LICH SU - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
NJCnC x u HUdNG CHINH TRi TRONG OfiU TRRNH GiflNH DOC LSP CUR BR LAN 6 GRUCIR TRU^dC
CHICN TRRNH T H C G l d l THUT NH^T
Nguyen Van Sang*
Tom tdt: Bdi viit phdn tich qud trinh thuc ddy vd xdy dung cdc y tu&ng ve mgt nhd nudc Ba Lan ddc lgp a Galicia thdng qua hogt ddng cua cdc ddng phdi chinh tri trong th&i gian truac Chiin tranh thi gi&i thu Nhdt. Vdn di nay dugc trinh bdy Irong ba khuynh hudng ca bdn: khuynh hudng thdn Nga, khuynh hu&ng thdn Ao - Hung vd khuynh hu&ng cdch mgng. TH dd, bdi viit budc ddu nhdn dinh, ddnh gid vi kit qud, tdc ddng cua mdi khuynh hu&ng ddi vai vdn de dgc lap cita Ba Lan, ddng thdi dua ra nhitng kit ludn vi phong trdo ddu tranh gianh ddc lgp d Galicia, Ba Lan cudi the ki XIX ddu the kiXX.
TiJr khoa: td chicc chinh tri, cdc xu hudng chinh tri, ddu tranh gidnh dgc lap, Chiin tranh the gidi thie Nhdt, Pilsudski, Dmowski, Galicia, Ba Lan
Vao tbi ki XVIII, lanh thd cua Ba Lan bi ba nudc Dftc, Ao - Hung va Nga tidn hanh phan chia vao cac nam 1772, 1793 va 1795. 6 cac lan phan chia nay, Ba Lan bi chia tach thanh 3 bd phan sat nhap vao lanh thd ciia Dftc, Ao - Hung va Nga. Ba Lan vdi tu each la mdt nha nudc dgc lap khdng cdn tdn tgi trdn ban dd chinh tri chau Au ke tft nam 1795 cho ddn khi kit thftc Chidn tranh the gidi thu Nhat. Theo ldn phan
Ths, Vi?n Nghien cihi Lich su-, Khoa Lich sir, Trydng Dai hpc Tdng hpTp Lodz, Ba Lan
^ Cac nghien ciiu dirpc trinh biy trong bai vi^t khong chi dua tren ket qui cong b6 cua cac nhi nghien cihi mk c6n khai thSc cdc tdi li$u luu trir m6i chira dugc cong bo tnr6c d6.
chia vao nam 1795, Galicia la mgt bd phan lanh thd trudc day cfta Ba Lan bj sat nhap vao de qudc Ao - Hung.
1. Kd tft khi bi chia cat, van dd quan he gifta quan chung nhan dan vdi nhung ke thdng tri trd thanh trung tam trong ddi song chinh tti d Ba Lan. Trong thdi gian chuan bj Chidn tranh thd gidi thft Nhdt, khi nhfing ke thdng tti tidn hanh cac cudc xung dot, chien ttanh chdng lai nhau va cac cugc xung ddt, chidn tranh nay d giai doan dau deu didn ra tren dat Ba Lan da md ra mdt sy chuyen bien CO y nghia chinh tri xS hdi dac bidt. Sy tiiay ddi khuynh hudng chinh tti d Ba Lan da diSn ra manh md dudi tac ddng cfta sy thay doi tinb hinh quan sy, chinh tri va kinh td, khdng
@ac xa hiding ehinh tri... 53
chi trdn dat Ba Lan ma cdn d ca pham vi qudc te. La mdt ttong ba bd phgn lanh thi cua Ba Lan bi sat nhgp vao cac nudc lang giing ki tft nam 1795, Galicia vao thdi diim tiTidc tiidm Chidn ttanh thi gidi thu Nhdt trd thanh tam diem cua cac phong trao va khuynh hudng chinh tri ddu ttanh ddi xay dyng mgt nha nudc Ba Lan dgc lap. Cac khuynh hudng ay phan anh xu hudng, con dudng va chu ttuang dau ttanh khac nhau, tiiam chi la mau thudn nhung cftng budng den muc tieu xay dyng mdt ddt nudc Ba Lan dpc lap. Sy da dgng cua cac khuynh hudng chinh tti dau tranh gianh dpc lap d Galacia cd vai ttd quan ttpng thuc day sy ra ddi ciia Ba Lan sau Chien ttanh the gidi thft Nhat.
2. Mac du van dd boat dgng ciia cac td chuc chinh tri va viec xay dyng mdt nha nudc Ba Lan dgc lap la quan trgng nhat, song cd mdt thyc td la cac td chftc va dang phai chinh tti d Ba Lan ddu boat ddng dudi sy ddng y va chiu sy kidm soat cua chinh quydn thuc dan, vi thd muc tidu dau tranh khdng thd vugt ldn ttdn pham vi kiem soat cua chinh quydn cai ttj. Cac tdng Idp chinh tri Ba Lan cd tinh than ydu nudc vao dem trudc cfta Chien ttanh thd gidi thft Nhat da bay td sy chan nan vd buc ttanh chidn dau cda cac dang phai. Cac dang chinh tti d Galicia vi vay nhanh chdng bi chia re thanh hai phe ldn. Hp tien hanh cac cudc dau ttanh, cdng kich chdng lai nhau ttong ndi bd va ttdn cac phucmg tien truydn thdng^. Van de dau
^ Centraba Agencja Polska w Lozanie (2000),
"Organizacje polityczne i wojskowe w Galicji - ich dzialano^cii od 1914 roku do roztamu Naczelnego
ttanh gianh ddc lap trong boat ddng cfta cac td chftc, dang phai chinh tri nay vao thd ki XIX va dau thd ki XX do do cung phan anh didu nay va kdt tinh chft ydu d cac xu hudng:
1. Xu hu&ng thdn Nga
Xu hudng nay ra ddi gan lidn vdi boat ddng cfta Lidn minh Qudc gia va Dang Dan chu qudc gia . Dang Dan chft qudc gia ra ddi vao cudi the ki XIX nhu la mdt lyc lugng chinh tri cd anh hudng to ldn tten ba vftng lanh thd cua Ba Lan bi chia cdt. Sy phat triin cua Dang Dan chft qudc gia va phong ttao dan chft qudc gia didn ra thdng qua hai giai doan: Tu khi thanh lap vao nam 1887 (boat ddng d Thuy ST dudi hinh thftc Lidn minh Ba Lan bi mat) den nam 1893 (dudi tdn gpi mdi la Lien minb Qudc gia); tft nam 1893 ddn dau thd ki XX. Ke tft khi ra ddi, Lidn minh Qudc gia ddng vai trd la ndng cdt lanh dgo phong ttao dan chu d Galicia va vuong qudc Ba Lan"*.
Komitetu Narodowego", Archiwum Akt Nowych, Nr.38, S.7. (Tam djch: T6 chuc chinh In vd vS trang a Galicia - Nhicng hogi dong tic nam I9I4 den si^
phdn chia Uy ban Toi cao quoc gia).
Phong trdo Dan chii Quoc gia con co ten gpi khdc la che do Dan chii Quoc gia (Narodowa Demokracja, viet tat Id ND) Id m6t phong trdo chinh tri cua Ba Lan mang tu tuong chu nghTa quoc gia ra doi v^o cu6i the ki XIX. Dai diSn tieu bieu vd chung nhat cho muc tieu cua phong trao Dan chii Qu6c gia id Roman Dmowski (1864-1939).
^ Tai hpi nghj Vifin ndm 1815 bao g6m cac qu6c gia Nga, Ao, Pho, Anh va Phap dd quylt dinh chia virang qu6c Warszawa (Ba Lan) thanh 3 bp ph^n g6m Vuong quoc Ba Lan (Krolestwo Polskie), Dai cong qu6c Poznan (Wielkie Ksi^two Pozanskie), C^ng h6a Krakow (Rzeczpospolita Krakowska), trong do Vuong quoc Ba Lan Id mot bp phan thupc nu6c Nga dudi hinh thiic lien minh cd nhan voi Nga (Unia Personalna). Vdi su le thuoc ISnh th6 vdo Nga, Vuong quoc Ba Lan ciing c6 mot s6 quy^n tu tri nhu c6 qu6c
54 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 3 (186).2016
Lanh tu va ddng thdi la nha tu tudng tieu bidu cfta Dang Dan chft qudc gia la Roman Dmowski (1864-1939). Ong la mdt chinh tri gia ndi tieng khi cdn la sinh vidn vdi vide tham gia vao cac boat ddng cua td chftc sinh vien bat hgp phap - Lidn doan Thanh nien Ba Lan. Vao nam 1893, cung vdi nhftng boat ddng cfta tu san dan tdc, Lidn minh Qudc gia - mdt td chftc bat hgp phap da dugc td chuc va hoat ddng tten tat ca cac vung lanh thd cfta Ba Lan d Ao, Dftc va Nga.
Vao nam 1897, dudi sy bao hd cfta Lidn minh Qudc gia da xuat hien Dang Dan chft Qudc gia. Quan didm chinh tri chft ydu cfta Roman Dmowski dugc trinh bay ttong cac tac phdm tidu bidu: Suy nghi cua ngu&i Ba Lan hiin dgi (1902); Dice, Nga vd vdn di Ba Lan (1908); Chinh tri Ba Lan vd su tdi thiit nhd nudc (1925). Cac tac pham nay nhu la nhiing luan eft dd dng ly giai cho y tudng va con dudng dau ttanh phyc hdi nen ddc lap cLia nha nudc Ba Lan, Ddng thdi, ttdn co sd cac sy kidn cudi thd ki XDC dau thd ki XX, dng cung vdi cac nha boat ddng chinh tri ndi tieng da dua ra quan didm mdi me khi cho rdng con dudng phuc hdi lanh thd cfta Ba Lan tft nam 1772 la khdng dung ddn va khdng cd y ngbia thyc td. Tft dd, dng va cac nha chinh tri khac chu truong dua ra mpt con dudng dau ttanh mdi.
h§i, c6 bo mdy hdnh chinh, co luat phdp, he th6ng truimg hoc, ngon ngii Ba Lan dupc sil dyng trong truimg hoc vd hdnh chfnh. Tuy nhien, qudn d^i ciia Vuong quoc Ba Lan phai do anh trai ho$c em trai ciia Nga holuig dting dau vd nhiing chinh sdch d6i ngoai do Nga quyet dinh.
Mong mudn chinh tri ciia cac nha ly luan dan chft qudc gia la dinh hudng phuc hdi mgt nha nudc Ba Lan dgc lap dudi sir lanh dao cfta Nga va sau dd xay dyng mot nha nudc lidn hiep Nga - Ba Lan. Theo quan didm cua hg, ttong sd cac nudc dd quic, Nga dugc coi la mdi de dga nhd nhat ddi vdi Ba Lan. Tuong lai quyen ty tri cfta nha nudc Ba Lan ddc lap can phai dat dugc tftng budc voi sy giftp do bdng cac boat ddng hgp phap trong Qudc hgi Nga (Duma). Muc tieu ciia con dudng dau tranh nay la lidn kdt tdt ca cac vung dat cfta Ba Lan dudi quydn lyc ciia Nga hoang, thyc hidn quyen ty tti va sau do tiin tdi gianh ddc lap dan tdc. Quan didm ciia Dmowski ciing chinh la cau tta ldi cho cau hdi: Tucmg lai cfta Ba Lan sd nhu thd nao?^
Dmowski nhan manh rang, ddi vdi van dS gianh lai ddc lap can phai tidn hanh ttong thai gian ngan nhat vdi ba didu kidn: su biin ddi ttong ndi tinh nudc Nga; su phan chia cfta dd qudc Ao - Hung va chiin ttanh gifta Nga vdi Ao - Hung: "Niu khdng thuc hien ngay viic xdy dung lgi nhd nudc Ba Lan, diiu ndy cd thi dua den nhiiu diiu, bdi vi tuang lai cita nhd nudc Ba Lan Id quan trgng nhdt, cu the la chia tdch ddt Phd tic nu&c Duc"^. Dft trdn thyc ti, hgc thuydt nay khdng mang lai hidu qua to ldn va dung nhu nhung dy kiin, thi nhung day chinh la mot ttong nhfing hgc thuydt dau tidn cfta mot
J. Cabaj, "Dmowski i Pilsudski - Dwie koncepcje
niepodlegloSciowe", Powrot Polski do rodziuy wolnych narodow, Lublin, 2009, S.59 ( T ^ dich:
Dmowski vd Pilsudski - Hai quan diem dgc lgp)-
^ R. Dmowski, Polityka i odbudawanie panstwa, Warszawa 1988, t§p 1, 0-.75. (T?m dich: Chinh sach vd sif tai thiet dat nudc).
^de jui hit^ig ehinh tri... 55
dang phai chinh tti ma cd anh hudng sau rgng din ddi sdng chinh tri xa hdi Ba Lan vao cuoi thi ki XIX nfta ddu thi ki XX vd y tudng xay dyng lai mdt nha nudc ddc lap.
2. Xu hu&ng thdn Ao - Hung Nhftng ngudi ftng hd khuynh hudng than Ao - Hung chu tnrang tap hgp nhiing ngudi trd tudi cap tidn va cac tdng ldp xa hdi khac d Galicia, ttdn co sd do gfti cac kidn nghi den chinh quyen Ao - Hung dd ddu tranh ddi ddc lap. 6 cac vftng lanh thi khac cfta Ba Lan, khuynh hudng than Ao - Hung ton tai nhidu thai dp khac nhau, tft quan didm phan ddi vide thanh lap d Galicia mdt nha nudc thft ba ben eanh Ao - Hung va la thanh vidn cua ttieu dai Habsburg ddn quan didm chidn dau vfi ttang ben canh mdt nha nudc tnmg tam.
Theo quan diem cfta nha sft hpc J.
Buszko (Ba Lan), dai bd phan cac dang chinh tri d Galicia ndi rang: tft Galicia se cho ra ddi boat ddng vft trang cfta Ba Lan vao thdi didm chidn ttanh Ao - Nga bftng nd va Ian rdng, ddng thdi lftc nay nhat dinh se xuat hidn tu tudng chdng Nga d Krakow'. Trong quan didm cfta cac nha chinh tti cd tu tudng chdng Nga, Ao - Hung la nha nudc cd kha nang thyc hidn dugc van de xay dyng mdt nha nudc Ba Lan bang each can thidp vao nhfing vung dat Ba Lan thudc Nga va sat nhap nhfing vftng dat nay lai vdi nhau thdng
qua mdt hdi nghi toan tbd Galicia ttong pham vi vuong triiu Habsburg.
Mpt ttong nhiing lyc lugng chinh ttong phong trao nay la Dang Xa hgi Ba Lan. Di dinh hudng boat ddng, dang nay da lya chgn each mang tu san Phap lam md hinh Iy tudng. Chinh vi thi, thang 11 nam 1906, ndi bd Dang Xa hdi Ba Lan dien ra cudc ddu ttanh ve md hinh boat ddng, cudi cftng hi phan hda thanh nhiiu bd phgn. Trong bdi canh do, Jdzef Pilsudski, lanh dao Td chftc Chien dau bi mat cfta Dang Xa hgi, ttd thanh ngudi dftng dau cua dang nay. Vao nam 1908, Jdzef Pilsudski dua ra nhung quan diem ngay cang rd rang ban khi cho rang nggn cd chien dau vi ddc lap la dai dien cho toan thd dan tdc va khdng thudc vd mdt giai cap, tang ldp nao. Y tudng chidn dau vu trang thdng nhat dd thanh lap mdt nha nudc nhat thidt phai cd, quan diem cfta Jdzef Pilsudski la nd phai mang tinh phd biin rpng rai . Sau that bai cfta each mang, nhflng thanh vidn cfta td chftc tim kiem nai tni an d Galicia. Tai do, vao nam 1908, Lidn minh boat ddng chien dau da dugc thanh lap, do J.
Pilsudski, K. Sosnkowski va M. Kukiele lanh dao. Quan diem chu ydu cua Lien minh la td chuc cac nhdm vft ttang dia phuang vdi muc tidu dao tao lyc lugng cdt ldi cho phong ttao each mang d vuong qudc Ba Lan^. Theo each ndi cfta nha sft hpc J. Molenda, xu
' J. Buszko, Polacy wparlamencie Wiedenskim 1848 - 1918, Warszawa, 1996, T.l, S.75. (Tam dich: Ngu&i Ba Lan trong qudc hdi Viin 1848 - 1918).
^ W. Suleja, Josef Pilsudski, Wroclaw, 2004, S.96.
' S. Arski 1 J. Chudek, "Galicyjska dzialalnosd wojskowa Pilsudskiego (1906 - 1914)", Dokumenly, Warszawa, S.488 (Tam dich: Cdc hogi dpng vfi trang a Galicia ciia Pilsudski 1906 -1914).
56 NGHIEN CCTU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 3 (186).2016
hudng chinh tri cua Pilsudski chi bat dau dugc hinh thanh tft nam 1908 va thyc hidn ciing vdi cupc chidn dau vi muc dich nam gift vi tti lanh dao chinh tti ttong xa hdi
Muc tieu ban ddu cfta nhftng ngudi ftng hd Pilsudski la md rdng quydn ty tri cfta Galicia thudc vd vuong qudc Ba Lan va tidp theo la tach ra khdi sy thing tri cua Ao - Hung, tien tdi hinh thanh mdt qudc gia Ba Lan ddc lap. Phong ttao cua Dang Xa hdi tuydn bd khdng canh ttanh ttong boat ddng vdi Dang Xa hdi Dan chft. Vao thdi diem bftng nd Chidn ttanh the gidi thu Nhdt, cac lanh tu cua khuynh hudng nay da nhanh chdng dat dugc thda thuan bang cac hiep udc vdi de qudc Ao - Hung, nhung ttdn thyc ti cac hiep udc nay chi la thft doan cfta Ao - Hung nham ttanh thu Idi keo sy ftng hd cua nhan dan Ba Lan vao cudc Chien ttanh the gidi thft Nhat. Cho nen, myc tidu md rpng quydn ty tri theo thda thuan cfta lyc lugng chinh tri nay vdi dd qudc Ao - Hung va tien tdi xay dyng mgt Ba Lan ddc lap hi "lang qudn"
ttong suot thdi gian chiin tranh tiid gidi.
3. Xu hudng cdch mgng
Xu hudng nay dua ra quan diim mdi hoan toan khac bidt vdi cac xu hudng chinh tii trudc do. Hg chu truong coi chidn tranh nhu la mdt cudc each mang xa hgi, ma cugc each mang nay se xda bd hoan toan sy ap bftc bdc Idt cfta cac nudc thyc dan, ding thdi giai quydt cac vdn dd dan tgc. Theo hg, mau thudn giua cac di qudc (Ao - Hung, Phd va
Nga) se dugc lgi dung dd md rdng phong ttao each mang va tft dd dat dugc lgi ich cOa cac giai cap. Vdi chu trucmg nay, van de dan tdc dugc xep vao vi tti thft hai sau Igi ich giai cap, chft khdng cdn dugc xac dinh la muc tidu hang dau cd y nghia sdng cdn giong nhu hai khuynh hudng ttudc.
J. Pilsudski lanh dao cua Dang Xa hpi Ba Lan cho rang con dudng thyc hidn la tiin hanh cac cudc khdi nghia theo phuang thuc truyen thdng. Vdi dng, vao luc nay Nga dugc coi la ke thu chu yeu cua Ba Lan. Theo Pilsudski, Ba Lan cd lgi ich rat gan va gan bd vdi de qudc Ao - Hung. Cftng theo quan didm cfta Pilsudski, sy ddi ddu giua Nga vdi cac nudc thudc phe Lidn minb se khdi dhi cho boat dpng cua td chftc lyc lugng khang chidn cua vuong qudc Ba Lan. Thdi didm bftng nd chien ttanh la diiu kien thuan Igi di sat nhap cac bd phan lanh thd Ba Lan, xay dyng ndn ddc lap. Ong ciing tin rang bdi cmh nay la diiu kien dk khoi day tinh thdn ydu nudc cua nhan dan Ba Lan''. Con dudng gianh ddc lap khdng chi gidi ban d vide ldy lai cac vftng dat cua Ba Lan thudc Nga ma d nhung noi nay cdn phai dien ra cac cuOc bau eft qudc hdi thdng qua hai giai doan'^. Su
J. Molenda, Pilsudczycy a narodowi demokrai 1908 -1918, Warszawa 1980, 8.8.
" J. Cabaj, "Dmowski i Pilsudski - Dwie koncepcje niepodlegio^ciowe", Powrdt Polski do rodziny wolnych narodow, Lublin, 2009, S.62.
'^ Hinh thuc bdu cii quoc hfii xuit hign khd s6ra trong lich sir ciia Ba Lan. Ke tir cu6i thi ki XV (vdo khoang ndm 1493) khi Qu6c hoi Ba Lan duoc thdnh l|ip vd sau cdi chet cua vua August Zgumunt (vao cu6i the ki XVI), viec lira chpn ngu&i k i vj ngai vdng duoc thirc hi^n theo hinh thiic bdu cu. Theo do, tdt ca cdc gu;^
tOc Ba Lan vd Litva sg ti6n hdnh lira chpn ngufid ke vi dung dau nhd nu6c lien bang Ba Lan - Litva (nhd nu6c ndy dupc thdnh ldp theo th6a thu§n giBa Ba Lan
^de dUL htiSnjg ehinh tri... 57
that bai cua Nga tnrdc Ao - Hung se dan din hai kha nang: Thft nhat la sat nhgp cac viing dat cfta Ba Lan vao trieu dai Habsburg, thanh lap mdt lien minh bd ba gdm Ba Lan - Ao - Hung; Thft hai la thanh lap ttdn cac vftng ddt Ba Lan mgt nha nudc ddc lap. Ca hai kha nang nay se la khdi dau cho thdi ki thft hai - thdi Id xay dung mdt nha nudc Ba Lan ddc lap hoan toan'^
Trdn co sd chu truong cua J. Pilsudski, Uy ban Lidn bang Dpc lap tam thdi dugc tiianh lap. Uy ban nay nam gift quyin lyc tii cao ttong cac van de quan sy, chinh tri va tai chirib. Ddng thdi, Uy ban nay thanh lap hai CO sd, mpt d phia Tay va mdt d phia Ddng cfta Galicia dd thuan lgi cho vide td chuc boat dgng. Uy ban cilng xay dyng ki hoach lay dat tft Nga dd sat nhap vao lanh thd Ao - Hung thudc tridu dgi Habsburg. Tuy nhien cung gidng nhu khuynh hudng than Ao - Hung, cae hogt ddng vu trang dang ttong qua trinh chuan bi thi Chien tranh the gidi thft Nhat biing nd, Iam gjan doan ddng thdi kdt thftc nhftng boat ddng cua khuynh hudng nay.
Cd thd thay sy phat tridn ciia lich sft Ba Lan ki tft khi hi chia tach va sat nhap vao cac nudc lang gidng vao nam 1795 den trudc Chidn tranh thd gidi thft Nhat la cudc ddu tranh khdng ngimg nghi cho cdng cudc dgc lap dat nudc. Ba khuynh hudng chinh trj ndu ttdn la tieu bidu cho cac boat ddng ydu nudc, vd Litva vdo ndm 1569 t^i Lublin, Ba Lan), d6n^ thdri Qudc h$i cilng duoc 1^ chpn theo hinh thiic bau cu
c6ng khai ndy.
" W. Suleja, Jdsef Pilsudski, Wroclaw, 2004, S.102 - 103.
dau ttanh gianh ddc l^p cfta Ba Lan. Cdc khuynh hudng nay ddu cd nhftng ddng gdp tich cyc va hgn chd nhat dinh trong kdu ggi tinh than dan tpc, dau ttanh chdng thuc dan.
Dft chua mang lai hidu qua thyc td nhu quan diem ndu ra, nhung cac khuynh hudng nay da phan anh mdt giai doan va cudc ddu ttanh vi ddc lap, chft quyin cfta nhan dan Ba Lan vao cudi thi ki XIX ddu thi ki XX.
3. Tft sy phat trien cua ba khuynh hudng chinh tri d Galicia trudc Chiin ttanh thi gidi thft Nhat cd the ket luan 4 van dd: Thu nhdt, tdt ca cac khuynh hudng chinh tri dugc trinh bay d ttdn dft khac bidt vi each thftc, con dudng va bidn phap thyc hien (dya vao Nga, dya vao Ao - Hung, hay con dudng tiin hanh each mang) ddu cd chung mdt myc tidu co ban thdng nhat la dau ttanh dd khdi phuc lai ndn ddc lap cfta nha nudc Ba Lan; Thu hai, sy xuat hidn da dang cua nhieu khuynh hudng, td chftc chinh tri va cac dang phai tuy phan anh mdt budc tidn mdi cfta phong ttao ydu nudc, each mang d Galicia, thi nhung ddng thdi cung khang dinh rang, vao thdi didm trudc Chidn ttanh the gidi thft Nhat, phong ttao ydu nudc d Galicia ndi ridng va cac vimg lanh thd khac cfta Ba Lan ndi chung vdn dang khftng hoang trong vide tim ra con dudng dau tranh each mang chung va hidu qua nhat dd khdi phyc mgt nha nudc Ba Lan ddc lap; Thu ba, sy xuat hidn va phat trien cfta cac khuynh hudng ehinh tri ddu tranh gianh ddc lgp cua Ba Lan d Galicia phan anh sy phat tridn tdt ydu cfta lich sft Ba
58 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°3 (1861.2016
Lan va quan he qudc td d chau Au trudc thdm cfta Chidn ttanh thd gidi thft Nhat; Thit tu, cac khuynh hudng ndu ttdn chua xay dyng dugc mdt ndn ddc Igp thyc su, nhung do la ndn tang co ban cho cupc dau ttanh ra ddi nha nudc Ba Lan ddc lap sau Chidn tranh thd gidi thft Nhdt.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Centralna Agencja Polska w Lozanie (2000), "Organizacje polityczne i wojskowe w Galicji - ich dzialanoscc od 1914 roku do roziamu Naczehiego Komitetu Narodowego", Archiwum Akt Nowych, Nr.38. (Tam dich: To chicc chinh tri vd vw trang & Galicia - Nhicng hogt dgng tit ndm 1914 din suphdn chia Vy han Tdi cao qudc gia).
2. J. Cabaj, "Dmowski i Pilsudski Dwie koncepcje niepodleglosciowe", Powrdt Polski do rodziny wolnych naroddw, Lublin, 2009. (Tam dich: Dmowski vd Pilsudski - Hai quan diim ddc lap)
3. R. Dmowski, Polityka i odbudowanie panstwa, Warszawa 1988. tap 1. (Tam dich:
Chinh sdch vd su tdi thiit ddt nudc).
4. J. Buszko, Polacy w parlamencie Wiedenskim 1848-1918, Warszawa, 1996, tap I. (Tam dich: Ngu&i Ba Lan trong qudc hgi Viin 1848-1918).
5. W. Suleja, Josef Pilsudski, Wroclaw, 2004.
6. S. Arski I J. Chudek, "Galicyjska dziaialnosc wojskowa Pilsudskiego (1906- 1914)", Dokumenly, Warszawa. (Tgm dich:
Cdc hogt dgng vii trang d Galicia cua Pilsudski 1906-1914).
7. J. Molenda, Pilsudczycy a narodowi demokrai 1908-1918, Warszawa 1980.
8. J. Cabaj, "Dmowski i Pilsudski - Dwie koncepcje niepodleglosciowe", Powrdt Polski do rodziny wolnych naroddw, Lublin, 2009.
9. W. Suleja, Jdsef Pilsudski, Wroclaw, 2004.
