NGHIEN cffu-TRAO Ddi
HIEP DINH DOI TAC XUYEN THAI BINH DUONG VA N H O N G TAC DONG DEN QUAN LY NHA Nl/dC
VE KINHTE 6 VIET NAM
TS. BUI THI THUY NHI*
HiipdjnbDditicxuyinTbiiBinbDuongdrans-Paci&cStiatepcEconomicPartneisbip Agreement-TPP) li mft dim phin nhiiu bin vdi mge tiiu tiiiet lip khu vgc thuong mgi
ttf do chimg eho denude ddS tic trong khuvifc chiu A - Tbii Bulb Duong. TPP vdi cic tiiu chuin lit cao vi quin ajminb bgch vi hinh xi khich quan cia bdmiynhinadc, si thicdiyboan thiin b0 miy quin If nhi mrdc tbeo budng tinh ggn, trong sgch; diy mgnh di dch binh cbinh.
N0idungdabiiviSniytiptiungtiaoddi,nghiinciunbar^ticd0i^daTPPd6iquin If nhi nude viklnb tid Kit Nam Hia 4 khia cgnb sau: (1) Tic ddng dab chi tiiu dng thing qua giim tbu ngin sich nhi nude; (2) Tie ddng din hogt d0ngmua sim C3iinb phi; (3) Tie ddng din quin If hi tbdng doanh nghiip nhi nadc; (4) Tbay ddi phuaag thic quin If nin kinb tida Nhi node.
T
PP dupe coi Ii Hiep dmh mang tmb budc ngoat cfla till ky XXI bdi TPP cam kit muc dfi tir do hda rit cao, pham vi dilu ehiita toin dien vi die bift, efi CO chl ring bufic tauc tM chit che. Ddi vdi Vift Nam, thirta viln cd trinh dp phit Win taip nhit ttpng khfii, ben canh nbOnglpi ich vl kmh t l dem Iai gifing ttau cic qui Wrta bpi nhip khic, TPP se tap cho Viet Nam sttc ep tu thay doi the ehl, dilu ma ehua mdt Hifp dmh thuang mai nr do (FTA) nao Wroc do dat dupc.1. TPP cfi till Iim giim thu ngin sich nhi nuflrc do earn kit xfia bfi tbul quan
Cbo din nay, Vift Nam di ky kit 12 FTA song phuang hoac da phuong vdi bau hit
cac ddi tic ldn itait cfla Vift Nam ttfn cac Hita vuc thuong mai vi dau tu, nhu: Nfii khdi ASE/iN (nim 1995), ASEAN - Trung Quoc (nam 2005), Vift Nam - Nbat Ban (nam 2009), ASEAN - An Dfi (nam 2010), Vif t Nam -HinQufic (nim 2015), ViftNam-EU (nim 2015)... vi gin diy nbit la TPP. Qui trinh hfii nhip niy d i mang lal ea hfii rat Idn cho Vift Nam, tap ra dfing luc mdl cho phit Win kiita t l rtad gia tang quy md Muong mai va diu M, tao ra ip luc dl ddi mdl thi chl kinh tl... Tuy viy, ftmfit kMa canh khic, cae cam kit FTA nfii chung vi TPP nfii rifng di va se cd tic dfing nbit djnh true tiep Iim giam ngudn thu ngin sich nhi nudc (NSNN). So
* Hpc vien Hinh chinh Quoc gia Ti>tP CHl Q U A N Lt N H A NUdc - Sd 244 (5/2016)
NGHliN cffu-TRAO Ddi di nhu viy bdi tit ca FTA cflng TPP, vl mat
ban chit diu nhim t?o ra ludng chu chuyin Ur do hing hfia efla cic nudc thinh viln thfing qua vifc cit giam, thim cM xfia bd tiiulxuat, nhip khau (XNK).
KM Id ttiita cit giim taul dupc tairc Mf n taeo cam kit cfla cie Mf p dinh tbutMig mai, ttong dd cam kit manh nhat l i TPP, muc dfi thim hut ngin sich cd thi se gia ting ttong taoi gian tdi. Theo kit qui ngMfn ctm vl tic dfing cfla vile Vif t Nam Mam gia Cfing ddng Ktab t l ASEAN (AEC) cho Uiiy, ngufin tiiu ngin sich cd thi bj giim do xda bo thul nhip khiu len din 320 trifu USD, tuang duong 75% tfing sd thu thul quan tfl bing nhip khiu ASE/\N'. Hem niia, ttong ca eau ngudn thu NSNN, ty ttpng fliu tu fliul XNK vi tiiu thu die bilt Men cMlm ty ttpng ttf n duoi 20%, chimg td ngudn thu ngin sich dang phu taufic ldn vio cic loai thul niy.
Theo sfi Ueu thfing kl, ty ttpng thu ngin sach MtaulXNK ttong 10 nim (2006 - 2016) cho thiy rfi xu huflng tic dpng efla cic FTA din ngudn tau NSNN. Ddng gdp cfla tau tu can dfii XNK di glim ding kittongtdng tau ngan sich, tu tten 20% nam 2010 - 2013, giam xuong xip xi 19% nim 2014-2015 vi du toan chi ciiilm ty ttpng 15,57% ttpng nim 2016. Nlu M sau kM Vif t Nam gia itaip WTO din nim 2011, ty trpng tau NSNN tfl thul XNK van ting, cd tai giai taieh mpt phan li dp ttaimg cam kit mi chflng ta tavrc Mfn taeo WTO chua matta me, moi cM ft giai dean ban diu. Tuy viy, tu nam 2012 cho din nay, chflng ta buoe vio giai doan nudc nit phai hoin tainh cam kit giam taul ttong WTO, dfing tadi cflng ttong giai doan niy, cac FTA ma Viet Nam hay ASEAN ky lilt vdi Nhit Bin, An Dp, Han Qufic... bit diu cfi Men luc vi phil tavrc Mfn cat giam taul.
CMita vi tai, ty ttpng tau ngin sich tu taul XNK d i giim rfi rft, die bilt nam 2016, taeo du kiln cua Qudc bfii, ngudn tau nay chl
cfin xip xi 16%, giam marta so vdi nim 2015.
Mgt nUita chtrng rfi ring nua l i tafing qua sfi Ufu vl tau ngin sich tu XNK so vfii quy mfi GDP hing nim. Viet Nam la mfit qufic gia efi dfi mo cfla tit ldn vi ting trudng kitta t l phan ldn dvia vio XNK vi dau tu nude ngoii. Chitta vi viy, itaimg nam qua, XNK gia ting kMIn cbo GDP cung ting taeo.
Tuy nMfn, Il ra kun ngach XNK ting se keo taeo taul XNK, taul tiiu tau die Mft bang nhip khau, taul VAT hing nhap khau phil tang taeo, (mac dfl bang nim kim nghich XNK vin ting), nhtmg tau ngan sich tu taul lai giam di. Vin dl nay dupc ly giii do taul suit taul XNK bi cit giim hoic xda bd taeo cac cam kit hdi itaip.
Rieng ddi vdi TPP, taoi gian Hiep djnh niy cd Meu Ivrc ed tai tfl nim 2018 ttd di. Vi viy, ttong ngin ban, quy mfi tau ngin sich tfl hoat ddng XNK se v5n dupc duy tri, nhtmg tu nim 2018, ip luc glim tau ngin sich sl rat rd. Thim cM, vin dl hut tau ngan sach do tauc Men xda bd taul taeo cam kit cfla TPP cd tai li mdi quan ngai Idn ban ea so vol eac FTA khae. Cd tai giai tMch vin dl niy vdi nhflng ly do sau:
Thi nhit, Vift Nam di cam kit rit manh, xda bd gin 100% sd ddng taul itaip khau cho 11 ntroc tainh viln cdn lai. Cu tai, kbi TPP cd Mlu luc, Viet Nam se xda bo ngay lap nic 65,8% sd ddng taul; 86,5% sd ddng tiiul vl 0% vao nam tafl 4; 97,8% sd dfing taul vl 0% vio nim tau 11. Cic mat hing cfin Iai dupc Vift Nam cam kit xda bd taul itaip khiu vfli Ifi trtnh tfii da vio nam tafl 16 hoic taeo han ngach thul quan. Trong nhiing mat hing xda bd thue nhip khiu ngay, eo rat ttailu mat hang thufic vl nguyen heu sin xuit boac hang tifu dung piid biln Mfn dang cMlm ty ttpng Ifln ttong kim ngach itaip khiu, ttau det may, giay dip, do gd, giiy, hda chit, gao, sua, phin bdn,... Ngoii ra, Vift Nam cam kit ttong TPP TAP CHi Q U A N Lt NHA NffOC - Sd 244 (5/2016)
NGHIlN cffu-TRAO Ddi
sl xda bo gan ttau 100% eac taul xuat khiu Men dang ton tai m i Mfn nay khoin taul niy dflng gfip khfing ttao vao ngan sich.
Thihai, 11 nudc tainh vien cdn lai ttong TPP diu li ttaimg nhdng ddi tie tauong msii ehfl ebfit cfla Viet Nam Men nay, bao gdm Hoa Ky, Nhit Ban, Han Qudc, Xtab-ga-po, Ot-xttay-U-a... Nhtmg nim gin diy, kim ngach XNK cfla Vift Nam vdi cic nuflrc TPP dn djnh ft mflc 38 - 39%^. Trong cac nudc TPP, Vift Nam nhap khau chfl ylu tu 4 dfii tic Idn, bao gdm: Ma-lai-xi-a, Xlnh-ga-po, Nhit Ban vi ilea Ky. Hien tai, ty trpng itaip khau tu cic nudc TPP dmflc 23% ttong nam 2014 vdi kim ngach ttaip khiu 34 ty USD.
Chiita vi TPP la khu vvrc cbllm ty ttpng rit lan ttpng tdng kun ngach XNKcflaVlftlSam nen kbi taiic Mfn cam kit xda bd taul quan sekeotaeovifc giim tau tfl taul. Tbeo tiita toan, nlu xfia bfi taul taeo AEC lim ngin sich Vift Nam giim 320 Wfu USD tai TPP sl cd tic ddng ldn ban ttailu bdi AEC chi cMlm ty ttpng 12,7% vl kim ngach xuit khiu vi 15,5% vl ttaip khau.
Tdm lai, dudi tic ddng cfla cic FTA, tau ngin sich se bj tic ddng da cMlu, cd su dan xen giua cac FTA vdi ttaau va se efi su djeh chuyin tM huflng XNK. Tuong tu ttau viy, vifc giam tau ngin sach til xda bd taulXNK sau kbi tauc Mfn TPP la he qua chic chin vi true tilp. Dilu niy ddi bdi Vift Nam phii cd itatmg Men phip ca ciu lal ngudn tau cho NSNN, die bift ia tang tau tu cac khoan tau ndi dja dl bu dip phin sut giam. Tuy nMfn, dilu quan ttpng ban ei li ttong bdi carta tau ngan sich khd khin nhu viy, Viet Nam phai cai cich matta me trong diu tu cdng, chi tieu cdng, khic phue tinii ttang din ttil, ling pM, tait taoit, ttiita vugt ttan np eflng.
2. TPP ylu ciu minh b?ch hfia vi bio dim cfing bing tmng mua sim Chlnh phfl
Diy li lan diu tien Vift Nam taam gia
dim phin ve mua sim CMnh phu sau khi toai bfi vin dl niy ttong Hifp dtah tauong mai song phuong (BTA) vdi Hoa Kyvi khfing taam gia Hifp djnh mua sim cfing (GPA) khi gia nhip WTO. Chirta vi viy, vfii quy djnh niy, TPP ctmg se tic dgng khfing iihd, lam taay ddi cich tatic tavrc Men cfla Vift Nam tfl trufirc din nay ttong Unh vuc mua sim cdng.
Dfii vtil Uita vuc mua sim cfing, cic nuoc TPP tadng nbit dua ra mdt bd quy tic kha toin dien vl diu taiu mua sim cfla eac co quan CMita phfl. Cac quy tie niy khflng ap dvmg vfii cic gfil taau vi muc dicii an ninh - qudc phdng, cic gdi taiu cfi gii W dudi mpt mtic libit dmh. TPP cimg khfing yeu eiu mfl efla thj tnrdng mua sim cua chirta quyin dja phuong. Tuy nhifn, Hifp djita lal dl ra nhting quy djrta rit ngMem ngit ttong linh VVIC mua sim Chinb pbu trung uong bing cich loai trti tm tiln iiba taiu ttong nufic.
Nguyen tie eua cam kit niy vl co ban min taeo Hifp dinb mua sim Chmh phi eua WTO bao gfim; (1) Dfii xu tdi huf quflc vi dfii xfl qudc gia; (2) Tit ci eic gdi thiu mua sim cfing se sfl dung binh taflc diu taiu qufic t l rfing rii dl lua chpn itaa taiu tu cie nufirc TPP (tru mfit so tnrdng bpp loal tru); (3) Hifp djita khdng cho phep ip dimg cicdilukifndutaau mang tiita tm tiln vfli cic nhi taiu, cung nhu khfing uu tifn cho hing hfia vi dich vu ttong nudc, khfing uu tifn doatta ngMfp nfii; (4) Thfing tm vi tail Me tai tat ca cic khiu diu taiu phai mmh bach. Ddng tadi, cic nuoc phii cd quy djnh dl bao dam Uf m cbiita ttong dau taiu va xiy dvmg quy Wtta xem xet khilu nai ctia ttai taiu.
Hifn nay, trong ttailu van bin hudng din vl dau thau cung nhu tavic tiln diin ra itailng nim qua cho taiy, Vift Nam vSn khuyin kMch eic nha taiu ndi dja (die biet li cic doanh ngMep nhi nudc (DNNN) va
o
TAP CHl Q U A N Lt NHA NffOC - Sd 244 (5/2016)NGHliN cffu-TRAO o d i tm tiln sfl dung bing hfia san xuit trong
nudc. Nhiing cam kit ttln se dit ra taieh taflc khdng rtad cbo boat dpng mua sim cfing ft Viet Nam, bupc cie ea quan ttai nufte tfl tnmg uong tdi dia phuang phai taay doi each tuduy.
Hon nua, vile mo ciia tM tnrdng mua sim cdng nlu dupe tauc tai se mang lai ca hdi dl minh bach hfia thj truflng. Hiln nay, My di ehiu SVI dilu chirta cfla be tadng pbip luit vl dau taiu khi hoin chinb ttaimg Men tupng gian lin, taam ttaiing ttong cdng tic diu taiu vin dang Ii vin dl vuong mic. Do qui Wtta dau taiu tu khiu lip bo so mdi thau din ky bgp ddng phin Iftn diu dn chfl difl tu tauc Men nen dl din din pbit smh tiiu cue ttong diu taiu. Cdng tic taeo dfii, pbit Men ttaiing sai sfit hoic tifu cue ttong qui trirta dau taiu cfla cic cip cd taim quyin cung khd khin do chl dp bao cao vl qui Wtta lua chpn itai taiu chua dugc quy dinh cu tai. Nbu viy, vile taam gia TPP vi chip nhin cie ylu cau minh bach vl mua sim cfing cd tai giflp giii quylt mdt phin nhting bit cap ttong cac bgp ddng mua sim cfing va boat ddng diu taiu. Mat khic, phin ldn cic gfil taau mua sim cdng li dtrpe cM dmh taiu. Trong 3 nim ttft lal day, "tdng sfi gfil taiu dupe cM djnh taiu cMlm tdi 75%
vl sfi lupng vi 45% vl gia W"^- Tbam gia TPP ciing la eo hfii md ra mfit mfii tnrdng canh ttaiiii cdng bing cbo cac nha taau nhim giam ty If sfi gdi taiu dugc ip dung hinh taflc cbi djnb taiu.
3. TPP tic dfing din hf tafing DNNN va quin ly cfla Nhi nufle dfii vfii DNNN
Trong cic Mep djnb tauong mai m i Viet Nam d i ky kit, nbu WTO, BTA Vift Nam - Hoa Ky, ndi dung vl DNNN tiing dupc dl cip. Tuy niiifn, cic cam kit niy Wong ddi don giin. chfl ylu tip trung vao nghia vu yeu ciu DNNN phii tavrc Mfn cic giao dich mua ban bing hda va djch vu tauan My taeo
tm Men thi tnidng va khdng dupe phep cd svt phin bift dpi xu ttpng cic giao djch dd.
Do viy, eic cam kit niy ehua inh budng nMlu din hoat ddng cfla DNNN vi su dilu biita cfla CMnh phd ddi vdi DNNN,
CM tdi khi dim phin TPP, cie van dl vl DNNN mdi dupc dua ra ttap ddi mfit cich chi tilt, ring budc chit che ngMa vu cfla Cbiita phfl va eic DNNN cfla nttdc dd, diy ctmg limfitpbanttongnfii dung cam kit vl chinb sach carta ttaita. Muc tieu chitta eua TPP khi xiy dvmg bp nguyin tic mdi vl DNNN li tao lap mdi trudng carta ttarta btoh ding gifla cic taarta phin ktab t l ttong khu vuc tauong mai tu do, ddng tadi, cie taiita viln phai tafla itaan vai trd quan ttgng cfla khu vvrc DNNN tai mdt sd nufirc taanii vifn, die Met li dfii vdi cic nude dang pbit Win ttong vifc tauc Mfn eac muc tiiu chinb sich cfing, dn djnb kinb t l vi mfi.
Cung can luu f ring, khii niem vl DNNN ttong TPP khfing tafing ttait vol khii mfm DNNN cfla Viet Nam hifn nay. Tbeo quy dtab mdl ttong Luat Doanh nghiip nam 2015, DNNN li doatta ngMep ma Nhi nudc trvrc tilp nim giu 100% vfin dilu 11. Dilu dd khfing cfi nghia li ngMa vu cam kit trong TPP vl DNNN chi ip dpng vdi cic doarta ngMlp 100% vdn nhi nudc m i TPP di quy djnh, nhflng doanh nghifp cfi tylf nim giu vdn cua Nhi nuflrc cMlm ttfn 50% eflng se trd tainh dgi tupng dilu cbinh cua Hifp dinh niy.
Thuc Men cam kit tteng TPP cting ddng ngbla vdi vile Nha nudc phai xda bd ngay niiimg uu tifn, uu dai biln nay cbo cae DNNN, khdng dupc phin bift dfii xfl gifla doatta ngMep tu nhin vfli DNNN. Mac dfl, vi mat pliip ly chitta sich Men hanh khfing ed su piiin Met ddi xfl gifla DNNN va doanh ngMlp tu ttain ttaimgxit qui trinh tavrc tM va ttong mfit sd tnrdng hpp cu tai, di dang nhan taiy d Viet Nam, eac DNNN dupc TAP CHl Q U A N Lt N H A Nffdc - Sd 244 (5/2016)
NGHIEN cffu-TRAO o d i
hirftng nMlu uu dii, bao hfi hem so vdi doaita ngMep ngoii nhi nuflrc.
Nhu viy, TPP vfli nhiing quy djnh chat chl vl DNNN cfi tai xem itau mflt ca ehl glim sit chit chl qui trirta tavrc tM vi tuin tafl cfla Chinb phfl ttong liita vvrc quin ly DNNN. TPP se bupc CMnh phfl cfl be tafing cbinh sach minh bach, binh ding, t?o ra mfli tnrdng carta ttaita cdng bing giua eic khu vvrc doanh ngMlp, cd cbinh sich bd tto tMIt tavrc voi doarta ngMep nho vi vua.
4. TPP lim taay dfii cich taflc quin ly nin kmh t l cila Nhi nufte
Vdi CO chl tavrc tM cao, cac tiiu chuin vi quy tie efla TPP hoin toan cfi tai ttft taarta Mat chai mdi ttong nin kmh t l qufic gia tainh vien vi nin ktab t l toin eiu. Dilm ndi bit cua TPP so vdi cac FTA Wiflrc diy l i khdng cM bao gfim eic van dl tai bifn gidi, ttau tatrcmg mai hang hda, tauong mai djch vu vi diu tu, m i TPP cfin bao gdm cic vin dl vl tai ehl (DNNN, mua sim cfing...) vi pU tauong mai (lao dfing, mfii truflng...).
Ph?m vl tic dfing cfla TPP khfing cM dtmg 1^ ft cae doaita ngMfp trong nudc tafing qua vifc tao ip Ivrc carta ttaita khdc hit, m i TPP cdn tic ddng vi lim taay ddi can ban cich tailc qflin ly kinh t l cfla Nhi nudc. Tu nhiing phan tichftttln,edtal rflt ramptsd tic dfing cfla TPP din quan ly ttai nufte vl kmh t l ft Vift Nam itau sau:
Thinhit, taeo cam kit ttong TPP, cic CO quan quin ly nhi nudc khfing dirpe cd su phin bilt trong vifc tavic Mfn ehue ning quin ly, dilu tilt gifla cac tainh phin kirta t l khi cae doanh ngMfp niy cd boat dpng taupng m ^ vi c^nh ttanh vfii itaau trfn thi tiruflng.
Thihai, kM taam gia TPP, Nha nufte sl vin dtrpe ho ttp cie DNNN, My nMfn, mflc hfi ttp khdng gay bit binb ding Idn vi inh huong tiiu cvrc tfii tautmg mai, diu M. Ddng
tadi, tit ca cac khoin tta cip tnrc tilp hay gian tilp eho DNNN diu pbai dupc cfing khai, minb bach boa vi cfi nhiing ban ehl nbit dmh.
Thiba, eaquan ttai nufic cic cip khfing efi quyin can tMf p taeo pbutmg tatic banh eWnh, pM tbi ttudng vao hoat ddng kmh doanh vi quan ly doanh nghilp, tu quylt dtab diu tu, td ehflc kinh doanh din iua chpn cin bfi quin ly vi Myln dvmg nhan cfing, tiln luong, tiln tauftng, taanh tta, glim sit, danh gii...
Thita, ttich nMem eua Nha nufic phai rfi ring vi minh bach hon. Nhi nuoc phdi chju ttich ttaiem vfii vifc quylt djtta cic cbinh sich cfla miita, nlu dua ra cbiita sich gay tMft bai cho doaita ngMfp ttong va ngoii nufic tM Nhi nufte phai bdi tauong
Tbinam, Nhi nudc cd tai bj kifn bdi doatta ngMfp nude ngoii. Co chl mfii cua TPP cbo pbip giai quylt cic vin dl theo hudng din cliu hem, Nhi nudc vi doanh nghifp cfi tai kien lin nhau. Diy Ii co chl ban nhu chua cfl trong cic FTA trude diy Dilu niy ddi hdi Nhi nuiic phil lufln binh xfl taeo phip luit, tuin thfl trift dl cam kit, dong tadi phai cd dfli ngu luit su, M van phip ly du marta dl bio ve quyin loi qudc gian
CMthSch:
1. Nguyin Hdng Son, Nguyin Anh Thu.
Cdng ddng kinh te ASEAN (AEC): BSi cinh vi kinh nghigm qudc ti. H. NXB Dal hpc QuSc gia, 2015, tt. 84.
2. Vifn Nghien cuu kinh t l vi chinh sich (VEPR). TicddngciaTPPviAECIinninkinhte VietNam. H. NXB Thg gioi, 2015, a. 12.
3. Phit bilu eda flng NguySn DSng Truang, Phfl Cue ttudng Cue Quin ly d i u taiu (BO KJ hoach v i Diu m) tai Hfli thdo vl TPP, trin Thfli bio Hnh tg Sai Gdn, ngiy 23/5/2014 TAP CHl Q U A N Lt N H A NffOC - Sd 244 (5/2016)
