NG6NNGff
S 6 2 2016
CAu c d D^NG Bl DpNG TRONG TIENG VIET Dirdl G d c Dp CUA LI THUYET DIEN MAU
NCUYtN TAT THAWG' Abstract: Whether or not there exist passive structures in the Vietnamese language has been an ongoing issue. This paper provides evidences to confirm that there are passive structures m Vietnamese but fiom the angle of congintive linguistics - the theory of prototype.
Key words: Passive structures, categorization, prototype.
l . D $ t v a n d l
Cho din nay, khi ndi din van dl ve ciu cd dgng bj dpng tiong tilng Vift, chftng ta cd hai quan dilm chinh: Mdt sl nhi nghif n cftu [9] cho ring tilng Vift li mdt ngdn ngft don lip, vi ddng tft khdng chia tiieo ngdi, sl, flii, v.v...
nen khdng cd d ^ g bi dpiig nhu tilng Anh hay tilng Phip. Mdt sl nhi nghien cftu khic [5,16] Igi cho ring mic dft tilng Vift khdng cd dgng bj dfng nhung nd van cd clu trie hi dpng.
Bii vilt niy s5 phin tich nhftng dilm chinh cia hai quan dilm ttdn, dua ra nhftng dilm mi cic nhi nghien cftu niy chua dl cgp, dong thdi dua ra nhftng din chtmg mmh hpa dl khing dtoh sy ton tgi cia clu trie dgng b; dpng tiong tilng Vift. Bii vilt sd ip dyng H thuylt diln mau tiong vifc phin tich cau tiuc niy trong tilng Vift.
2. Hai quan diem chinh vl ciu c6 d^ng bj dfng trong tilng Vift Nguyin Hing Cin & Bii Thj Dien [10] di tiinh bay khi ki vl hai quan dilm khic nhau vi clu trie dgng bj dpng. d quan dilm tiift nhat, mft sl nhi nghien cftu cho ring khdng ton tgi dgng bi dpng tiong tilng Vift Thompson [14]
cho ring tilng Vift khdng cd mpt khii nifm rd ring vl dang tiong kit clu ngft phip. 6ng cho ring cic clu trftc cd tft bi hay dugc gilng vdi cau true bj ddng trong tilng Anh viy nfn gpi li cau trie bi dgng logic. Thompson [14, 229] cho ring: ddng tft tilng Vift khdng nim tiong dgng chft ddng cftng khdng nim tiong dgng bj dpng. Nguyen Thi Anh [9] ung hp quan diem niy vi cho thay tilng Vift khdng cd cau trie hi ddng.
Khic vdi quan dilm tifn, mpt sl nhi Vift ngft Igi chi ra ring, cd flie tim thay clu true cd dgng bj ddng trong tilng Vift; bp cho ling dang bj dpng tixrng tilng Vift dupe till hifn flidng qua clu trie ngft phip hoic nghia cfta phit ngdn ' TS, Trsimg Dai hpc Da I^t.
36 Ngdn ngft sl 2 nilm 2016 (tiich tiong [16]). Difp (Juang Ban [3] dua ra quan dilm: mic du danh tft tilng Vift khdng fliay dli vf htoh tiiii hpc khi chl vl sl It, sl nhilu, flil dieu do cung khdng logi bd khii nifm vl so tiong tilng Vift. Dli vdi cau tirftc bj ddng cung tuong ty. Nguyin Phi Phong di dua ra cic minh chftng, dugc vi b\ li nhftng trp d$ng tft cho cau trftc bj ddng [16]. 6ng nhin mgnh, tiong tilng Vift, dgng chu ddng vi hi ddng khdng the hifn qua clu trie ngft phip, nhimg dupe the hifn qua sy s ^ xIp vl clu trie tft vyng. Bfti Thi Dien [10] cung cho ring vifc tilng Vift khdng thi hifn dgng b] ddng thdng qua htoh thii hpc khdng cd nghia li tilng Vift khdng cd clu trftc bi dpng.
Nguyin Hing Con vi Bui Thj Difn [10] cho ring dugc vi bi khdng ddng vai trd cia mdt trp dpng tft nhung him chfta y nghia cia mft ddng tft vdi nghia tft vyng thyc thy, vi ching cd thi ddng vai tid cfta mdt tip dpng tft tiong ciu cd dgng hi dpng. Dilu niy tuong ty nhu to be tiong tilng Anh: Nd ddng vai trd cia mdt tft vyng cd nghia vi ci trp ddng tft trong ciu bj dpng.
3. M$t djnh nghia vl d^ng bj d$ng
Khi ching ta phan logi/ nhdm cho mdt sy v^t hifn tirpng, ching ta cin cd nhiing tif u chl vl logi dd, vi theo li thuylt diln miu till chftng ta sd cd nhftng thinh vidn diln hinh cia nhdm. Dli vdi ciu cd dgng bj dfng, ching ta cung khdng thi phin tich ching khi chua cd mpt sy thong nhit hoic It nhit la mft khii nifm nhu till nio li dgng b; dpng vi cic tieu chl cia ching li gi.
Thu$t ngft dgng bi dgng bit nguon tft tilng Latin vai thugt n^passivium (vdipati cd nghia "chju dyng") cd nguIn glc tft cympatltos cd nghia li "dilu gi xiy ra, chju dyng, bj inh hudng" [1]. Clu trftc bj d$ng bilu Mfn mft ttoh tigng chju sy tic dfng vi chju inh hudng tft mpt hinh dpng khic [14]. Keenan [5] dua ra ba tieu chi vl dgng bj ddng. Thft nhit li tiong ciu khdng cd tic till;
thft hai li dfng tft cblnh li mpt ddng tft ngogi dfng; vi thft ba li ddng tft chinh ndi vl mft hinh ddng. Keenan cimg cho ring dli vdi nhftog ngdn ngft khdng till hifn dgng thy dfng qua sy thay dli vl hhih thai hpc thi van cd nhftng phucmg thftc biy td nhitog chftc ning cik dgng bj ddng tuong duong vdi dgng bj dfng CO bin.
NIU cin cft vio nhftng tieu chl co bin vfta phin tich, ching ta cd till dua ra nhilu thi dy tiong tilng Vift dip ftng cic tieu chuan niy. Chftng ta xem xdt thi dy sau:
(1) Con dudng do vita (bi/ dugc) dao len.
Trong till dy (1) niy, tic till cia hinh dfng khdng xuit hifn; vi bj till, con dudng, chju sy tic dpng tryc tilp tft hinh ddng tgo ra d ddng tft chinh.
Cic tft ftf/ dugc tirong ciu niy khdng nhit fliilt li phii cd vi cung khdng nhit fliilt li tii bit bufc nhu li tip ddng tii, phii cd dl tgo ciu bj ddng; chftng chi cho ta thiy quan dilm cia ngudi ndi dli vdi sy vifc dang dupe bin hH mi flidi. Ching ta sS ndi din vin dl niy trong phin sau.
CSu c6 dyng bj fl$ng... 37 4. Ton tfi ciu true dyng bj d$ng trong tiing Vi$t
Cd the ndi, khuc mdc ldn nhit trong cic quan diem \k sif hi^n di^n cua cau cd d ^ bj d^ng trong ti^g Vi§t nim 6 ch5 tranh l u ^ vi$c tieng Vi^t cd ton t^i ti^ to t90 cSu bi d$ng hay khdng (cy the 1^ bj ho$c du^rc). Trong t i ^ Vi$t, hi^n tupng m$t tCr cd nhilu nghia rlt ph6 biin. Tuong t\r, tijr bf/ du^rc mang nhieu nghia khic nhau khi c h ^ g dupe d$t trong nhfhig ngi^ cinh khic nhau. Thi du r^\xbi/du(rc cd chite nBng nhu li mgt dgng ti^ diirdng trong cSu Toi dtx^c/ bf It diem 5 han nd hay m$t d^ng tiir tinh thii trong ciu Nd du^d bf hgc trong Idp cua co An.
Vifc hai tfir n^y ^ i ^ chite n ^ nhu nhfhig dpng tit thudi^ d cSu (2) khdng i^in cin chtmg ddng chi^ ning li trp tdr trong cic cau bj d$ng a cdu (3):
(2) a. Nam bj mgt con 2.
b. Nam bf sot.
c. 7*01 ^fffc mdt biec thu.
d. Tdi dtrgtc gidi nhdt.
(3) a. Thdng Nam bi co gido phgt vi khdng lam bdi tdp vi nhd.
b. Cdng ti Nam Phucmg bf ki^n vi viphgm bdn quyin.
c. Con dudng nity mdi ^r^ sua chUa Igi.
d. Tdi i^efK m^ tdi cho mgt cdi di$n thogi mdi.
M$t s6 nhi nghien cihi d9 c6 ging dua ra nhihig cdng thurc cho ciu trdc ciu bj dOng trong tiing Vift. Difp Quang Ban vi Nguyin Th; Thu$n [2] cho ring nhOtig tCr churc ning nhu dt^c hay bf dupe ip dyng rpng rii trong cau tnic bj dOng. Trong ciu true bj d$ng d ti^g Vift, dugc/ bf ddng vai trd li diiu kifn cin. Di t^o thinh m$t ciu true b; <^ng, cin cd th€m m$t s6 tiSu chf khic, thf dy nhu tr$t ty tCr: Bf/ dugc phai di ngay sau danh tii ddng vai trd chii ngu ciia cau bj df ng.
Nguyin H^ng C6n vi Bui Thj ENen [10] d9 dua ra cdng thi>c cho ciu tnic b) dfng trong tiing Vift nhu sau:
a. N - dugc/ bf - V (N: tic thi; V: dpng tut)
b. Nl - dugc/bf - N2 - V (Nl: tic thi; N2: chu thi; V: dfng tir) c. Nl - dugc/ bi-Y- bdi - N2 (Nl: tic thi, N2: chu the) vi hp cur^ dua ra ciu tnic bj dfng ctia tiing Vift, do li:
Cau chu dOng: Nl V N2
-> Cau bj d0ng (khdng tic nhin): N2 dugc/ bf V
(Cdsyhifndifndiaticnhfinnhungkhdngc6gidittrW7):N2difl?c/*/Nl V (Cd sy hifn difn ciia tic nhin vi cd gidi tir bdi): N2 dugc/ bf V btji Nl
38 Ngon ngit s l 2 nim 2016>
Tuy nhifn, miu cau Nguyin Hong Cin & Bfti Thj Difn [10] dua ra cd the tgo ra sy tranh cii dudi gdc nhin ciia ngdn ngft hpc tii nhin. Langacker [6] cho ring ciu bj ddng khdng phii dupe tgo ra tft ciu chft dpng. Ngudi ta khdng nghi vl mft cau cd dgng chft ddng trudc khi chuyin dli nd thanh cau cd dgng bj dpng.
Difp Quang Ban [3] dua ra cau trie dgng bj dfng trong tilng Vift nhu sau:
CN, (bidfng)
Trp dfng tft hi ddng:
dugc/b]
Tic tl tgo ciu bj dpng
Vj tl (Cau bi bao) CNj (chi dpng) Vj tl2 (tiansitive) Bingft (Chii thich: CN: Chu ngii)
Cic mSu cau viJta trinh biy tren day chu yiu dya vio cau tnic cii phap mi chua di c^p din cic tinh chat ngO: nghia cua c^u bj dpng. Dya theo trudng phii ngon ngO: hpc tri n h ^ khi phin nhdm, Rosh [11 ] cho ring, trudc hit can chii ^ tdi chuc ning cua hf th6ng phin lo^i vi dim bio ring hf th6ng phin lo^ phii cung cip toi da thdng tin mi t6n ft cdng site nhit; thii hai li phii chii y tdi ciu tnic thdng tin cua hf thing phan logi dd. Xet tren phuang difn viia neu, cic ciu tnic dua ra bdi cic tic gii bii viit vua trinh biy chua thi hifn hit t6i da thdng tin ciia cSu cd d ^ g bj dfng trong tiing Vift. Va do chinh la li do de bii viit niy dupe thyc hifn, nhim dua ra m^t md ta hoan thifn vi hpp li hon cho dgng bj dgng trong tiing Vift.
Hon niia, theo Murphy [8], thinh vien ciia mft nhdm khdng phii dupe xic djnh thdng qua vifc nd chiia riiihig d ^ tinh rieng bift cua nhdm, ma thav vio do, nd dupe xic djnh bdi sy tuong d6ng vdi thinh vifin diin hinh nhat ciia nhdm. Vi v^y, m^t diin mau cua nhdm cau b; dpng s6 chiia cic thdng tin li^n quan den ciu true ciia dgng bj dfng. Ngoii ra, thinh vi£n cua nhdm dupe xic dinh thdng qua sy tuong dong vdi diin mau eiia nhdm.
5. Diin mSu cho ciu tnic d^ng bi d$ng trong tieng Vift Trong phin trudc cda bii viit, chung tdi da trinh biy nhung quan diem khic nhau vi cau cd dgng bj df ng trong tiing Viet, vi d9 dua ra nhijng minh hga di khing djnh quan diim cho ring trong tiing Vift t^n tgi ciu tnic cd dgng bi dOng.
Tuy nhiSn, khi bin den vifc tim ra mpt cau tnic chung cho dang ciu nay, chiing ta thiy cic tic gii dupe phin tich trSn dua ra eie cau tnic khic nhau va cac cau tnic dd cdn nhiiu van di phii bin; hay ndi ddng hon, nhOng ciu tnic dd chua thi hifn hit nhiing d§c tinh chimg cua cau tnic cd dgng bj dgng trong tiing Vift. Trong phin tiip tiieo, chiing tdi sg_ tiinh biy II tiiuyit diin miu vi ip dyng li thuyet niy vio vifc phin logi cau tnic cd dgng bj dfng trong tiing Vift.
Ll thuyet dien miu dupe xem li H tiiuyit thuy it phyc hon so vdi cic phuong thiic phan logi truyin thong. Chiing ta khdng dya vio mft tgp hpp e6 djnh
c a n c6 dyng bj d$ng... 39 c ^ d$c diim cda nhdm di xem x^t mpt thinh vien X nio dd cd phii l i thinh
vien ciia nhdm hay khdng; mi chung ta chl dya tren miic df tuong dong cua thinh vien dd vi thinh viSn diin hinh eiia nhdm.
Vdi nhihig yiu t6 nhu vgy, chdng ta s6 giii quyit dupe trudng hpp mft thinh v i ^ nio dd cd It d$c diem giong vdi diin tnSu ciia nhdm A ching hgn khi dua thinh vien niy vio nhdm A niy mi khdng phii ci ging tim cho du so lupng cic d$c tfnh eiia nhdm A nhu theo nguydn tie cua cich p h ^ loai truyin th6ng. Hon nCia, khi cd nhiing sy vgt hifn tupng mdi xuit hifn, chiing ta s€ cin ciir vio cic d$e diim ciia thinh viSn mdi di tham chiiu vio diin miu vi cd thi nhanh chdng dua thanh vi8n mdi nay vio nhdm m$c dii thinh vien mdi cd the li khdng ed toin bp d$c diim ciia nhdm ma nd dupe dua vio.
Chiing ta thiy ring, vifc co ging tim ra mpt t$p hpp cic tinh chit ciia eiu tnic ed dgng bj dfng li mft vifc hiu nhu khdng thi. Trong thyc ti, cd nhiing ciu tnic nhin vio chiing ta cd thi ndi ngay dd li eiu tnic cd dgng bi df ng, nhung cd nhtog ciu tnic thi cic thinh to ciia nd xem ra cd vd cd eie yiu to cua mpt ciu tnic bi df ng nhung khi phan tich tlti Igi khdng nim vio nhdm niy. Vi diy ciing chinh li nhOng khdc mic mi trudc nay cic nhA nghi6n evru g^p phii. Hp dl di tim mft khudn mau phii hpp cho tit ci eie eiu tnic.
Vi khi khdng tim dupe, rit cd thi hg phii dua vio dgng gpi li 'd$c bift' vi II do niy lim niy sinh cic tranh cii khdng cin thiet.
Hon nita, Shibatani cho ring "vifc tranh c9i vi vin di cd ciu tnic bj dpng hay khdng li dieu khdng can thiit", vi "nen dua ra nhihig ti€u chuin/ tinh ehit di xem cau tnic dd ve miic df giong hay khic vdi cau tnic dien mau ciia dgng bi dpng" [13].
Vi ll thuyit diin mau cho ring trong mft nhdm nhat djnh, thi dy nhu nhdm ciu tnic cd dgng bj dpng, mpt so eau tnic cd nhiiu tinh chat giong vdi ciu tnic diin miu, cdn mft s6 cd it hon eie tinh chit dd; theo Shibatani, phuong phip niy khdng chl cin tiiiit trong vifc giiip chiing ta hiiu m6i quan hf giiia eie ciu tnic trong mft ngdn ngCi cy thi, mi nd cdn gitip ta tgo mft cii khung trong vifc nghi6n cihi cic van di vi lien ngdn ngir.
6. Cic d|ic diem cfin bin ciia mft d u thic dyng bj dfng trong tiing Vift 6 phin trudc, chiing tdi di trinh biy cic d$e diem chinh cua mpt eau tnic cd dgng bj df ng, nhu bj thi li chii tii cda ciu chiu sy tie df ng, hoic chju inh hudng tir hinh dpng dupe biiu hifn bing dfng tii chinh. Chiing ta hiy xet thi dy sau:
(4) a. Con dudng dd sua rSi.
b. Con dudng do dufc sua rSi.
c. Con dudng do bf sua roi.
Chiing ta thiy rd 6 thi dy trSn, con dudng chju sy tic dfng tryc tiip tii hinh dfng sua; vi dieu niy khdng bj inh hudng ve m$t ngii nghia cho du cd sy t6n tgi ciia hai tii 6^ dugc hay khdng.
40 Ngdn ngft s6 2 nftm 2016 Mpt d$e diim de nhgn tbiy trong ciu tnic cd dgng bi dpng li chinh vifc tic thi khdng cdn li tim diem ciia ciu. Chua cd mft nghi^ eihi thong k6 nio cho chiing ta biit vi muc dp hay ti If ciia ciu trong dd tic the khdng cdn li tam diim, nhimg rd ring li trong ciu tiiic cd dgng bj dpng d tiing Vift, phin da cic tic thi khdng ddng mft vai trd chinh trong vifc kiin tgo nghia eiia cia 6 thi dy (4) trSn, tic thi thyc hifn hinh dpng sua khdng xuit hifn, vi diiu dd ciing Ididng cin trd ngudi nghe hieu dupe nghia ciia ciu nay.
Mft vin di dupe nSu ra d diy li vdi logi ciu nio thi chiing ta khdng cin cd sy xuit hifn ciia tic thi, vi logi ciu nio thi cin phii cd. Tuy nhien, vin de niy cd tiii hiiu dupe thdng qua ngii cinh eua vin bin ho$c ngii cinh eiia cuf c hpi thogi. Thi dy ta cd cic cau sau:
(5) a. Lan ^i^c khen thudng trong hgc ki vita rdi.
b. Minh du^c giup da nhieu trong hQC tgp.
c. Nam si bfphgt nSu hdn khdng ngp bdi dUng hgn ldn ndy nQa.
Chiing ta de nhgn ra tic nhin thdng thudng 6 cau a) li nhd trudng, ciu b) li thdy cd ho$c bgn citng Idp, 6 ciu e) li thdy/cd gido.
v i n di tiip theo chiing ta cin bin din chinh li khi nio khdng cin diing tir bf/ dugc vi khi nio thi ein dung. CiJng chua cd mft thing kf nio vi ti If cic cau cd dgng bj dpng trong tiing Vift cd ho$c khdng cd tCr bf/ dugc, nhung chiing ta cd thi thiy ring, khi chu tir ciia eiu, nghia li bj thi, li cic tir ndi vi con ngudi, hay ndi chung li sinh vgt song, thi ein ed bf/ dugc.
Thi dy, d cic cau (5), chiing ta khdng thi hiiu dupe hoin toin f nghia ciia ciu neu chiing ta bd bf/ dugc. Khi chiing ta bd tir dugc d ciu a, ciu niy trd nSn thieu thdng tin: Lan khen ai; cdn d ciu b: Minh giiip ai; ciu c; Nam phgt ai. Vi khi dd, y nghia cua cau di ngupe Igi vdi f dinh ban dau eiia cau nguySn thuy.
Rit nhiiu ciu mi trong dd bj the, liie niy lim ehiic ning li chd ngO: ciia eau, khdng phii li con ngudi, khdng phii li sinh vgt song, khdng ddi hdi tir bf/dugc mi van khdng lim mit di n^ua bj dfng ciia ciu. Ta cd cic tiii dy sau:
(6) a. Cdi binh thuy tinh va roi hd?
h. Bdi todn so 1 lam xong hdm qua rdi phdi khdng?
c. Bdnh kern lam rdi, gid chi mua d&n cdy nua Id da.
d. Vdn bdn dd ki hdm qua rdi.
Cic ciu tren khdng yeu cau sy xuit hifn ciia tir bf/ dugc mi vin thi hifn dupe nghia ciia ciu. Sy xuit hifn ho§c ving m$t ciia dugc/ bf trong nhiing trudng hpp niy khdng inh hudng tdi npi dung thdng tin eiia cau.
TiQ' nhi6n, d mft so cau, khi chiing ta bd tir ft^ ^fgc di thi nghia eiia ehiii^
hiu nhu bi tiiay dbi vi ddi khi nghe khdng ty nhien. X ^ cic till dy sau:
c a n c6 dyng bj dfng... 41 (7) a. Thi cdn bdng bfphd vd.
b. Ngdi Idng bf tdnphd ndng trong tan l\ft.
<-. Nhd trucrng mdi du^c c^ mdt cdi nufyphd-td mdi.
Tir cic thi dy tien, chiing ta thiy vifc sii dyng hay khdng sit dyng tir bi/
di^c trong ciu li mft vin di phiic tgp. EHiu niy sS gay khd khin cho nhiing i^udi hpc vi dgy tiing Vift khi chdng ta muon cd mft cii nhin chung vi cich sir dyng tir trong eau ed dgng bi dfng.
Tir cic thi dy di phin tich 6 tr8n, chiing ta thiy mft d$c diim noi bgt cua ciu cd dgng bi dfng trong tiing Vift li vifc lim md vai tid eiia tie nhin. Hifn tupng niy ciing tuong ty nhu ciu t r ^ dgng bj df i^ cua eie ngdn ngii khic [13]. Xdt vi m^t ngCi nghia, trong eiu cd dgng bi dfng, chd ngO: ciia eau, hay cdn gpi li bj thi chju sy tic dfng tryc tiip tCr dfng tCr ciia cau. Xet vi m^t cii phip, bj thi ciia cau ddng vai trd li chii ngii cua ciu, dhng thdi, tic thi ciia ciu ho$c li khdng hifn difn ho$e li ddng vai trd li chii ngii ciia ciu bj bao.
Bi the cua ciu thudng diing trudc tir bj/dugc. Txt nhflng d$e diim tren, chiing ta cd thi cd mpt t$p hpp cic tieu chi diin hinh cho eiu cd dang bi dpng trong tiing Vift nhu sau:
1) Chiic ning ngii dyng chinh: lim md t ^ thi.
2) Cic d$e diim ngii nghia: chii ngft = bj the - chiu sy tic dfng bdi ngogi lye dupe thi hifn d dfng tu tic tiii = thudng dupe hiiu ngim.
3) Cic d$c diem ngft phip: tic tiii = khdng bit bupc bj thi = chii ngft eiia eau 4) Cic d^e diem tir vyng: dugc/ bf - khdng bit buf e
- theo sau li bi the
Diin miu vi ciu cd dgng bi dfng trinh biy d tren dua ra mft tap hpp nhftng tinh ehit cd trong eiu cd dgng bi dpng trong tiing Vift. Khi chii ngft cda ciu chiu sy tic dfng bdi ngogi lye, hay cdn gpi la tic the (hoic xuat hifn troi^ ciu ho$c am chl), eiu dd dupe xem la cau cd dgng bi dfng. Cac tinh chat ve ngft nghia song hinh vdi cic tinh ehit ngft phap. Chinh vi viy, bi tiii thudng ddng vai trd chu ngft eiia ciu.
Theo li thuyet phan logi dya vio dien mau, cic thinh vien ciia nhdm the hifn miic df khic nhau ve s6 lupng cic d^ tinh gi6ng vdi diin miu. Hay ndi cich khic, eau X cd the li cau ed dgng bi dfng, nhung ciu X co thi chiia it tinh ehit ciia dien miu bj dfng hon li cau Y. Thi dy, ciu Cdi cdy do chgt rdi li mft ciu ed dgng hi dfng nhung chiia It thih chit ciia mft diin miu. ciia ciu cd dgng bj dfng so vdi ciu Cdi ti vi dd bi thdng be dgp ndt rdi.
42 Ngon ngft sl 2 nim 2016 7. Cic clu trftc cd thi giiy tranh lu$n
Die tinh vl sy chju sy tic ddng cfta ngogi lye Ifn chft ngft cia ciu trong ciu cd dgng bj dpng cd flil din den mdt tinh huong khi chftng ta ip thi4t ngft 'bj dfng' cho nhiing ciu nhu No bi dau, hojc Cii li vd rdi Shibatini [13] gpi hifn tupng niy li hifn tupng md ti tinh hulng tftc thdi vdi vifc sft dyng ddng tft npi ddng. Mdt so nhi nghifn cftu, thi dy nhu Mercia [7] hoic Jacobs [4], gpi diy li dgng ciu tiimg tinh.
Xdt thidy sau:
(8) a. Dugc nha trudng gitip dd,...
b.Dugc Oy ban thinh pho cho phep,...
Cic cym d (8a) hoic (8b) cd thi dupe xem li ciu tinh lupc cia ciu cd dgng hi dfng, hoic li cym danh tft. Sy lya chpn niy tiy thupc vio quan dilm cia ngudi ndi doi vdi vin dl dang dupe md ti.
Mpt ngudi ndi tilng Vift tii nhd sd dl ding nhin ra chftc ning cia cic tft bii dugc khi ching tin tgi trong ciu: nghia li ching cd chftc ning cfta mpt dfng tft fliudng hay li mpt tip ddng tft. Trong thi dy (9) sau diy, dugc/ bi li mdt ddng tit thudng d ciu (9a) khi chft ngft chinh li tic nhin cfta ddng tft dupe; d cic ciu (9b, c, d), dugc/ bi ddng vai tid thft phy, nghia li cay trie ngft phip cia cic ciu niy khdng thay doi khi chftng ta cit bd nhftng tft nay, nhu vgy, vai tid cia dugc/bi tiong nhihig ciu niy chi li tip dpng tft.
(9) a. Hdm qua tdi dugc mgt con 8 mdn todn.
b. Hoi sdng tdi bf udt vi khdng mang theo do mua.
c. Chiing tdi dugc hgc vdi mdt giio vien M^.
d. Bgn nd dugc hoc tiing Plidp mgt It roi
Tft nhftng phin tich trfn, ching ta cd thi thay vifc nhin difn chftc ning cfta tft dugc/bi trong tilng Vift khdng cdn li mpt van de khd nlu ngudi nghe xem xft din vai nghia cfta nhftng tft niy tiong ciu vin.
8. Kit lugn
Bii vilt trinh biy mdt quan dilm khic vdi tinyln tiling dli vdi clu tiftc cd dgng bj dpng tiong tilng Vift vi di dua ra mdt cau trie dien miu cho nhdm clu tiiic niy. Tinh chit quan tnpng dau tien cia nhdm ciu niy li vifc lim md hoic bd qua tic till. Tiep theo li bj till cia ciu ddng vai tid chi ngft, chju sy tic dpng cfta ngogi lye. Hiu hit cic ciu cd chft ngft li bj thi chju sy tic dpng cfta ngogi lye diu cd till xem li cau cd dgng bj ddng.
Trong mft sl tiTidng hpp, dugc/bi li diu hifu cfta ciu cd dgng bj dfng.
Tuy nhifn, hai tft niy thupc nhdm tft da nghia; cd thi li dfng tii thudng; cd khi cflng li ttpr dpng tft. Ngoii ra, ching cdn biy td quan diem cfta ngudi ndi doi vdi sy vit hifn tupng dang dupe tiinh biy mft cich tich cyc (dugc) hoic tieu cyc (bf).
C i u c6 dyng bj d$ng». 43 c l u t r i e dien m i u cua nhdm c i u cd dgng bj dpng tiong tilng Vift bao
g i m mdt s l nhftng ttah chit t i n tgi d c i u cd dgng bj dfng. Thanh vien c i a nhdm c i u n i y khdng nhat fliilt phii chfta toin bf c i c d i e dilm c i a diln miu.
Mft c i u c i n g chfta nhieu tinh chit thi ciu dd cing tifm cgn tdi cau diln hinh cfta nhdm v i cd t h i sft dyng lim c i u diln m i u c i a nhdm.
TAI LI$UTHAMKHAO
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