn, tod dn phai lim hilu nguyfin nhan li hdn, Iren ca sd ihdng cam sau sdc vdi hodn cdnh ciia hg de xem xfit quan hp hdn nhdn dd dd du cdn cir Ii hdn hay chua. Bdi vi, vipc li hdn sfi Idm ngudi vg bi nhiem HlV/AlDS gdp nhilu bdt lgi trong vific bao dam quyfin, Igi ich hgp phdp cua
minh va con cdi cua hg. Trong irudng hgi dii cdn cd Ii hdn vd khi quyfil djnh gidi quyli cho hg dugc li hdn thi tod an phdi d§c bipi quan tam den quyfin Igi cua hp khi chia tai sdn chung ciia vg chong, neu ngudi vg bi nhiem HIV/AIDS cd khd khan, lung thilu va cd Ii do chinh ddng thi hg van cd thi dugc ngudi ch6ng cap dudng dl ddm bao cupc song cua minh. D$c bipt, vipc giao con chua thdnh nifin cho ai nudi ludn phai cdn cir vao lgi ich cua dira tre. Ve nguyfin tdc, con diroi ba ludi thi ngudi mp dugc quyfin nuoi dudng. Hipn nay, nhieu vy an )i hdn, ngudi chong vd gia dinh nhd chdng lay li do ngucri vg bj nhiem HiV/AIDS dfi tudc bd quyen dugc nudi dudng con ciia ngudi vg. Phap lual HN&GD Vipt Nam ciing khdng cd quy djnh cy thfi ve van dfi nay, do dd moi loa an cd cdch giai quyel khac nhau. Cd y kifin cho rdng ngudi phy nir nhifim HIV/AIDS co nguy CO lay nhiem HIV/AIDS tii mp sang con, vi vgy \ lec giao con cho ngudi chong nudi Id hgp li, chi cd thfi dam bdo cho ngudi vg dugc quyfin thdm nom con sau khi li hon.
Nhung trong thyc le, quyen tham nom con cua ngudi me bj nhiem HIV/AIDS cung bj xdm phgm, vi sau khi li hdn, ngudi chdng va gia dinh ngydi chdng thudng cd tim each ngdn can ngudi phy nu nhiem HIV/AIDS dugc thdm nom con, anh hudng den quyfin 1dm mp cua hg. Y kifin khdc cho rdng tuy limg trudng hgp, cdn cu vao nguyfin nhan nhiem HIV/AIDS cua ngudi phy nii, tu each pham chat vd khd ndng tdi chinh cua hp de quyet djnh cd giao con cho hg nudi dudng hay khdng. Tuy nhifin, dl dp dyng thong nhdt Iren thyc tl, phdp Iuat cdn cd quy djnh
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cu thfi va chi tiet nham ddm bao quyln cua ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS Irong Ihyc tfi doi sdng HN&GD.
2. Cdc bien phap xir If khi quyln cua Dgiroi phu nu- nhiem HIV/AIDS bi xam pham Trong trudng hgp ngudi phy ntr nhiem HIV/AIDS bi lilt lg vl tinh trang nhiem HIV/AIDS bdi ngudi chuan bj kel hdn vdi minh hodc bdi bat ki ngudi ndo thi cd nghTa la quyen dugc giii hi mat rifing lu lien quan dfin HIV/AIDS ciia ngudi phy nO: nhiem HIV/AIDS da bj xdm pham. Bdi day dugc coi Id mgt trong cdc quyln nhdn than ciia hg.
Vi vay, theo quy dinh cita Bg luat dan su, ngudi phu nii nhiem HIV/ADIS cd quyfin yfiu cau ngudi dd vi pham hoac yeu cau co quan. Id chiic cd tham quyfin huge ngudi vi pham cham diit hdnh vi vi pham va phai xin loi hp. Trong trudng hpp cd thiet hai xdy ra thi hp ed quyfin yfiu cau ngudi vi pham hoac yeu cau co quan, td chuc cd iham quyen budc ngudi vi phgm bdi thudng thiet hai (Dieu 25). Thiet hai ma ngudi nhifim HIV/AIDS cd the phdi ganh chju do tinh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS bj tifit Id cd thi la bi mat viee Idm, bi giam sut thu nhap, bj tram cdm, vi hp cdm thay danh du, uy tin bi dnh hudng ndng nfi. Hien nay, phap luat ddn su cQng quy dinh vific bdi thudng thiet hai do danh dy, nhan pham, uy tin bj xam phgm.
Nhung thiet hai dd bao gdm chi phi hgp Ii de han ehl, khdc phuc thiet hgi; thu nhap thye tfi bj mat hoac bj giam siit; khodn tifin de bii dap tdn that vl tinh than ma ngudi dd phdi gdnh chju (khodn bdi thudng bu ddp tdn that vfi tinh than do cac bfin thoa Ihuan, nfiu khdng thoa thudn dugc thi muc tdi da khdng
qud mudi thdng luong tdi thifiu do Nhd nude quy djnh - Dilu 611 Bp ludt dan sy).
Neu ngudi till Ip tinh trang nhiem HIV/AIDS cua ngudi phy nO nhiem HIV/AIDS la thdnh vifin trong gia dinh thi hg cdn cd thfi bj xir phat hdnh chfnh: "Phgt tiin tir trin 1.500.000 ddng din 2.000.000 ddng ddi v&i mgt trong cdc hdnh vi sau: tiet lg hogc phdt lan tu lieu thugc bi mgt d&i tu cua thdnh viin gia dtnh nhdm xiic phgm danh dii. nhdn phdm... " (Dieu 11 Nghj djnh ciia Chinh phii sd 110/2009/ND-CP ngdy 10/12/2009 quy djnh xu phgt vi pham hdnh chinh trong ITnh vyc phdng, chong bgo lyc gia dinh, sau day gpi tdt la Nghj djnh sd 110/2009/ND-CP).
Phdp Iuat vfi phdng, chdng bao lyc gia dinh cd quy dinh bao ve vd dam bdo quyfin, lgi ich hpp phdp ciia ngudi phy nCr nhiem HIV/AIDS khi hp bj ki thj, phan biel doi xir bdi hanh vi bgo lye gia dinh eua ngudi chdng hodc nhiing thdnh vifin khdc trong gia dinh. Khi ngudi phy nil- bj nhifim HIV/AIDS vdi tu each Id nan nhdn ciia hdnh vi bao lyc gia dinh, hp dupe hudng sy trg giiip hiiu ich ciia cdng ddng va xa hdi nhu: "Chdm sdc sire khoe, chdm sdc y ti; tu vdn phdp ludt, tu vdn tdm li; cung cdp noi tgm Idnh... hd trg mdt sd nhu cdu thiit yiu cho ngn nhdn bgo luc gig dinh trong tru&ng hgp ngn nhdn khdng tu lo dugc hogc khdng cd su hd trg tu ngu&i thdn, bgn be; hd tra nhu cdu thiet yiu bao gdm cung cdp dd dn, nu&c uong, cung cdp hodc cho mugn qudn do, chdn mdn vd cdc dd dung thiit yeu khdc" (Dilu 13 Nghj djnh cua Chinh phu sd 08/2009/ND-CP ngdy 04/02/2009 quy djnh chi tilt va hudng ddn thi hdnh mdt sd difiu ciia Ludt phdng, chdng
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bgo lyc gia dlnh). Khi ngudi chong ho$c thanh vicn khdc trong gia dlnh cd hdnh vi bao lyc gia dinh ddi vdi ngudi vp bj nhiem HlV/AlDS thi luy thugc vdo miic dp hdnh vi sfi bi Mi li Iheo quy dinh ciia phdp lu^t nhu:
"Phgt cdnh cdo hodc phat tiin tir iOO nghin ddng din 300 nghin ddng ddi v&i hdnh vi ngdn cdn quyin thdm nom, chdm sdc giira...
cha me vd con... ', "phgt cdnh cdo hodc phgt liin lir 100 nghin ddng din 300 nghin ddng ddi v&i hdnh vi bugc thdnh vien gia dinh ra khoi chd a hgp phdp cua hg".
"phat tiin tir 500 nghin ddng din 1000 000 ddng ddi v('ri mgt trong i dc hdnh vi s(/»
ihu&ng xuyen de doa bdng bgo tuc dc bugc ihdnh vien trong dinh ra khdi chd & hgp phdp cua hg; bugc ihdnh vien trong gia dinh ra khdi chd a cua hg vdo ban dim hodc llic tr&i mua, bdo, gid ret. thuc hien cdc hdnh vi nhdm tgo ra tinh trgng khd khdn trong sinh hogl hdng ngdy di bugc thdnh vien gia dinh ra khdi chd a" (Dieu 17 Nghi djnh sd 110/2009/ND-CP).
Bfin cgnh dd, phap lual ve bao v$, chdm sdc vd bdo vfi quyfin Ire em ciing quy djnh bipn phdp xir phat hdnh chinh doi vdi hdnh vi bd rai con cua cha mp: "Phat tiin tie 500 000 ddng din 1.000.000 ddng ddi v&i mgt trong cdc hdnh vi sau ddy: sau khi sinh con. cha hodc me bd rai con. khdng chdm sdc nudi duang... '. Hanh vi ndy thudng xay ra khi ngudi phy nQ- nhiem HIV/AIDS sinh con va dira con ciing bj lay nhiem HIV/AIDS, ngudi chdng bd roi con, day trach nhiem cho ngudi vg bj nhiem HIV/AIDS hodc ban than ngudi phu nd nhiim HIV/AIDS sau khi sinh con ciing bd roi con do hodn cdnh khd khdn.
ngudi chong khdng cd trach nhi^m... Vip dp dyng chfi tai trong trudng hgp ndy i tuong d6i khd khdn, vi cd thfi khdng xd djnh dugc ai Id cha mp cua dira tre hodc nfii cd xdc djnh dugc thi cugc sdng cua h{
thudng khd khdn vd khdng cd liln npp phat.
3. Mgt s6 giai ph^p ph&p li nhiim dan bdo quyen vk lgi ich bgp phdp cua ngirdi phv nfl* nhiem HIV/ADIS trong quan bf IIN&(;D
Cd thfi khdng djnh phap lugt Viet Nam khdng cd sy phdn bipt ddi xu vd ki thj doi vdi ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS Irong quan hp HN&GD, Tuy nhifin, thyc te vi^
thyc hipn quyln ciia hg khdng de ddng nhir nhiing ngudi phy nQ khdc.
Thie nhdt. vipc thyc hifin quyfin kfit hdn ciia ngudi phy nO- nhiem HlV/AlDS gan nhir chi ton tgi ve mdi Ii thuyfit. It cd Irudng hgp ngudi nam gidi khi biel ngudi yfiu minh bj nhiem HlV/AlDS md vin mudn kfit hon. Do dd. vipc phdp lugt bugc hg phai thdng bao linh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS trudc khi kit hdn gan nhu dd "ddng cdnh cua hdn nhan"
Igi \di hg, cho dii vific quy djnh na> Id cfin thiet nhdm dam bao hdn nhan tu nguypn, tien bg. M§1 khde, quy djnh nay cdn.cd thfi gay nfin hgu qua khdn ludng ddi vdi ngudi phu nur nhiem HIV/AIDS khi tinh ygng nhifim HIV/AIDS cua hp bj Ian truyen ra ben ngoai.
Do dd. chiing tdi cho rdng viec thdng bao ve tinh trgng nhiem HIV/AIDS cua ngudi phy nii ddi vdi ngudi nam gidi chudn bj kfit hoti can dugc thay ddi cdch thyc hipn, do la co scf y tl nai ngudi phy nQ- nhiem HIV/AIDS dieu irj cdn chudn bj tam Ii cho ngudi chuan bj kit hdn vdi hp, cQng nhu can cho ngudi nay
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hifiu rd ve nghTa vy ciia minh ddi vdi bi mat ddi tu ciia ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS.
Dieu ndy se du phdng cho irudng hgp khi ngudi phy nir nhiem HIV/AIDS bj lir chdi ket hdn do tinh trang lay nhiem thi van trdnh dugc tdi da khd ndng bj tifit lg ra bfin ngodi tinh trang benh cua hp.
Thu hai, trong vific Ihyc hi^n quyen 1dm me, ngudi phy nir nhifim HlV/AlDS chi cd the sinh con bdng con dudng ly nhifin md khdng thfi sinh con bdng phuang phdp khoa hpc. Trong hai trudng hpp nay, can nhin nhdn mdt cdch khdch quan rdng vipc thyc hifin quyfin lam me cua ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS bang con dudng lu nhien (quan he tinh dye) cd khd ndng cao trong vipc lay truyen HIV/AIDS cho ngudi khdc, lay nhiem HIV/AIDS tu me sang con, bdi vi ngudi phu nii ndy cd thfi khdng dugc tu van va cham sdc ddc bifit de gidm thieu viec lay nhifim HIV/AIDS. Trong khi dd, nfiu ngudi phu nii nhifim HIV/AIDS dugc thyc hifin quyen 1dm mp theo phuong phdp khoa hgc thi rd rang khd nang lay truyfin HIV/AIDS cho ngudi khac se khdng xdy ra. Ben canh dd, khi ngudi phy nu: nhiem HIV/AIDS dd mang thai bang phuang phdp khoa hpc thi hp se dugc tu van day dd nhat de cd bi^n phdp y tfi thich hgp nham gidm Ihifiu tdi da khd ndng lay nhiem HIV/AIDS td mp sang con, Chiang tdi cho rdng neu phdp lugt da quy djnh cho ngudi phy nii nhifim HIV/AIDS cd thfi thyc hifin quyfin 1dm me bang vipc sinh con thi dii sinh eon bang con dudng nao cung Id do chinh ngudi phu nii nhiem HIV/AIDS sinh ra vd hau qud ve vipc lay
truyfin HIV/AIDS lu mp sang con cung deu lifim an nhu nhau. Vi vdy, theo chiing tdi phdp lugl can cho phfip ngudi phy nCr nhiem HIV/AIDS dugc quyen sinh con bdng phuang phdp khoa hpc. Tuy nhifin, cJin cd bifin phdp bdo ddm ve mdt lai chinh dp dyng cho ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS sinh con bdng phuang phdp khoa hpc dfi rdng bupc trdch nhipm ciia hp doi vdi vipc sinh con, ddi vdi dua trfi do hg sinh ra, cung nhu gidm thieu loi da linh trang bd roi con sau khi sinh vi biit con bi lay nhiem HIV/AIDS.
Bfin canh dd, vific phdp ludl khdng hgn chfi ngudi phy nQ nhiem HIV/AIDS thyc hipn quyfin 1dm me bang vipc nudi con nudi Id phii hpp vdi xu thfi hifin nay, khi ma xa hdi ngdy cdng coi trpng quyfin lu do cd nhdn.
Tuy nhifin, cdc co quan (ddc bifit Id ea quan y ll). Id chuc xa hdi cdn xay dung chucmg trinh hdnh dpng cu the dfi hudng ddn, giiip dd ngudi phy nii nhiem HIV/AIDS thyc hipn tdt chuc ndng 1dm me, nudi day con dung each, phdng chdng con cdi cua hp khdng bi lay nhifim HIV/AIDS...
Mdt khac, quyfin 1dm mp cua ngudi phu nii nhiem HIV/AIDS cd mdi lien he mat thilt vdi nhifiu vdn dfi xa hdi nhu kifim soat viec Idy truyfin HIV/AIDS, ndng cao chat lugng dan s6, bdo ve, chdm sdc vd gido due tre em... Vi vay, can cd sy chung lay gdp siic ciia nhilu ea quan, doan thfi vd td chiic xa hdi nham ddm bdo su kfit hgp hdi hoa giiia quyfin va lgi ich ciia ngudi phy nu nhiem HIV/AIDS vdi quyfin vd Igi ich cua ihanh vifin trong gia dinh va Igi ich chung cua xa hdi./.
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