Vai tro quan ly nha nuoc doi voi su phat trien kinh te hang hoa nhi^u thanh phan trong giai doan hien nay
NguykVi^Binh Truong Dal hoc Kinh te Ky thuat Cong nghiep
Quan ly Nhd nude vdi su phdi trien kinh te hang hod nhidu thdnh phdn theo dinh hudng XHCN la giai phap co bdn chuydn tir sdn xuat nhd ldn san xuat ldn d nude ta hidn nay dae biet quan trgng, bdi \i Ijch su phat trien kinh te the gidi da khang djnh rang khdng khi nao va khdng d dau ed Nha nude phi kinh td, diing bdn tren hay ben ngoai kinh td. Dieu khde nhau co ban giiia eae qudc gia Id Nhd nude quan ly nen kinh te nhu thd nao, hinh thuc, mire do Ciin thidp, didu tiet ra sao va ddn ddu la hgp li vd thod mdn duge cac yeu edu de dat tdi eac muc tieu da dgt ra. Thuc tidn cung da chiing minh rdng khdng cd mdt md hinh nao dung cho mgi qude gia, vi vay mdi nude phai can cii vao cac didu kidn cu the ve kinh td, chinh tri, xa hdi, didu kien cu the ve cac ngudn lgc ehgn giai phap phat tridn hilu hieu nhdt eho nude minh.
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ai hd cfla Nhd nude ddi vdi sg phdt trien phat trien kinh td hdng hod nhidu thdnh phdn duge thd hien qua cdc chinh sach kinh td. Nhung vai hd dd khdng hinh thdnh tu phat, ma tuy thudc rat nhieu vao su tdc dgng cfla nha nude. Su tae ddng ay thd hien chu yeu thdng qua ede ehinh sdeh kinh te chfl ydu: Chinh sdch kinh te nhieu thanh phdn; Chinh sdch mdng ddt; Chinh sdch thi hudng; Chinh sach ddu tu, phat tridn kinh te ndng thdn: Chinh sdch tin dung;Chinh sdch KH, CN va chuyen giao ki thuat cho ndng dan; Chinh sdch didu tidt dd'i vdi ndng dan va kinh te ndng thdn; Chinh sach bdo trg sdn xuat ddi vdi mdt sd sdn pham vd vflng sdn xudt quan trgng; Chinh sach xa hdi; Chinh sdeh dao tgo, bdi dudng va khuydn khich can bd cdng tac d ndng thdn vd nang cao ddn tri; Hoan tiiien va ddng bd hod 10 chinh sdch Idn nay se tao lap dugc khudn khd phap li va mdi hudng thuan lgi thuc ddy kinh te hang hoa nhidu thanh phan dat tde dd cao trong nhung nam tdi, bdi mudn gia tang san xudt vd phdt trien kinh te can phdi cd ddng lue, ma ddng luc sdn xuat hang hod lai dugc kdt tinh bdi lgi ich vat chat va nhu cau cua ngudi lao ddng, mat khac nd cdn ehiu tae ddng cfla nhieu yeu td ve chinh sach kinh te cfla Chinh phfl trong nhung didu kidn nhat djnh. Ddi vdi nhiing vung chgm phdt trien, cac ehinh sdeh quan trgng true tidp tao ra dgng luc: chinh sach mdng ddt, khuyen ndng - lam - ngu nghiep thich hgp vdi tap qudn, chi thiic cfla tflng dja phuong, cfla timg ngudi lao ddng; phdt trien mdt sd ca sd hg tdng thiet yeu, khai thdng cdc mdi quan he kinh td, trao ddi hdng hod, hd trg vdn san xuat, midn giam thud sii dgng ddt ndng nghidp dd khuyen khieh dau tu ehuydn sang sdn xuat hdng hoa. Chinh vi vay ddi vdi eac vflng bdt dau bude
vdo sdn xuat hang hod edn phdi xii li triet de cac chinh sach mdng ddt, nghien cflu chuyen giao edng nghe mdi phuc vu phat trien san xuat tap tmng hang hoa cao. Ho trg vdn eho eac ehu the san xudt hang hod theo CO che thuong mgi, ddng bd hod co sd ha tang, phdt trien edng nghe phu hgp, bdo trg san xudt vd khai thdng Uii trudng d6 tao mdi trudng thuan lgi, kieh thich sdn xudt hang hoa phat tridn on dlnh,
Thflc ddy phdt trien kinh te hang hoa, gdp phdn thflc day nen kinh te tang tnrdng nhanh, cai thien va nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan, phdt tridn cac mdt eua ddi sd'ng kinh td - xa hdi. Cho phep su dung cd hieu qua sflc mgnh tong hgp cfla cac thanh phan kinh te Vi vay thgc hien ehinh sach kinh te nhieu thanh phan, nha nude phai kien tri nhat quan thue hien chinh sdch phdt trien kinh te nhieu thanh phan, mgi ea nhan, mgi don vi kinh te dugc khuyen khich phat huy cae the manh cua minh, lam giau bdng sue lao ddng chinh ddng, tao su gdn kdt, dan xen, hd trg giira doanh nghiep nhd nude, hgp tdc xa va cdc ea the, tu nhan, de thfle ddy nhau eung phat tridn. Trong dd doanh nghidp nha nude trong ndng - lam - ngu nghiep phdi giu vai trd trung tam thuc day kinh te vung, khuyen khich manh md cac doanh gia md rdng dau tu dd thu hut vdn va lao ddng tai chd.
Chinh tir nhiing vai trd ay ma nha nude can cd eo che kidm tra ddn dde cae dia phuong khan truang thuc hien chinh sdeh giao ddt, giao rimg, edp gidy ehiing nhan quyen sfl dung dat den hd ndng ddn. Cdn thd chd hod nam quyen trong luat ddt dai, khuydn khich qud trinh tieh tu, tap tmng mdng ddt (trong pham vi eho phep) eho eae hd, trang trai phdt hien sdn xuat hang hod. Nha nude eung can tao didu kien
^ Tt CHAU A -
NGHIEN CUU
Uiuan lgi de ndng dan tiiuc hien ddy dfl, diing phdp h-ang bi kl tiiudt eho cdc nganh cfla nen kinh td tiieo ludt cdc quyen sir dung dat dai; khuydn khich ndng hudng hien dgi. Tuy nhien tixing nen kinh te huydn dan thuc hien " ddn didn, ddn thfla" hen eo sd hr thong ngudi ndng dan khdng mudn va cung khdng cd nguyen; ndng dan sii dgng gia tri quyen sir dgng dat dieu kien ap dung ki ttiuat mdi, ma day lai la ydu td de gdp vdn cd phan tiiam gia phat hien san xuat, kinh qi^dt dinh su ehuydn ddng eiia ndng nghiep. Do dd, doanh, lien doanh, tien ket... Chinh phu cdn cd chinh sdch giflp dd ve ki tiiudt Viec phdt hien kinh te hang hod nliidu thanh phan fgiong mdi, bien phap canh tac mdi) vd cd bidn plidp la eo sd dd thue day sg phdt trien kinh td cfla dat nude. ^^ the hudng ddn thue iiien bien phdp ndy. Vide ling Trong dd vai hd efla nhd nude id het siic quan hgng;
ben cgnh dd edn cd su hg giup cua Chinh phu dd la tii nen kinh te tu tflc, tu cap chuyen sang sdn xuat hang hod theo eo ehe till tnidng, cd su quan li cua Nha nude Id tdt ydu khaeh quan cho cac bude di tie'p theo eiia nen kinh te . Tir yeu eau thuc td cua su phdt tridn kinh te hang hod niiieu thanh phdn d nude ta hong giai doan ddi mdi ddi hdi Chinh phfl phdi cd su ean tliiep hgp li nhdm tap chung giai quyet tdt ede vdn de sau: Chuyen dieh co cdu cae nganh kinh te ndng thdn theo hudng edng ngiiiep hoa, hien dai hoa, thuc hien quy hoaeh, phdt trien cdc khu cdng nghiep. Yeu eau ddt ra la phai phat trien kinh td ndng thdn, dam bao su tang trudng lien tue, hdn co sd chuydn dich tiing bude tii thuan ndng tu tflc, tu cap sang co cdu kinh td ndng - edng ngiep va dieh vu theo hudng san xudt hang hod da dang, ed nang sat, chat lugng vd iiieu qud ngay edng eao, dua hen viee dp dung cae thanh tuu ICH - CN mdi, trang bj edng eu, tiiiet bi san xuat tien tien, sdn lugng va gia tri hang hoa ndng -edng dieh vu khdng ngung dugc nang cao. Co eau sdn xuat ndi tai eua ndng - lam - ngu nghidp, nganh kinh te trg cdt eua kinh td ndng thdn phai chuydn dich tiieo hudng da dgng hoa va tham canh tang vu, san xudt luong thgc dam bao an todn luong thuc qud'c gia, dfl tidu dflng hong nude, cd dg tni va xudt khdu cd iiieu qua, danh dat eho san xudt cdc sdn pham cd gia tri cao, cd nhu eau tieu thu Idn (cd ttong nude vd ngoai nude), thay the dan cae san phdm gid tri thap va khd tieu thu, khuyen Idiieh va thue ddy phdt trien manh chan nudi theo hudng tham eanh nlidm tang nhanh ti hgng chan nudi ttong ndng ngiiiep, phat tridn manh nudi thd thuy hdi sdn hen ede loai mat nude cd dieu kien dem lai iiieu qua kinh te eao, ddi mdi phuong thiic khai thae hai sdn ngoai khoi. Chuydn djeh co cdu lam ngiiiep theo hudng phat trien manh rimg hdng, nhdt la cdc loai cay da tdc dung, cay dae san, dugc Udu quy cd gid tri eao, cay nguyen lieu lem nhanh, ed thdi ki sinh trudng ngdn va ed till tnidng tieu thu sdn pham; ddng Uidi vol viec bao vd tdt rung dau ngudn xung yeu, rimg qudc gia vd khai thae ning tg nhien hcrp K, gdn san xuat ndng - ldm - ngu ngiiiep vdi cdng nghiep ehe bien va bao ve mdi trudng hen tiing vflng, bdo ddm phdt trien nen ndng ngiiidp bdn \'(mg ed hidu qud cao. Ddy mgnh ling dung tidn bd KH - CN trong ndng nghiep ndng thdn.
Cdng ngidp hoa, hien dai hod dat nude ddi hdi phdi
7A
-I DucrNr; [THANr;dung tien bd KH - CN vdo ndng nghiep ehu yeu tap tmng vdo nhiing van dd sau: -!- Co gidi hod. + Thuy lgi hod +Dien kiii hod -t-Phat tridn cdng nghe sinh hge Day manh quan he san xudt phu hgp. Cdn phdi tiep tue gidi phdng mgnh me va triet de siic sdn xudt d ndng thdn nham muc tieu phdt trien lgc lircmg san xudt, xay dung quan he san xuat phfl hgp vdi lue lugng san xudt phat tiidn. Yeu cdu dat ra la phat trien ddng bd cdc thdnh phan kinh te: ICinh te hd ndng ddn ( kinh td hd gia dinh ) Kinh te nha nude IQnh td tap thd ICinh te' tu nhan nhdm khai thae triet dd thd manh eua cac thanh phdn nay. Tuy niiidn can phdi duge djnh hudng dung ddn ldy thdnh phan kinh te la chfl dgo. Dao tao ngudn nhan lue ttong tdt cd eae linh vgc hogt ddng, nhdn td con ngudi ludn gid vai hd quydt djnh. Su piiat tridn cfla kinh td hang hod niiieu thanh phan cung khdng phdi la ngogi le. Ngudn nhan Ige eho piiat tiien cua kinh te hang hod niiidu thdnh phdn phdi cd su trg giup eua Nha nude. Xdy dung ket eau hg tang Idnh td xa hdi dd giup hg dau tu theo md hinh ldn Ciiinh phu can cd chinh sdch hd trg hg dudi niiieu hinh thue de tgo dieu kien sdn xudt vd luu thdng hang hod. Tao su dn dinh gid ca. San xudt ndng ngiep cd dd nii ro cao do hoat ddng cfla nd phu thudc niiieu vao didu kien tu niiien, dgc biet la thcri tiet. Mat khae do dae diem v^
su CO gian eua eung - eau efla san pham lam eho gia ca san phdm cd bien ddng ldn. Do dd Chinh phfl cdn cd cdc chinh sach bao hd va hg giup vd gia ca tgo su on djnh cho san xudt phat tridn cdc loai thi trudng, tao didu kien dong bd dd thj trudng chuydn sang san xudt hang hod va phdt trien; cdn hinh thanh va md rdng nhieu loai till trudng khde nhau nhdm gidi quyd't dfl cac yeu to dau vao vd dau ra cua hoat ddng sdn xudt nhir till tnidng tieu thu hang hod ndng san; thj trudng vd'n va tu lieu sdn xuat, thi trudng Iao ddng vd viec ldm. Ben cgnh do tinh iiinh sdn xudt, canh hanh vd su bidn dgng gid cd hen tiii tnidng ttong nude vd qude te.
Trong CO che tiii trudng, gid ca khdng eiii anh hudng ddn muc thu nhap, mire sdng cua ngudi dan ma edn anh hudng den sdn lugng ndng san, ddn sg dn dinh xa hdi. Do dd, su can thidp cua nhd nude vao gia ea vd san lugng la rdt can thidt. Trong nhiing nam qua viec dugc mua mat gia thudng didn ra nghiem ttong, dnh hudng xdu den ddi sdng efla ndng dan va quy md sdn xuat hong nhflng nam tidp theo. Niia nude edn quy dinh gid sdn ddi vdi ndng phdm. De gia san dugc ttigc iiien hen thue td, nha nude ean cd hd ttg tai ciiinh eho
cdc cdng ty tiiu mua ndng sdn; du tttr nhdt dinh vd ndng san de dn dinh gid cd vdo nhiing Iflc gidp vu, nhiing ndm thdi tidt khdng thuan lgi, thidn tai, nhd nude cdn ed dg bdo vd nhu cdu va hudng dan ndng ddn sdn xuat vdi quy md phfl hgp.
Chinh sdch ddu tu phdt tiidn kinh td vd ti'n dung cdn dn dinh. Nhu cdu vay vdn cfla cdc hd ndng ddn k'ld ldn nhung thgc td cho thdy ngudn vdn tir ndi bd rat nhd be. Trong kill dd, todn bd hd thdng cd lidn quan ddn viec cdp tin dgng cho ndng ngiiidp ndng thdn (tir tmng uong ddn dja phuong ) bao gom cdc ngan hdng thuong mgi qudc doanh, ngan hdng phge vy ngudi nghdo, ngdn hdng thuong mai c6 phan ndng tiidn vd ngdn hang quy tin dung nhan dan eo sd, eho vay giai quydt viec lam efla ICho bae nhd nude, Hdi Ndng ddn, Hdi Phy nir, Hdi cgu ciiidn binh vdn chua gidi quydt dugc vdn dd cho vay vdn vdi ede hgp tae xa, cdc ndng hg, cdc trang ttgi gia dinh.
Phdt trien ndn kinh te hang hda niiidu thanh phdn la mdt chfl truang hodn todn dflng ddn cua Ddng vd Nha nude ta, ben Id phdt tridn kinh td niiidu thanh phan iflc nay dugc coi id mdt tdt ydu va dd phat hidn hon hong nhflng nam tidp theo: mdt mat, chflng ta phdi tao mdi trudng phdt tiidn thudn lgi, ddm bdo ti'nh ddc ldp, tu ehu efla ede thanh phdn kinh td, ttong dd kinh td nhd nur;c piidi thue su ddng vai hd ehfl dao; mat ididc, chiing ta phdi tdng eudng vai hd efla Ddng va Nha nude ttong lanh dgo, quan ly kinh te. Nhflng giai phdp dd phat tridn n^n kinh td hang hod nhieu thdnh phan edn tiiidt phdi d$t ra nhirng gidi phdn eu thd sau:
1- Nhan thiic di' .,.. vd sg cdn tiiidt tdn tai nhieu thdnh phan kinh td L ig thcri ky qua dp ldn chfl nghia xa hOi d nude ta. l'?i/e td ehflng ta cd Ddng vflng mgnh; ed Nha nude vO: he thdng phdp lu$t va eac edp qudn IJ chat ehe; y Mwr ddc ldp tu chfl cfla : hdn ddn rdt cao ndn khdng dd gi chdch hudng eon dudng di len ehfl nghia xa hdi khidn ta phdi ban khodn, lo nggl khdng ddm chdp nhan nd. Phdi coi day la hinh thiie qua dd cdn Ihlet, tgo sue mgnh vat ehat cho nen tang kinh td cua ehu nghia xa hdi-
2- Hodn Uiidn hd thdng phdp luat dd d|nh hudng, didu chinh, qudn 1^ kinh td vl md ddi vdi ede thanh phdn kinh td bdng phdp ludt; xdy dgng he thdng co chd, chinh sdeh, thieh hgp, tgo didu kidn eho cdc tiidnh phdn kinh td binh ddng, tg ehu, tu do phdt tridn lau ddi. Ddi mdi ndi dung, phuang thuc qudn ly efla Nhd nude sao cho dung, hidu qud, ttiuc sg "chdt" ma khdng gd ep, cimg nhdc; "thodng" md khdng budng.
Trong quan he kinh td ddi ngogi, chflng ta cd co chd
"tfiodng" song vdn gi& duge dOc lap tg ehu cfla ddt nude dd tdng tinh hdp ddn ddi vdi cde nha ddu tu nud ^ ngodi giflp ta phdt tridn nhanh, manh, vung chdc d mOt sd nganh, linh vuc, dja bdn hgng tdm ttgng didm nhu mOt sd nude dd lam.
3 - Thgc iiidn edng Idiai, cdng bdng, dan chfl ttong ciiinh sdch ddu hi, qudn ly, tiiud, tdi chinh v.v.. ddi vdi cac tiidnh phdn lunh td. Xda eo chd "xin — cho"; ngdn chdn huu iiieu xu hudng quay lai bao edp ttong mgt sd nganh, Iinh vgc, thanh phdn kinh td. Khdc phge mgi bidu hien ddc quydn dae Igi, ban phat, chay chot, tham nhflng, hdi Id v.v.. trong cde khdu eua qud trinh van hanh ndn kinh td nhidu thanh phdn gdn vdi thi tiudng.
4 - Chdm lo ddo tgo, xdy dung ddi ngfl edn bg cdc logi cho cde thanh phdn kinh te. Tang cudng ling dung tidn bd khoa hgc — cdng nghe hidn dai vdo qud trinh sdn xudt idnh doanh cfla cdc thanh phdn kinh td. Md rdng thdng tin va tang kha nang lanh dao efla Ddng vd dinh hudng cua Nha nude ddi vdi cdc Uianh phdn kinh td dd bdo ddm san xudt, kinh doanh dflng hudng ddp ling nhu cdu thi trudng trong nude va qudc td. Ddng vd Nha nude tgo didu kidn eho cae ehu thd cdc thanh phan kinh te tidp cdn vdi Uii trudng khu vuc vd qude te, giup eho vide chfl ddng hdi nhdp vdi nen kinh td the gidi, tang sire canh tranh, tidp thu dugc nhiing tidn bg lihoa hgc — cdng nghd vd kinh nghiem qudn ly tien bd cfla thd gidi.
5 - Coi trgng bdo vd mdi hudng trong sdn xudt, kinh doanh cua cdc thdnh phdn kinh td nhdm bao ddm phdt tii^n dn dinh, bdn vung. ICien quyet phdt hidn, ngan chan kjp thdi nhung vi phgm ldm d nhi^m mdi trudng gay ton that cho sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd gdy tdc hai dnh hudng ddn siic khde con ngudi.
6 - Thuc hidn nghidm viec xu phgt nhirng chfl the kinh td, cdc don vi kinh td sdn xudt, kinh doanh hdng kem phdm chat, lam hdng gia, gian lan ttong sdn xudt, Idnh doanh dd tgo ndn nen kinh td Idnh manh, b^n vung, khdc phuc nhdng bidu hien sai trdi, tidu cgc eua cdc tiidnh phdn kinh td cd the xdy ra gay nen nhflng bidn ddng vd kinh td — xa hdi cfla ddt nude./.
Tai iieu tham i(hao
APD (2015) Vai hd cua Nha nude hong Xdy dung He Uidng Tai chinh Vidt Nam, Tai lieu Nen tdng vd Vai hd cfla Nha nude ttong Phdt tiien Ndn kinh td Vidt Nam.
CIEM (2016) Vai trd cua Nhd nude trong Ddu tu Qudc gia. Tdi lidu Ndn tang vd Vai ttd efla Nhd nude trong Phdt tridn Nen kinh td Viet Nam.
Nguydn Dinh Cung, Nguydn Tfl Anh, Dinh Tudn Minh, Le Huong Linh (2015). Xay dung mdt thd ehe Nha nude dugc thj hudng hd trg.
Dinh Tudn Minh, Pham The Anh (2014). Bao cao phat tridn kinh td thj trudng Viet Nam ndm 2014. Nhd xudt bdn Tri thue.
OECD. 2016 Qudn hi Nhd nude trong Tdng tnidng Bao ttflm OECD, Paris.
H Tt CHAU A THAI Bir- -HAF^Q 3 / z a :
