KHOA HOC ¥.1 THUAT THC Y TAP XX SO 3 - 2013
THU THAP VA QUAN LY THUNG TIN DjA LY TRONG THU Y
Nguyen Vdn Long, Phan Quang Minh, Dd Hdu DUng, Nguyen Thu Thdy Cue thu y
I. DAT VAN BE
6 nude ta, he thdng thdng tin dia ly (Geographic Infomahon System, CIS) da va dang dugc sir dung rdng rai trong hau hdt cdc mdng cdng viec ciia nganh chan nudi vd thu y (FAO, 2009; Nguyln Van Long va cs, 2011.
Nguyen Vdn Long vd cs, 2013; Phan Quang Minh vd cs, 2009). Kat qua img dung GIS da giiip cho cd ngudi chdn nudi vd cdc nhd qudn ly CO nhung hinh anh true quan ve khdng gian ttong chan nudi va phdn bd dich benh gia siic.
gia cam, do dd hd trg cho cdng tdc quan ly ve chan nudi va thu y ngay cang da ddng han. Vi vay, trong thth gian tdi GIS se dugc ung dung rong rai trong cdng tac thu y tai nude ta.
Thanh cdng ciia viec img dung GIS trong thu y phu thudc vao ba yeu td co ban, dd la: du heu (1); cdc bd cdng cu quan ly vaphantich(2);
nhdn luc sir dung phii hgp va thanh thao nhirng ky thuat quan ly, phan tich sd lieu va dien giai ket qud (3). Mdi yau td deu ddng vdi trd quan frgng va khdng ndn xem nhe trong bat ky cdng doan ndo cita qua trinh su dung. Tiep theo bai viet ddu tien ve tdng quan irng dung GIS trong thiiy (Nguyan Van Long vd cs, 2013), chiing toi xm gui tdi quy dgc gia bai vidt nay de cap den yau td co bdn dau han, do la dir lieu. Hdu het nhirng ngudi ldm trong ngdnh chan nudi vd thii y it nhiau dd hiau rd tdm quan trgng ciia du lieu, mgt yau td ddu tien va rdt quan trgng cho phep chung ta cd dugc nhimg phdn tich de hieu rd hon ddc diam chan nudi, ddc diem dich benh dl ttr dd dua ra cac bien phap qudn ly phii hgp, nham dem lai hieu qud cao nhat trong chdn nudi va thu y. Vi vdy, muc heu cua bai viat nham: (a) gidi thieu khdi quat ve dii lieu dia ly diing trong thu y, (b) nhiing ggi y de thu thdp dir lieu theo cac dinh dang thdng nhat; (c) quan ly, truy xuat va su dung dii lieu trong cdng tdc thu y.
II. THONG TIN DIA LY DUNG TRONG THU Y
2.1. Khai ni^m torn tdt
Thdng tin dia ly diing trong thii y bao gdm nhiing dii lieu va khdng gian (dja diem) dugc ghi chep, tdng hgp, quan ly, phan tich va dian giai cdc kat qua de dua ra nhirng thdng tin hd trg tich cue cho chdn nudi va phdng chdng dich benh d ddng vdt, Thdng tin dia ly dugc xem Id mgt trong nhirng ydu td cau thdnh nan tam gidc dich ta (Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh, 1970), ddng thdi cho phep chiing ta xac dinh dich benh xuat hien d dau, noi nao dich benh thudng xuydn hoac hiam khi xay ra, su khdc nhau ve tinh chat djch benh giiia cdc dia diam, tir do cd tha dua ra cac bien phdp phong, chdng dich benh phii hgp vdi tirng khu virc (Nguyln Van Long vd cs, 2013; Phan Quang Minh vd cs, 2009).
Ben canh thdng tin dia ly neu tren, nhirng dii lieu va qudn tha (tdng dan) dgng vat man cam, cdc ylu td mdi trudng va thdng tin ve dich benh dgng vdt thudng duoc thu thap, quan ly vd su dung ddng thdi trong chdn nudi thu y. Chinh vi vay, khi ndi den thdng tin dia ly diing trong thu y, trong khudn khd bdi vidt. chiing toi cung de cap dan nhirng dif lieu nay da thdy ro mdi lian ha vd sir can thiat phai thu thdp, quan ly vd sir dung mdt each hgp ly cac loai ihdng tin trong thu y.
2.2. Phan loai thong tin
2.2. L Thong tin vi khdng gian (dia ly) Du lieu dja ly va co ban gdm hai thdnh phdn chinh Id phdn cdc ddc diem dia ly (features) vd phdn thudc tinh (attribute) di kem cho mdi loai ddc diem dd.
KHOA HQC KY T H U A T T H C Y TAP XX S6 3 - 2013
Phan die diem dja IJ: bao g6m ba lo?i dii (polygon). Ba lo^i dft li^u ndy dugc minh hga ligu CO ban Id: dir ligu dang didm (point), da nhu Hinh 1.
ligu d?ng dudng (line) vd dft ligu d?ng viing
Hinh 1. Cdc Idp dijr ll$u vector (tir tr§n xudng: da li$u diSm Id vl tri cUc b4n c6u phd, da ll$u dudng qudc \0 vd dut U$u d^ng viing - polygon) vd da U$u raster cOa Vi$t Nam
DO lieu duCTng. \-ung
- Dit lieu dang diem (point) la cdc toa dg dia ly, dugc the hien hodc la d dang tga do De-cac (theo loan hgc ky hieu Id X, Y) hodc d dang kinh do (longitilude) vd vT dd (lahtude) the hien theo dang dg, phut, giay hoac cac dang tucmg irng khdc. Trong thu y, dir lieu dang diam dugc sii dung rdng rai de xac dinh dia diam cdc trang trai, cdc hg chdn nudi cd gia sue, gia cam hi benh. Dii lieu dang diem cung dugc su dung tha hign vj tri trung tdm va dia ly cua cac dan vi hdnh chinh (cdp thdn, xa, huyen, tinh,...).
- Dir lieu dang dudng (line) la cac duimg kat ndi giua dia diam ndy vdi dja diam khdc.
Vi du Id cdc dutmg (lian xa, lien huygn, tinh lg, qudc Id, dudng sat,...) hodc cdc sdng, sudi.
kanh, lach. Bdn chat cua du ligu dang dudng Id lap hgp cua cac dft ligu dang diem.
- Dii ligu dang viing (polygon) Id cdc viing dia ly cd kich thudc khdc nhau, dugc gidi han bdi cac dudng bao quanh. Vi dy: viing dia ly ciia mgt hg chdn nudi, mgt trang trai, mgt x3, huygn, tinh, viing hodc ca nude. Cdc dudng bao quanh, thyc chdt dugc t?o nen bdi dft ligu d^ng didm va du ligu dudng kat noi gifta cac diam bao quanh viing dia ly dd.
Ba loai dft ligu (diam, dudng, viing) neu tren thudng cd dinh dang dugc phan thanh hai loai Id vector va raster (Hinh 1). Dinh d^ng vector thudng dugc dp dyng cho cd ba lo^i d\i li?u- Djnh dang raster thudng dugc dp dyng cho
KHOA HQC KY THUAT T H O Y TAP XX S 6 3 - 2013
dft li?u d?ng viing, cac 6 vuong vdi kich thuoc khac nhau, phy thudc vao dg phan giai (mire dg chi hat) cua dft ligu dia ly dd. Cac viing thudng dugc chia thanh cac 6 hinh vuong da tha hign cac thdng hn dia ly cd tinh chdt lian tyc. Vi dy nhir: sd lugng gia siic, gia cdm hodc cac ca bgnh dugc tdng hgp cho mdi viing dia ly.
Cdch tha hign ba loai dft ligu nau tran dugc chia thanh ba nhdm chinh, dd Id: Nhdm cac diem riang le, nhdm cac diam ggp lai cho mdi vung dja ly va nhdm cdc dft ligu han tyc. Nhdm cdc diam riang la bao gdm tga dg cua cac vi tri, dia diam hodc cac dudng di qua mdi dia diam.
Nhdm cac dir ligu ggp lai cho mdi viing dia ly, vi dy: sd tugng didm ciing vdi sd gia sue, gia
cam bj benh tuang ung cho mdi xd, huyen, tinh.
Vd nhdm cdc dft ligu lidn tyc nhu lugng mua, dg am, nhiet dg va do cao cua mdi vung.
Phan thugc tinh: thudng la cdc bang chOra thdng hn md ta chi tiai ve cdc ddc diam dja ly (feature) nhu trinh bay d Iran. Vi du, dudi ddy la bdng thugc tinh ciia lap bdn dd hdnh chinh cdp xa hign nay cua nude ta, bao gdm cdc thdng tin: Ma sd cap xa, huyen, tinh, phan loai xa, phudng, ten cdc dan vj cdp xa, cap huyen vd cap tinh. Trong nhumg thdng tin nay, ma so duy nhat Id rdt quan trgng vd can dugc gdn eho mdi ddc diam dia ly cu tha, khdng hi Iriing lap. Vi du: mdi xa chi cd mgt md sd duy nhat cho dii ed nhiau xa cd cung tan trong pham vi ca nude.
Bdng 1 . Minh hga bdng thugc tmh cCia Idp dQ ligu dja ly (caTp xa)
Masd xd 3051913 3051547 1171503 1171549 1171541 1171545 1171539 4015363
Mas£
huy^n 5374 5329 14623 14692 14680 14686 14677 16657
tinh 305 305 117 117 117 117 117 401
Ten vung dja ly
Tdy Bdc Tay Bac DB Sdng Hdng DB Song Hong OB Song Hong DB Song Hong DB Song Hong Bdc Trung Bp
Loai
Xd Xa Thi tran
Xd Xa Xa Xa Xa
Ten xa
X Lac Thinh X. Ngoc Son Tt. Binh Minh X. Kim Hdi X. Van Hai X. Kim My X. Dmh Hoa X. Nghi Sdn
Ten huy^n Yen Thuy
Lac Son Kim Sdn Kim Sdn Kim Sdn Kim Son Kim Sdn TTnh Gia
Tdn tinh
Hda Binh Hoa Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Thanh Hoa
Ngodi nhirng du ligu md ta theo dang thdng lin hdtdi chinh nhu Bang 1, cdc thudc tinh cua dft li$u dia ly cung bao gdm nhiing du heu ve do cao, mdi trudng, lugng mua, nhiet do,...
Cac ma sd xd, huygn, tinh la duy nhdt, khdng triing lap trong timg cap.
2.2.2. Thong tin ve qudn the dpng vgt mdn cdm vadfchbfnh
Thdng hn ve qudn tha dgng vat mdn cdm (c6a ggi Id sd ligu tdng ddn) vd dich bgnh thuc chat cung chinh la nhung dft lieu thudc tinh cua
cdc phdn dac diam dia ly. Trong thu y, nhiing thdng tin nay la rdt quan trgng va can thiat, cho phep chiing ta phan tich va xac dinh cac dac diam khdng gian trong chdn nudi va dich benh gia sue, gia cam. We nguyan tac, nhung thdng tin ve qudn the vd dich betih ddng vat nan dugc ghi chep chi hat va day dit cho mdi don vi dia ly. Vi dy: sd lugng long dan Ign va sd ca benh lgn tai xanh dugc tdng hgp va ghi cho mdi vimg dia ly Id cap xa (Id don vi dja ly thudng dugc su dung trong dinh nghia vd d djch cua nude ta hien nay) dugc trinh bdy tai Bang 2.
KHOA HOC KY THUAT THU Y TAP XX S6 3 - 2013
B i n g 2. Bdng ghi chep s6 ll^u v l q u i n t h i l^n va cdc ca b^nh li;ln mac b#nh tai xanh
Ma sd' xa
3051913 3051547 1171503 1171549 1171541 1171545 1171539 4015363
M g s 6 ' huy^n 5374 5329 14623 14692 14680 14686 14677 16657
tinh 305 305 117 117 117 117 117 401
T6n xa
X. Lac Thinh X. Ngoc Son Tl. Binh Minh X. Kim Hai X. Van Hai X . K i m My X, Dmh Hoa X Nghi Son
Tfin huy$n
Yen Thuy Lac Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son TTnh Gia
Tfin tinh
IHoa Binh Hoa Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh T h a n h H6a
T ^ n g dan r<fn 6374 4 3 2 9 8623 12692 16680 9686 11677 10657
S6 \ifn b\ b^nh tai xanh
250 170 12 17 132 1 4 4 '
56 78
Trong tuong lai, sd li?u vd qudn tha mdn cam va sd lugng gia sue, gia cam mdc b?nh ndn dugc ghi chep chi tiat d cdc cap dan vi dja ly thdp han nhu d cap Idng (thdn, dp) hodc tham chi den tirng hd chan nudi, trang trai chan nudi.
Sd lieu chi tiat se cho phep chiing ta phan lich va dua ra nhirng dien giai chi tiet va chinh xac cho mdi vimg dia ly (Dirk Pfeiffer vd cs, 2008;
Mark Stevenson, 2012). Vi du, mdc dii hien nay chiing ta dang ghi chep sd lieu cho cap xa nhu Bang 2, nhung viec phan tich va dian gidi sd lieu d cap nay cd kha ndng khdng the chinh xdc bang sd lieu dugc ghi chep cho timg lang (thdn, dp) hoac cho timg hg, trang trai chan nudi. Chiing ta khd cd tha suy luan chinh xac tir viec sir dung sd lieu cua ca xa da dian gidi cho thuc trang chdn nudi, djch benh ciia tirng hd gia dinh, mac dii nhung hg ndy cd cdc dac diam
luong doi gidng nhau trong pham vi ca xd.
2.2.3. Thdng tin ve cdc yeu td mdi trucrng Trong thu y, nhirng thdng tin ve cdc yk\x to mdi trudng nhu nhiet dd, lugng mua, do am,...
(Bang 3) Id rat hiru ich cho viec phan hch cac ddc diem chan nudi, dac didm dich benh. Vi du, nau cd nhimg thdng tin ve nhiing yeu to nay, chiing ta cd tha xdc dinh dugc dac diem cua dich cum gia cam cd su khdc nhau giiia cdc viing dia ly do tdc ddng cua nhihig yau to nay. Tir dd, chiing ta cd the xay dung chinh sach phdng chdng dich benh phii hgp cho cac vung dai ly khac nhau. Chung ta ciing cd the xay dung cdc md hinh da phong dodn xem dich benh ciim gia cam se tha nao khi nhirng thdng tin va dich benh khdng phai liic ndo cung dugc ghi chep day dii va cap nhat lian tuc.
Biing 3. B^ng ghi chep sd' li^u ve mpt so yg'u td' mdi trUdng
Ma so xa
3051913 3051547 1171503 1171549 1171541 1171545 1171539 4015363
Ma so huy^n
5374 5329 14623 14692 14680 14686 14677 16657
Ma so tinh
305 305 117 117 117 117 117 401
Tfin xa
X Lac Thinh X, Ngoc Son Tt Binh Minh X Kim Hai X. Van Hai X, Kim My X. Dmh Hoa X. Nghi Son
Tfin huyfin
Yen Thuy Lac Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son Kim Son Tmh Gia
Tfin tinh
Hoa Bmh Hoa Binh Nmh Binh Ninh Binh Nmh Binh Nmh Binh Nmh Binh T h a n h Hoa
Nhifit dO trung binh trong ndm
2 8
2 7 2 8 2 8 2 8 28 28 32
LU(Ing mUa trung
binh (ml)
350 370 312 317 332 3 4 4 356 2 7 8
D $ a m trung binh trong nam
(%)
75 70 75 75 75 75 75 65
KHOA HOC K? THUAT THU Y T^P XX S6 3
III. THU THAP THONG TIN DIA LY TRONG THUY
Thdng thudng, thdng tin dia ly (gdm dii lieu
\h d^c diam dia ly vd thdng dn thugc linh) dugc thu thdp tir hai ngudn co bdn la cac co quan quan ly ve dia ly va cdc dot diau tra thu thap chuyen biet (diau tra ndng nghigp, diau tra d dich, giam sdt dich benh, gidm sdt van chuyan gia sue, gia cam). Nhin chung, cac co quan quan ly chuyan va dia ly thudng thu thap va quan ly theo cac bidu mau chuan, cd bdi ban va dinh ky cap nhdt dir lieu qua cdc nam, do do chat lugng du lieu la dang tin cdy. Tuy nhian, giiia cac co quan khac nhau (co quan quan ly dia ly, co quan ndng nghiep, chan nudi, thu y, khi Urgng thuy van, thdng ke,,..) cd thd thdng tin vd diJ liau lai dugc thu thap theo cac dinh dang khdc nhau.
Ddi vdi sd lieu trong cac dot didu tra chuyan biet thudng dugc thu thdp tiiy thudc vao muc dich, phuang phap, dung cu va hnh sdn cd cua mdi loai thdng tin. Do vay, da dam bdo su thong nhal va da tdi uu hda viec su dung cdc loai thong hn dia ly trong thu y, diau rdt quan hong va can thiat phdi cd cac biau mdu chudn hoa va dugc dp dung chung cho cac co quan quan ly thii y cdc cap. Cach thirc va dinh dang dii lieu cung nan dugc thdng nhat da giiip cho viec thu thap, qudn ly va sir dung thudt lien vd tiet kiem thai gian.
3.1. Chuan hda cac bieu mau thu thdp thong tin
Mac dii rdt khd da cd dugc bieu mau chuan ap dung chung cho cdc chuang trinh dieu tra khac nhau, nhung nhung nguyen tac va thdng lin CO ban sau ddy nen dugc ap dung thdng nhat giiia cdc co quan thii y tir cap dia phuang dan cSp hTing uang:
Don vi dia ly quan tdm: Dau lien can xac dinh dan vi dia ly quan lam chinh la gi? cap hd hay trang trai chan nudi, cap Idng, xa, phudng, huy^, tinh, vimg vd cd nude. Trong dieu kien
cua nude la hi?n nay vd cdng Iheo dmh nghia vh 6 dich benh gia siic, gia cdm, don vj quan tam dugc dp dung thdng nhdt la cdp xa (bao gdm xd, phudng, thj trdn). Vi vay, mgi thdng lin thudc tinh nhu tdng dan, so ca benh, sd chat, sd lieu hiiy, sd tiam phdng,... nan dugc ghi chep ddy dii va chi tiat den don vj nay (cdp xa). Vi du thdng tin nan dugc ghi chep cho dan vj cdp xa nhu trinh bay tai cdc Bang I, Bang 2 va Bang 3. Khi cd dieu ki^n Idl hon, viec ghi chep nan dugc thuc hien vdi cac cdp thap hon nhu cdp lang hoac tham chi den cap hg hay trang trai chan nudi. Viec ghi chep thdng tin dia ly nhu tga do ciia cac don vj quan tam (cap xd) hoac cdp hd chan nudi nen dugc thdng nhdt ve dinh dang hoac Id he tga do De-cac (tga do X, Y) hoac d dang kinh do (longititude) va vT do (latiUide).
Viec thdng nhal se giiip ghi chep chuan xdc va dac biet tiat kiem dugc thdi gian va nhdn luc khi tdng hop va phan lich nhirng thdng tin nay
Khung thoi gian: la rat quan trgng va can thiet ddi vdi thdng tin trong thil y ndi chung va thdng tin dia ly ndi rieng. Khung thdi gian cd Iha la ngay, tudn, thdng, nam. Mdi loai thdng tin can cd khung thdi gian nhdt dinh de biet thdng lin dugc thu thap vao thai diem nao. Mat khdc, khung thdi gian cQng hen quan dan dinh nghia ve d dich benh gia sue, gia cam. Ddi vdi cac dit lieu dia ly, thdng thudng khung thdi gian cd thd dugc linh bang nam, vi miic do thay ddi ciing khdng den ndi phd bien dien ra hdng thdng hoac nhanh hon. Ddi vdi cac dir heu dieu tra nhu loa do diem ciia cac d dich benh gia siic, gia cam nen dugc ghi kem theo khodng thdi gian la ngay/lhang/nam lai thdi diam ghi chep hoac thdi diem xuat hien d dich
Ddi tirgng: Cdc thdng tin dia ly va cac thdng lin lien quan nen dugc ghi chep cu the vd day dii cho timg ddi lugng gia siic, gia cam. Mdi doi tugng (vi du: trdu, bd, lgn, ga,...) cd tha dugc ghi chep thanh mdi cot (khi xay dung du lieu theo bang ngang - Bang 4) hoac thanh cdc hang (khi xay dung dii lieu theo bang dgc - cac hang dii lieu cu tha cho mdi ddi tugng. Bang 5).
KHOA HOC KY THUAT THO Y TAP XX S 6 3 - 2013
Bdng 4. Bdng ghi ch^p s6 ll$u theo bdng ngang
Ma s6' xa
3051913 3051913 3051547 1171503 1171539 4015363
Mas6 h u y ^ n
5374 5374 5329 14623 14677 16657
M a s 6 t i n h 305 305 305 117 117 401
T d n xa
X Lac Thinh X Lac Thinh X Ngoc Son Tl. Binh Minh X Dinh Hoa X Nghi Son
T f i n huyfin
Yen Thuy Yen Thuy Lac Son Kim Son Kim Son Tinh Gia
T f i n t i n h
Hoa Binh Hoa Binh Hoa Binh Nmh Binh Nmh Binh Thanh Hoa
T r f i u ( c o n )
2 8 370 312 3 1 7 2 8 3 2
B d ( c o n )
350 350 3 7 0 312 356 2 7 8
L 9 n (ccHi)
75 356 334 75 370 65
Bdng 5. Bdng ghi chep sd' li^u theo bdng dpc
Ma sd' xa
3051913 3051913 3051913 3051913 3051913
Ma sd' h u y f i n
5374 5374 5374 5374 5374
Ma sd' t i n h 305 305 305 305 305
T f i n xa
X. Lac Thinh X. Lac Thinh X. Lac Thinh X, Lac Thinh X Lac Thinh
T f i n h u y f i n
Yen Thuy Yen Thuy Yen Thuy Yen Thuy Yen Thuy
T f i n t i n h
Hoa Bmh Hoa Bmh Hoa Bmh Hoa Binh Hoa Bmh
L o a i
Trau B6 Lon G a Vit
S6 \atfng (con)
370 312 356 278 350
Nhu vdy, nhiing thong tin co ban (dan vi dja ly, khung thdi gian va ddi lugng) la nhuTig thdng tin ludn ludn phai cd vd cdn dugc ghi chep trong cac bidu mdu thdng nhal va dugc diing chung cho cac don vi thii y. Cd dugc nhiing thdng tin day dii vd 3 thdnh phdn nay se giiip chiing ta xac dinh dugc cdc ddc diem chan nudi vd ddc diam djch benh gia siic, gia cdm.
Nhirng thdng tin khac di kem cho phep cd dugc nhirng phdn tich chi tidt hon.
3.2. Cdc nguon thdng tin dia ly
3.2.1. Ngudn chinh thu-c: Tir cdc ct/quan qudn ly nhd nir&c
Va nguyen lac va cung Id day dii, chuan muc nhal, nau chiing fa cd dugc dii lieu dia ly vd cdc du lieu thugc linh tir cdc co quan quan ly tuang ling nhu: quan ly va dja ly, mdi trudng, quan ly chan nudi, Ihii y va tir cac ca quan thdng ka cac cap.
3.2.2. Ngudn dirac chia se rpng rai trong cpng mgng internet
Cac ddc gid trong ngdnh thii y ed tha lay dft heu dia ly lir ngudn khdc nhau, vi du:
Dir lieu dja ly (vector) danh gidi ciia cdc dan vj hdnh chinh, tir Irang web Global Admmistrahve Areas: http://www.gadm.org/
country. Tai myc "Country", chiing ta se chgn ten nude (vi du: Vietnam) va tai muc "File format", chiing ta chgn dinh dang dir lieu ma chiing ta mudn sii dung (vi du: Shapefile Id file dang ban dd/hinh anh, loai phd bian nhat hi$n nay). Ddc diam cua du lieu dia ly lay tir ngudn ndy thudng dugc cap nhat muon hon mdt vai ndm so vdi bdn chinh Ihiic do cdc co quan qudn ly ban hanh, nhung cd tha ddp img hau hat nhiing nhu cdu co ban cho cac ddc gid trong nganh thii y.
Dir lifu hinh anh (raster) chiing ta c6 tha Idy tir trang web ciia "RASTER Global Digital Elevation Model": http://gdem.ersdac.
jspacesystems.or.jp/. Tai day, dgc gid cd the ddng ky da cd dugc mgt ten (user) da truy cap vdo he thdng. Sau khi da vao dugc trong he thong, chiing ta co the tai cac du lieu raster duoc
KHOA HQC KY THUAT THU Y TAP XX S6 3 - 2013
tha hign 6 cac 6 ka vuong. O hiang ixng cua Viet Nam la 48N. Dii lieu tii ngudn nay dugc xem la mgt trong nh&ng dii ligu raster mien phi tdt nhat hien nay, vdi dg phan giai cho mdi d vuong (grid) la 30m^ nhu Hinh 1.
Google map, Open Street Map: Ddy la cdc ngudn dft ligu dugc c?p nhdt thudng xuyen vd khd chi tiat. Vi du, chung la cd the lay tga dg dja ly cdc dia diam hodc xudt cac ban dd dang viing (polygon) tuang iing cho cdc dja diam chung ta quan tdm.
3.2.3. Tir cdc chiramg trinh, d^ dn, nghien cu-u chuyen bi^t
Hign nay, trong chdn nudi, thu y cd kha nhiau cdc chuang trinh, dg dn hodc nghien cim dd vd dang thu thdp cdc thdng tin dia ly. Vi du:
vi?c Uiu thap tga dg bdng hg thdng dinh vi tga dg todn cdu (GPS) hodc tham chi ban dd bang gidy cua cac hg chdn nudi, cdc trang trai hay dia diam cd dieh benh gia siic, gia cdm. Viec chia se nhiing thdng tin ndy sg giiip cho cdc nha fliiet ka tiat kiem dugc nhigu ngudn luc ma khong nhat thiat phdi tiau ldn kinh phi da thu thdp nhiing thdng hn gidng nhau. De cd dugc dieu nay, viec cgng lac va diau phdi su dung cdc nguon lire vd nhiing thdng lin la rat quan trgng.
Vi du: Cd khd nhiau nghian cuu do Td chiic Nong luong tha gidi (FAO) vd Cue Thii y ciing 16 chirc thuc hien, trong dd cd nhiau thdng tin hoan loan cd tha chia se giiia cdc nghien ciiu.
3.3. Cdc birdc thu thap thong tin Birofc 1: Ndng cao nhan thirc ve tdm quan trgng vd higu qua iing dung thdng tin dia ly.
Day Id budc quan trgng vi thuc td nhiau khi nghe cd ve don gian, nhung khi tridn khai thuc hien, nhan thiic ciia cd nhiing ngudi lam lanh dao vd nhftng ngudi Ihirc hien khdng day du dan dan gdp nhiau khd khan va tham chi that bai, khdng thu thdp dugc thdng tin.
Bmh: 2: Chuan bi ca sd du lieu de qudn 1^ va sii dyng thong tin. Day Id diau kign tien quyat giiip cho viae thu thdp, quan ly vd sir diing thdng tin mgt each hieu qua. Tdi im nhdt
la chiing ta cd cdc co sd du lieu chuyan bigt.
Trong nhiing trudng hgp khd khan, viec sir dung cdc cdng cu nhu Microsoft Office (Access vd Excel) la nhung lua chgn cd tinh tam thdi nhung th\rc hln va da su dung.
Bud-c 3: Thdng nhat su dung cac biau mau d cac ea quan thu thdp thdng tin. Thdng tin se khdng tha thu thap, qudn ly va sii dung phii hgp va chinh xac nau khdng cd cac bidu mdu thong nhdt, dp dung trong ngdnh chan nudi, thii y. Vi dg: Hien nay Cue Thii y da va dang ap dung biau mau thu thap thdng tin dich benh ddi vdi bgnh ciim gia cam, LMLM, tai xanh (Cue Thii y. 2012). Cdc don vi qudn ly nhd nude ve Ihii y nan su dung biau mau thdng nhdt nay. Ddi vdi cdc don vi, cd nhan khac ciing nan xay dung biau mdu thdng nhat va dp dung xuyan sudt da dam bdo thdng tin dugc thu thap ddy dii va chinh xac.
Birdc 4: Hgi thao lap huan da thdng nhat phuang phap, each thirc Ihu thap, qudn ly va sir dung. Day la budc quan trong nham giiip nhung ngudi thu thdp thdng tin hiau ro, hieu dimg va thuc hien ddy dii. Dong thdi giiip cho nhiing ngudi thu thap sir dung nhiing thdng tin d muc CO ban de giiip hg thdy dugc y nghia cua viec thu thap thdng hn.
Budc 5: Sir dung va chia se thdng tin. Gidng nhu mgi thdng tin khac, thdng lin dia ly trong thii y chi phdt huy dugc lac dung vd hieu qua khi nhiing thdng hn nay dugc chia se giua nhimg ngudi lien quan. Viec chia se thdng lin ciing se giiip eho tiet kiem cdc ngudn luc ve tdi chinh vd nhdn luc, tranh hnh trang phdi thu thap va tdn kinh phi nhiau Idn.
3.4. ThSm dinh chat lu-gng va djnh dang thong tin dia ly
Bdt ky loai thdng tin dia ly vd thong tin chdn nudi, thii y deu can phai tham dinh da dam bao chdt lugng va djnh dang thdng nhdt. Day la viec lam quan trgng trudc khi sir dung nhimg thdng hn nay cho bdi ky muc dich qudn ly hay phan tich ndo.
KHOA HOC KY THUAT T H U Y TAP XX S 6 3 - 2013
IV. QUAN LY VA SU" DVNG THONG TIN DIA LY TRONG THU Y
4.1. Xay dyng cor sd dir lifu dja ly Thdng tin dja ly thudng dugc thu th|ip tir nhiau nguon khac nhau nhu dd nau d tren, ban chat cua mdi loai thdng tin lai rat da d?ng, thudng xuyen thay ddi. Ben canh dd, vigc su dyng thudng xuyen ddn dan vigc chia cdt cdc loai du ligu dja ly thdnh cac don vj nhd ban so vdi don vj ban ddu, ddn ddn thdng lin rat dl bj phan tdn, nhdm lan vd mat nhiau thdi gian thdm dinh trudc khi su dgng. Vi vay, vigc xay dyng CO sd dii ligu (CSDL) da qudn ly thdng tin dia ly ndi rieng vd cac thdng tin thu y ndi chung la rat quan trgng vd nan dugc thuc hien cdng sdm cdng tdt. Mdi co quan, don vi ndn xay dung cho minh mgt CSDL. 6 cdp do cd nude, cac ca quan qudn ly cdp trung uong nen xay dung cdc CSDL qudc gia de dam bao thdng tin dugc
l*0| - ' ^ a i f i i ^ o t - i y j
thu thap xuyen sudt, thu^n tign cho qua trinh su dyng va phan tich (Nguyen Vdn Long vkcs, 2011).
Cd nhiau cdch xay dyng CSDL khdc nhau, nhung nhii-ng nguyen tdc co ban sau day nen dugc luu y: CSDL chira day dii va chinh xac cac lo?i thdng tin dja ly va thdng tin thugc tinh;
cdu tnic cdn phai ddm bdo hnh ddng bg va logic gifta cdc phdn da t?o dieu kign thuan lgi cho vigc nhap, quan ly vd truy xuat dft hgu bat ky khi ndo can den. Dt yeu ciiu ndy de thyc hi^n, vigc thu thdp thdng tin theo bieu mdu nhu neu Iran Id rdt can thiat; cd giao dign phii hgp va thuan tign trong vigc truy xudt dft liau gifta cac phdn cho vigc sir dung, nhung khdng lam anh hudng dan du ligu gdc. Diau nay cd the lh\rc hign bdng cdc cau Ignh truy xuat (SQL) vd co linh hnh boat vdi khd ndng hiong thich, md rgng hoac lich hgp vdi cdc CSDL khdc.
BJ.
Hinh 2. CSDL quit) \j thdng tir) dia ly (cic Idp dQ li$u bin dd) vd thdng titi dich bSnh, gidm sdt, tiSm phdng gia sua, gia ciin cua Vt4t Nam. CSDL dUpc xay ddng bhng phSn mStn PostgreSQL cho phep truy xu^t cac da li$u dia ly v^
cac thdng tin di k^m di ddng, khdng dnh hUdng d§'n da lieu gdc. Ta CSDL ndy CO thS kd't ndi tn/c iiSp vdi cac phin mem phat) tIch khdng gian nhUArcGIS.
Quantum GIS (Hinh 3) vk R Hien nay, cd nhieu bd cdng cu cd the su dung
de xdy dung CSDL, bao gdm cdc bg phan mem thuong mai hodc cdc bg phdn mem midn phi dugc su dyng de xay dyng CSDL. Trong sd cac phan mam miln phi (ma ngudn md), GRASS (blip://http://grass.osgeo.org/) la phan mam luong ddi da su dung, nhung ngudi lam trong nganh chdn nudi va thu y nude ta cd the xay dung dugc mot CSDL lot khi su dyng GRASS.
Phdn mam PostgreSQL (http://www.poslgresql.
org) ciing rat da six dung cho nhirng ngudi lam 92
trong ngdnh chdn nudi, thu y. CSDL xay dyng bang nhiing phan mem nay (vi dy nhu Hinh 2) cung hoan toan tuong thich hoac cd tha tich hgp vdi cac bg phdn mam phan tich nhu Quantum GIS, R,... la nhung phan mem mien phi va hien dang dugc su dyng pho bian trong phan tich dich te hgc khdng gian (Mark Stevenson, 2012;
Roger Bivand va cpng sir, 2008). CSDL nay cung cho phep chiing ta ket noi vdi cac bg cdng cu phan tich dja ly khdc nhu ArcGIS, Maplnfo.
KHOA HQC KY THUAT THU Y TAP XX S6 3 - 2013
"grif|»a"aaq:'ia<>"o •^Hg^^'gd fm-^-tmu-vKmi^
Hinh 3. K§t ndi td CSDL (Hinh 2) vdi phin mem phdn tich khdng gian Quantum GIS
4.2. Qudn ly, cap nhat \k duy tri co' sd dQ- ligu Nhu da da cap, thdng tin dia ly ndi ridng vd thong tin chan nudi, thii y ndi chung thudng xuyan thay ddi, cd nhimg cap nhdt. Vi vdy, viec qudn ly, duy tri va thudng xuyan cap nhdt nhiing thdng tin nay trong CSDL la rat can thiat.
Diau quan trgng khi cap nhdt nhung thdng tin thu thap sau khong ldm mdt di hodc lam sai lech nhutig thong tin sdn cd d CSDL (ndu nhu nhimg thdng lin sdn cd ndy da chudn xdc vd da dugc sir dung cho nhieu phdn tich trudc dd). Luc nay, yeu to ve khung thai gian nhu da dd cap Id rat quan trgng. Hay ndi each khdc, ka ca du lieu dja ly va dft lieu thugc tinh ve chdn nudi, thii y nan cd mgt trudng (cdt) ghi chep chi tidt ngay/
thang/ndm cap nhdt du lieu. Viec luu trii ca dii lieu cii va du lieu cap nhdt se cho phep chiing ta phan tich cac thong tin dich benh theo thdi gian mdt each da ddng vd chudn xac.
CSDL khi dd dugc xay dung va dua vdo qudn ly vd su dyng, nau cd nhftng cap nhat hap Iheo thi viec cap nhdt cdn thdng qua mgt co cha hay mgt nguyan tdc chung, thdng nhdt giua cdc ldn cap nhat vd cd giua nhiing ngudi lam nhiem vu quan ly vd cap nhat du lieu. Ben canh do, nhat la ddi vdi dii heu dia ly, yau cau thdng nhal va dinh dang la rat quan trgng cho viec cap nh?il dft ligu. Cd nhu vay, CSDL mdi cung cdp thong tin dugc sii dung da phan anh cac tinh hinh sdt vdi thuc td, sat vdi dia diam, thdi gian va doi tugng quan tam.
4.3. Truy xuat cho vifc su dyng thong tin dia ly trong thii y
Thdng thudng, do nhuTig muc dich va tidu chi sir dung khdc nhau, nhung thdng tin dia ly vd thdng tin chdn nudi, thii y thudng bi phdn cdt thanh nhiing phdn thdng tin nhd, rat da ldm sai lech nhung thdng tm ban ddu (ke ca ve sd lugng, chat lugng va djnh dang dja ly). Day chinh la hau qua ciia viec khdng cd dugc CSDL diing chung, dan den cac don vi vd cd nhan quan ly va sir dung tuy y.
Khi cd dugc CSDL chuan, viec truy xudt cac loai du lieu dua tran cdc tiau chi cua ngudi sir dung cd tha thuc hien mdt each de ddng thdng qua cdc cau lenh truy xuat (SQL) nhu Hinh 2.
Cac cau lenh truy xuat nay cd tha dugc tha hien d cac giao dien (interface) thdn thien de giiip ngudi sir dung cd dugc dii lieu hay tham chi la kat qua phdn tich dii lieu mdt each de ddng cho nhftng muc dich khac nhau. Viec su dung cac cau lenh truy xuat, vira giiip cho ngudi sir dyng cd tha truy xuat dugc cdc loai dii heu dua Iran cac hau chi ciia minh, dong thdi viec lay dft lieu dd khdng dnh hudng dan du lieu gdc. Vi du viae su dung cau lenh truy xudt cd tha thyc hien d cdc CSDL dugc xay dung bdng phdn mem don gian nhu Microsoft Access dimg cho quan ly thdng tin chdn nudi thti y hoac phan mdm GRASS, PostgreSQL cho quan ly thdng tin dia ly.
KHOA HQC KY THUAT T H O Y T ^ P X X S 6 3 - 2013
V. KET LUAN
DO ligu dja ly ndi riang vd cdc thdng tin thugc tinh di kem va chdn nudi, Ihii y Id yau td cot Idi ddu tien, can thiet de cd dugc nhftng phan tich nhdm dua ra kat qud vd thdng tin phdn anh chinh xdc vd higu qua ve thyc trang chdn nudi, djch bgnh gia siic, gia cam. Tir nhiing dir ligu, thdng tin ddy dii vd chudn xdc, nhiing kel qud phdn tich phii hgp sS giiip cho vi^c nh^n djnh vd xdy dyng cdc bign phdp phdng chong cd higu qua.
Thdng tin dja ly vd thdng tin chdn nudi, thii y can phai dugc thu thap theo cac bieu mau vdi nhung djnh dang thdng nhdt. CSDL la rat quan trgng giiip cho vigc quan ly, cap nh^t vd truy xuat dft lieu mgt cdch higu qua, chinh xdc da ddp irng yeu cdu ngay cdng cao va thudng xuyen thay ddi trong chan nudi vd trong thu y.
6 nhiing bai tidp theo, chiing tdi se tidp tuc dua ra nhiing vi du cy tha ciia viec quan ly, sir dyng sd lieu dia ly va chan nudi, Ihii y cho nhiing phan lich dich tl khong gian ddi vdi cdc benh ciim gia cam, Id mdm long mdng, tai xanh ciia nude ta,... da giiip dgc gia hiau ro hon nhiing van da dugc neu so bg d bai viat ndy./.
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