Kinh nghidm quan Iy nguon von dku tu cho khoa hoc c6ng ngh^ cua mot so nuoc va bai hoc rut ra cho ^^et Nam
TlLS.VQTudhHilng
Phong Khoa hpc - Cong nghe va Moi truong, Gac Hang hai Viet Nam
Tdm tdt: Ngdy nay, sy phdt tiidn kinh td - xd hdi cfla mOi ndn kinh td deu phu thupc rat Idn vd khoa hpe vd cdng nghe (KHCN). Tuy nhien, o Vidt Nam, KHCN van ehua ttiyc su gdn kdt vdi nhu cdu vd boat dOng cfla cdc ngdnh kmh td, xa hOi, chdm dua vdo ung dung nhflng kdt qud dd nghien eiiu dugc, hinh do cdng nghd cOn ttiap nhidu so vdi cdc nude xung quanh. Qua kinh nghiem efla Tmng qude va Nhdt Bdn bdi vidt mudn gdp phdn ndng eao hieu qudn Iy vdn ddu tu eho khoa hoc cdng nghe cho Vidt Nam.
Tdt khda: Qudn ly vdn, ngdn sdch nhd nude, vdn ddu tu phdt hidn, khoa hpc cdng nghe
1. Kinh nghiem ciia Trung Quoc
Tii khi thyc hidn dirOng ldi cdi edch md ciia, trong linh vyc KH&CN, Ddng COng sdn Trung Qudc chfl huong edn phdi dOi mdi, ty chu, sdng tao hon nfla dd ddp flng ydu edu phdt tridn dat nude vd khac phyc tinh hang edn ehdm tidn vd KH&CN cua Tmng Qude so vdi eae nuoc tien tidn. Cung vdi viee ehuydn dan tu co che lam vide kd ho^eh hoa tdp tmng, ciing nhae vd khep kin, Tmng Qudc dd thue hien hang loat edc ciu'nh sdch ddi mdi co chd quan ly vdn ddu tu cho KH&CN vdi myc dich thay ddi tu duy Idm viee vd sdn phdm cfla cde td chiie KH&CN.
- Vd phdn bd vdn ddu tu: Nha nude ehfl truong ddu thdu canh hanh va eac xdy dyng chuong trinh nghien cthi ypng didm. Thay ddi chinh sdch phdn bd vdn ddu tu eho nghien ciiu trong do tdng ddn ty trpng vdn ddu tu cho edc de xudt nghien eiiu tdt nhat thdng qua hinh thiic ddu thdu cgnh hanh gifla ede td chiic KH&CN vd ede ed nhdn. Uy ban Khoa hgc edng nghe efla Qude gia vd cfla cde tinh ddu ed Bcui ehuyen gia tu vdn md thdnh phdn bao gOm cdc nhd khoa hpe, nhflng ngirdi se Udn hdnh ddnh gid ede dd xudt nghien eflu dua tren CO sd mfle dO ddng gdp du kidn eua edc nghiOn ciiu ndy ddi vdi sdn xudt vd dOi sOng, phuong phdp sfl dyng cho nghien ciiu vd tinh mdi, sdng tao efla nghien eflu.
Trong nhimg ndm gdn day, ty trpng eua cae ngudn vdn ddu hr cho KH&CN thdng qua co chd ddu thdu e^mh yanh ed xu hudng tdng dan. Ben canh dd, cde td chiie KH&CN vdn dugc cdp mOt khoan kinh phi nhdt dinh vdi ty trpng giam ddn cho hoat dpng thudng xuyen cfla don vj theo nhung dinh mflc phan bd nhdt dinh cua cac BO nganh chfl quan cfla Trung Qudc hoae chinh quydn eae dja phuong. Kinh phi hoat ddng UiuOng xuydn nay ehu ydu dflng dd hang hdi eho cdc khodn chi nhu luong eo bdn, luong huu vd cde ehi phi
boat ddng thudng xuyen khdc cfla don vi md hong do luong huu thudng chidm ty trpng ddng kd.
- Vd hinh thiie edp vdn: Tmng Qude cap vdn eho eae td ehiie KH&CN thdng qua 3 hinh thflc:
-I- Cho edc vj tri nghien ciiu chfl chdt: Trudc tien, cdc td chuc KH&CN tidn hdnh sdp xdp lai dpi ngfl edn bp yen eo sd Idm rd ehiie ndng, nhiem vy, vai trd eua eae vl tri nghien eflu ehfl ehOt. Nha nude cam kdt se chi ya luong eho eac vj tri nay vdi mflc luong tdng len ddng kd (thuong gdp tfl 3-5 Idn so vdi trudc khi sdp xdp).
-I- Chinh phfl thiOt Idp co ehd tdi trp vdn KH&CN theo chuong trinh thdng qua ddu thdu ctuih tranh. Cdc chuong trinh dugc xdy dyng edn cfl vdo djnh hudng phdt tridn cfla quoc gia bao gdm nhidu linh vyc nghidn eflu vd giao eho cdc Bd, Ngdnh td chuc trien khai thue hidn. Hinh thiic cap vdn ndy Id ehu ydu d Tmng QuOc hidn nay.
+ Tdi yp vOn cfla Vien hudng: Nhd nude ddnh mdt khodn kinh phi nhat djnh, giao Vidn trudng chfl quan ly vd quydt djnh phe duyet cdp vdn nghien eflu eho nhflng dd xuat nghidn ctru tdt nhdt. Myc dich efla quy ndy dung dd khuydn khieh, hO trp nhting sdng kien nghien eflu cua eae nghien eiiu viOn.
\^ee ehuyen doi tfl cap vdn theo co che cC sang ddu thdu eanh hanh dd gdp phdn dang kd Idm tdng ndng sudt, Iiieu qua nghien eflu efla cdc td chuc KH&CN va edc nhd khoa hpe vi thdng qua eo ehd dau thdu canh yanh ed the chgn dugc cde dd xudt nghidn eflu tdt nhdt.
Tuy nhidn, van de nay sinh Id ty trpng vOn dau tu cho nghien eflu KH&CN ndng nghiOp thdng qua hinh thflc ddu thdu canh tranh ngdy cdng tdng lOn va he qud Id ty hrpng vdn cdp thudng xuyen eho cde td chuc KH&CN gidm ddn. Didu ndy ddng nghia vol vide dd thu
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NGHIEN c u u hflt duge nhidu kinh phf cho nghien ciiu, cdc nhd Ichoa hpe ddu ddn phdi ddnh nhieu thdi gian cho vide chudn bi dd xudt nghidn cthj de ddu thdu md cOn rdt it thdi gian ddnh eho viee td chuc thuc hidn nghien eflu khi da thdng thdu.
Nh$n thirc rd vdn de nay, gan ddy Chinh phfl Tmng Qude da tdng ddn ty ie dau tu cd djrih cho cde to ehiic KH&CN, tuy nhien Uieo ddnh gid efla Hu Ruifa, ehuydn gia nghien eflu hang dau ve ehinh sach KH&CN d CCAP thi sy tdng ndy cdn xa mdi ddp ling dfl nhu cau.
Theo Hu, cdc khodn ddu tu eO dinh ndy edn dugc cdn ddi vd dap ling d muc dfl dd cdn bd nghien ciiu tdp tmng vdo Idm edng tdc nghien eiiu - ndi each khde, can ddu tu cho luong vd thu nhdp thich ddng de can bd nghien eiiu yen tdm, danh td'i da thdi gian eho edng tae nghien eiiu.
- Ve ehinh saeh thuong mai hod hd thOng KH&CN:
Tmng Qude bdt dau khuydn khich cdc td chfle KH&CN trong nude tidn hdnh thuong mai hod ede sdn phdm khoa hpe edng nghe tfl gifla nhtrng ndm 1980.
Vdo ndm 1987, Chfl nhiem Uy ban khoa hpc ky thuat Nha nude Tmng Qude dd edng bd kd hogeh md trong dO, Uiuc ddy ede nhd KH&CN Tmng QuOc tu duy nhu nhiing nha doanh nghiep. Cdc BO ngdnh Tmng Qude nhanh ehdng tidp thu y tudng ndy, khuydn khich cdc td chuc KH&CN tim kidm thdm thu nhdp tu hoat ddng thuong mai hod ede sdn phdm KH&CN. Thdi gian ddu, vide thuong m ^ hod cdc sdn phdm KH&CN la tuong ddi khd khdn do gid cd dupe bao edp vd cO rat it eo hOi dd ed thd thuong mai hod ede sdn phdm ICH&CN.
Tuy nhien, khi md ngdn sdch ddu tu eho KH&CN ngdy cdng trd nen hgn hep vd ddi mdi trd thdnh nhu cdu cap thidt thi van dd thuong mgi hod sdn phdm KH&CN hO nen vdn de cue ky quan trpng. Qud trinh ddi mdi thd chd, chinh sach qudn ly KH&CN d Tmng Qude md hpng tdm Id chinh sdch thuong mai hod eae tO chuc KH&CN CO the phdn thdnh 3 nhdm chinh sdch chfl ydu Id: Nhdm chinh sdch dinh hudng, nhdm chfnh sdch h6 trp vd nhdm chinh sach phdt tridn.
Nhdm chinh sdch djnh hudng nhdn manh nguyOn tdc hudng nghien ciiu tdi ngdy edng sdt hon nhu cau cfla thj tiudng. Cdc chfnh sach dd dupe thidt kd dd eho phep ede nhd khoa hpe ed thd ban edc phdt minh sdng ehd md hp dd tao ra vd didu dd ddn hd thdnh ydo luu hong nghien cuu - cO gdng kidm tidn tfl sdn phdm KH&CN bdng bat cfl edch nao. Khde v6i hude ddy, Chinh phu se khdng cap vdn thudng xuyen eho eac to chuc KH&CN md hp phdi tim kidm cde ngudn tiiu bd sung tfl thi truOng. Cde ho^t dOng thuong mai ndy bao gdm tfl vide ban cde sdn phdm KH&CN tfl qud trinh nghien ciiu ddn cde hocit ddng kinh doanh Uiuong mai khde nhu md nhd hdng, khdeh san hodc budn ban thuong mai. Gan day, xu hudng tdp hung vdo vide ban edc sdn pham KH&CN gdn vdi linh vuc nghien ciiu efla td chfle hon.
Ddi vdi cde tO chuc KH&CN ehuydn ddi sang
* l ^ K I N H T± E H A U A - T H A I B I N H DUCTNG ( T H A N D S I 2Q1 61
thuong m^i hod, Nhd nude cd nhflng chinh sdch h6 yg ddng kd. Sau 7 ndm tii khi chuydn ddi, cde tO chii&
ndy dugc midn ttiud Uiu nhdp doanh nghidp va dupe phep tham gia ddu thdu ede chuong trinh, dy dn d tdt ed cd edp khde nhau. Cac td chfle KH&CN chuydn ddi hogt dOng thyc su nhu cde cdng ty vd hidn tai da c6 hon 10 Vien nghien ciiu ehuydn ddi da tidn hanh niem yet tren ttij tnjong ehiing khodn.
Dd thyc bien cde ehinh saeh phdt tridn, BO Khoa hgc COng nghe Tmng QuOc dd thidt Idp Quy KH&CN dd cac td chfle KH&CN chuyen ddi tidp can ngudn vdn dudi dang chuong trinh vd thOng qua ddu thau canh hanh. Tuy nhien, chfl truong thuong m^i hod cde san phdm KHCN ndu khdng dugc thidt kd ky ludng se dSn ddn hdu qud la cd nhieu can bO khoa hpc cdt edn, c6 nhidu Hnh vuc nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa thi trudng cd the bi bd trOng khdng ai nghiOn ctru
2. Kinh nghiem cua Nhat Ban
Hien nay, Nhdt Bdn khdng chi Id mOt cudng qudc vd kinh td, md cdn Id mdt hong nhiing nude ddn dau vd KH&CN. Trinh dO KH&CN efla Nhdt Bdn dupe \\\i hien qua nhidu khia c^nh. Trong dd, ndi bdt nhdt Id sd lupng cde bdi bdo vd don xin edp bdng sdng chd. sd lupng ede bdi bao cfla Nhdt Ban vd KH&CN ehi dung Uifl hai sau My. Sd lugng tai lieu KH&CN bich ddn (Uil hien chdt lupng cfla cae bai bao) cua Nhdt Bdn dung thii tu sau My, Anh vd CHLB Due... Didu nay eho thdy hidu qud vd tinh hap dan efla nhting nghien ciiu hdng ddu cua edc nhd Idioa hpc Nh$t Bdn. Thye td d Nhdt Ban eho thdy, kinh td Nhat Ban manh w ed ndn KH&CN manh. Tuy la mOt nude khdng cd tmydn thdng KH&CN tfl nhidu thd ky trude nhu cdc nude chau Au, nhung Nhdt Bdn dd ed rdt nhidu thdnh edng vd linh vye nay yong mOt thd ky vua qua.
Nhting chfl truong tao nen su thanh cdng hong phat tridn KH&CN cua Nhat Bdn Iflc ddu la sao chep, md phdng cdng nghe nude ngodi. Tidp ddn Id vuon xa hon, trd thdnh ngudi "khdng 10" trong vide eung edp edng nghe tien tidn eho thd gidi. Nhiing quan didm phdt tridn KH&CN cua Nhdt Id: bdt chude cd Unh sang tao; gdn nghien ciiu khoa hpe vdi thye td; ehu ypng dp dung cdng nghe eao vdo san xudt; phdt huy vd khuydn khich nhan tai; ddy m^uih sy hgp tae giiia cde vidn nghien ciiu vd cdng nghiep; thflc ddy KH&CN.
MOt trong nhiing nhdn tO ddn ddn thanh edng v^
phat tridn KH&CN efla Nhat Ban la dd coi trpng vide md rOng thu hflt vdn ddu tu dd tdng kinh phi eho hoat dOng KH&CN. Cde cdng ty xuyen quOc gia Idn la mdt tm cOt ddu tu vdo KH&CN. Thdm ehi, 0 giai doan kho khdn, qua khdo sat nhting edng ty dting ddu cfla Nh$t Bdn, mac du hp cd giam bdt ddu tu cho KH&CN, nhung ty le nay so vdi tdng doanh sd lai tdng len.
Nhiing Io ngai ngay edng tdng vd sflc eanh yanh dd khidn edc doanh nghidp phdi tdng ty le vdn ddu tu eho KH&CN vd gd bd nhtmg qui d|nh dd khuydn khieh ddu
tu efla khu vuc tu nhdn.
Kd hoach co ban vd KH&CN dy dinh cai td he ttidng KH&CN Nhdt Ban de idm eho nd ed nang lyc ddi mdi nhidu hon vd hieu qud hon tren eo sd eai thidn manh me mdi trudng nghidn eiiu. Kinh phi efla ehinh phu Nhdt Ban cdp cho KH&CN tidp tuc tdng d tOc do cao hon nhiing khodn kinh phi Ididc trong todn bd ngdn sdch. Ba co quan dugc phdn bO nhidu nhdt yong tdng sd ngdn sdch ddnh eho KH&CN la Co quan Khoa hpc cdng nghO; BO Giao due, Khoa hpe, Thd thao va van hOa; vd Bd Thuong m^i qude td vd Thuong nghiep (Mm).
NguOn von tdi trp tfl ngdn sdch nhd nude tuy dd rdt lOn, nhung mdi chi chidm khodng 1/5 tdng nguon vdn dau tu eho KH&CN tai Nhdt Bdn. Cdc doanh nghidp Id lyc lupng chfl ydu yong ddu tu eho boat dOng KH&CN vdi mue ddu tu thuOng gdp 4 Idn so voi ddu tu efla nhd nude cho hoat dOng ndy. Cdc doanh nghidp Nhdt Bdn Id lijx; lupng Uch cyc nhat yong ddu tu nghien eflu khoa hpc vd tridn khai cOng nghe mdi. Chidn luge ddu tu cho KH&CN cfla Nhd nude duge tdp tmng vdo ba Iinh vye: nghien eflu eo ban, nghien ciiu flng dung vd nghiOn ctru phdt tridn, tuy theo chfle ndng cfla tiing co sd nghien eiiu, tridn khai.
COn dOi vdi cdc docuih nghiep, tuy chidn luge nghien eiiu KH&CN thudng khde nhau, nhung vdn cd mdt didm ehung la ddu tdp hung vdo nghien ciiu phat tridn san phdm, nghien eiiu ting dung, rOi moi d ^ ngbiOn ctru co baiL Trong nghidn eflu co ban, cdc doanh nghiep chi tdp trung vdo cdc ngiiien eiiu co bdn djnh hudng img dur^
thidt thye nhung thidn h^i khdng sa Idm, bode ngiiien eflu dd ehuydn cdc nghien eflu co ban cfla thien hg vdo trong cdc sdn pham cua minh. Mdt edch Idm nghien ciiu phdt tridn phO bidn cfla cac cOng ty Nhdt Id dua hOn eae thanh tyu khoa hoc dd dugc kidm chiing. Hp thudng mua eae bang sdng ehd phat minh efla My, Diie,... rdi tu dd nghien ciiu chd tao cdc sdn phdm, dOc quydn ehd tao vd bdn hdn thj hudng.
Hien nay, ed tdm Unh vyc uu tien ve KH&CN d Nhat Bdn, trong dd nhdm uu tien hdng ddu gOm edc khoa hgc vd sy sdng, cdng nghe thdng tin vd tmydn thdng, edc khoa hpc vd mdi truOng, cOng nghe nano vd v^t lieu; vd nhdm uu tidn thu hai gOm ndng lugng, cdng nghe ehd tao, h^ tdng eo sd, khdng gian va dai duong.
Nhd cac chidn luge ddu tu dd ma tao ra ddng lyc dd kieh thich vdn ddu tu cfla cac doanh nghidp vd cua Nha nude.
3. Bai hoc doi vol Viet Nam
MOt la, ddu tu cho KH&CN la ddu tu phdt hidn. Sy gia tdng ddng vOn ddu tu nay sd la dieu ki^n vat chdt hue Udp ttiuc ddy su phat hidn efla KH&CN, tiifle ddy tang trudng vd nang eao trinh dO efla nen kinh td.
Hai Id, do Unh chdt d$c Uifl cfla hoat ddng KH&CN, ndn dd thuc ddy va djnh hudng ddng vOn ddu tu vao
Unh vyc nay ddi hdi phdi eO sy can thiep cfla Nhd nude bang co chd, chinh sdch. Nhd nude phdi Id tmng tam ttong \ndc dinh hudng nghien eiiu vd phdn bO ngudn lye KH&CN,
Ba Id, eo ehd Uii truong Id mOt yeu tO rdt quan hpng cho viec lya chpn vd xde djnh dy dn ddu tu; hieu qua sfl dung vOn Id dieu kien eho vide lya chpn dd; vd hidu qua ddu tu cfla dy an cang eao thi cang thu hut nhidu ngudn vOn trong xa hOi eho KH&CN.
Bdn la, cac CO quan edp vdn cd trdeh nhiem dd ra ede chuong trinh sdn phdm ey the cho ed nude, ttmg dia phuong, vd tiing linh vuc, cd thd xdc djnh ten de tai vd san pham cu thd hoae cd thd chi neu dinh hudng dd ede eo quan nghidn ctru dd xudt nghidn eflu. Vi v$y, each xac dinh vd lya chpn dd tdi nghien eflu giup ydnh duge su chdng cheo giua cdc co quan cdp vdn, dam bao sy chfl ddng va thich ting eua cac eg quan nghien ciiu, dinh hudng dupe eac hoat ddng nghien ciiu theo chuong trinh Idn hi tren xuOng dudi va the hidn Uidnh cdc sdn phdm cu thd ngay tu ddu de phOi hgp ddu tu.
Ndm la, KH&CN la ydu td ddu vdo quydt djnh sut eanh tranh cfla mpi doanh nghiep, do vdy dau tu vdo KH&CN khdng phdi ehi Id edng viec rieng ed eua Nhd nude, md nd cdn Id eon dudng tdt ydu dd doanh nghidp tdn t^i vd phdt tridn. Su kdt hpp ddu tu cfla Nha nude va ddu tu efla doanh nghidp cho KH&CN Id sy the hidn tfnh ddng bd vd nhdt qudn nhat dinh giua chfl truong vd edc chinh sdch efla Nhd nude trong mOt 10 trinh eu thd./.
Tai iieu tham Ithao
1. BO IChoa hpe vd edng nghe (2011), Chidn lupc Phdt tridn KH&CN ddn ndm 2020. Ha Npi;
2. Bp Tdi chfnh - Bp Khoa hpc vd Cdng nghe (2006), Thdng tu lien tich sd 93/2006/TTLT/BTC-BKHCN 04/10/2006 Vd viec hudng dan che dO khoan kinh phi cfla dd tdi, dy an khoa hpc va edng nghd sfl dyng ngan saeh Nhd nude.
3. Nguydn Cdng Nghidp (2009). Ndng cao hieu qua qudn ly vdn dau hi tu NSNN d Vidt Nam, B^ tdi khoa hgc cdp Nha nude, BO Tdi chinh. Hd NOi.
4. Bui Thien Son (2010). "Nhflng van dd ehi ngdn saeh eho phdt tridn KH&CN quOc gia vd dinh hudng idiuydn nghj trong thdi gian tdi". Vien Chidn luge vd etiinh sdch Khoa hpe vd cdng nghd
5. Pham Huy Todn (2013, Ddu hi cho khoa hgc - edng nghe: Hudng di bdn viing eua doanh nghidp, Theo Tap ehi Kinh td vd Dy bdo, s6 20/2013
6. Nguydn Mdu Tmng (2011), "Van Ak ddu hi vd vdn cho KH&CN d nude ta". Tap ehi Li Ludn Chinh hi.
I I N H Tt C H A U A - THAI E
