Bien doi ton giao, tin ngir&ng
cua ngirM H'mong di cir vao Bik Lak
Vu Thi Ha" '
Vo Thj Mai Phuwng'"'
T6m tit: Bdi viit trinh bdy khdi qudt vi tinh hinh tdn gido. tin ngudng cua ngttdi H'mdng di cu vdo Ddk Ldk: Idm ro mdt so ddc diim tdn gido. lin ngudng truyin thdng cua ngudi H'mdng. trin ca sd do phdn tich nhirng biin ddi vi vdn hda ddi vdi cd nhom ngudi H'mdng cdn giii tdn gido truyin thdng vd nhdm ngudi H'mdng dd cdi dgo sang dgo Tin Ldnh.
Tir khoa: Ngudi H'mdng, Tdn giio. Tin ngudng, D^o Tin Lanh, Di cu ( noic 1. Tinh hinh ton giio, tin ngv&ng ciia
ngvdi H'mdng di cu vio Dik Lik Ngudi H'mdng li mdt dan tpc cd ban sic vin hda dfc dio vi ndi bat trong cdng dong cic dan tpc d mien niii phia Bic Vift Nam. Dupc the hifn d nhiing net die thii ve ljch sir, dja vuc cu tni, quan hf kinh ti -xa hpi, van hda. tin ngudng, tinh cd kit cpng ddng..., trong dd, tin ngudng tdn giio Uuyin thdng la mdt bd phan quan trpng t?io nen bin sic tpc ngudi, li nhan td cot ldi tao dyng sy cd kit cpng dong, giiip ngudi H'mdng bio tdn bin sic rieng. Tuy nhien, tir nim 1975. ngudi H'mdng bit diu di cu ty do tir cic tinh miin nui phia Bic vio Tay Nguyen sinh sdng. Diu nhiing nam 1990, cic cupc di cu dien ra o at han, trong dd tap trung ddng d tinh Dik Lik.
TS., Bio ting Din tflc hpc Vi?t Nam, Vi?n Hin lim KHXH Vi^t Nam; Email: phuongvme@gmail,com
NCV, Bio ling Din tflc hpc Vi?t Nam, Viln Hin lim KHXH Viji Nam; Eniiiii [email protected]
Di cu den viing dat mdi, ngudi H'mdng phan chia thanh hai nhdm dpc lap ve tdn giio, tin ngudng, nhdm ngudi H'mdng giir tdn giao, tin ngudng truyin thdng va nhdm ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh.
Theo so lifu chiing tdi thu th?p dupc'*', cd tdng sd 2.270 hd ngudi H'mdng di cu din cac diim nghien cim (xa Cu Krda, Cu San, Krdng A, Ea Trang huyfn M'Drik; xa Vy Bon huyfn Krdng Pik; thdn Ea Lang, xa Cu Pui, thdn Ea Hang, xa Cu Dram, huyfn Krdng Bdng), trong dd cd 95 hp van gitt tdn giao, tin ngudng truyin thdng, 2.175 hp ngudi H'mdng da cii dao tir tdn giio, tin ngudng truyen thdng sang dao Tin Linh. Nhu viy.
'"' Cic si lifu trong bii viit li kit qui nghidn ciu cua di tii "Nghien cuu sy biin dfli vin hfla tinh thin cia ngufli H'mong tu Tiy Bic di cu vio Dik lik", mi s6 IV 1.3-2013.11, do nhflm tic gii Bao ting Din tflc hpc Vi$t Nam thyc hi^n trong 2 nim (2015-2016).
I
BiCin ddi ton gite. tin nguong.. 19 xet ve sd lupng, sd hd ngudi H'mdng di cu
vio E)ik Lik tiip nhan dao Tin Linh gip han 22 Ian so vdi sd hd di dan ngudi H'mdng giir tdn giio, tin ngudng truyin thdng. Tmh hinh nay ngupc lai khi xet tren pham vi toan qudc. sd ngudi H'mdng giir tin ngudng truyin thdng chuyin sang dao Tin Lanh chiem ty le nhd hom so vdi tdng din sd ngudi H'mdng. Cu thi, theo udc tinh. hifn nay cd khoang tir 120 nghin din 150 nghin ngudi H'mdng cii dao tren tdng sd 787.604 ngudi H'mdng d Vift Nam, tiic li so lupng ngudi H'mdng giii tin ngudng truyen thdng gip 5 din 6,5 lin ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh.
Nhu vay, trong khi bd phan ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh d miin Bic li thieu sd so vdi cpng ddng ngudi H'mdng ndi chung thi ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh di cu vio Dik Lik lai la da sd. Ty If nay cho thay, ngudi H'mdng theo tdn giio, tin ngudng truyin thdng cd xu hudng di cu it hom ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh va cd nhiiu trudng hop cai dao sau khi di cu.
2. Mpt so die diem tdn giao, tin ngudng truyen thong ciia ngudi H'mdng
Nin tdng tdn gido. tin ngirang dua trin quan niem vi vS ti-u. linh hdn. con ngirdi vd vgn vdt hiru linh. Ngudi H'mdng quan nifm vu U^ cd ba ting: Ting tren cao la trdi, nai tni ngy ciia cic thin thieng ciia td tien; ting giira li mat dit; ting dudi mJt dit li am phii.
Trong quan nifm truyin thdng cua ngudi H'mdng, con ngudi dupc phin chia thinh 2 phin: the xic vi linh hdn, trong dd, con ngudi cd 3 linh hon (dik/ da) ngy trj d 3 ncri khic nhau: Hdn thir nhit d dinh diu, hdn thir hai d ngye, hdn thir ba d rdn.
Neu mpt uong ba hdn lia xa, rdi khdi ca thi s6 gay dm dau, phii lim le gpi hdn vi (hup ply). Benh cd thi uim trpng khi hdn thir hai hoic thir ba ra di. Niu lam le gpi
hdn ma hdn kbdng ve thi con ngudi se chet. Khi chet. phin hdn tiip tyc sdng, mdi linh hdn thuc hifn mdt nhiem vu khic nhau: Linh hdn gdc thi di sang thi gidi ben kia, de bio vf phin xic va sdng vdi hdn ciia dng ba. cha me; Hdn thii hai len trdi thua kifn Iy do bit ngudi phii chit va d lai tren trdi; Hdn thii ba diu thai trd lai kiep ngudi sdng Uen trin gian mpt lin niia.
Ngudi H'mdng quan nifm van vat him linh, tit ci mpi vat diu cd linh hdn, hic li cd ma (dik/ da) rieng. Hp tin vao siic m ^ chi phdi ciia cic ma nen trong cudc sdng cua hp hinh thinh mdt hf thdng cic le Cling djnh ky hoac bit thudng di ciu mong sy che chd, phii hp; lim le t? an khi da toai nguyfn diiu khin xin; giii han... Sy thinh kinh, tdn trpng cic ma thdng qua le ciing li mdt trong nhung yiu td hinh thinh niem tin ve sy binh an trong cudc sdng cua ngudi H'mdng.
Thd Cling Id tiin
Trong the gidi tam linh ciia ngudi H'mdng, thd ciing td tien cd mft y nghTa quan trpng, khdng chi thi hien niim tin mi cdn li hoat ddng tin ngudng, tdn giio thieng lieng d tpc ngudi nay; li thinh td thiet yiu gdp phan tao dyng vi bio luu vin hda cdi ngudn cua hp.
O cap dp ddng hp, mdt trong nhirng nghi le dupc td chiic d hiu hit cac ddng hp cua ngudi H'mdng li le Tu Su, "Tu"
nghTa li cau - ciu ciing thin linh phii hd cho con ngudi khde manh, miia mang tuai tdt. chin nudi phit triin...; "Su" nghTa li nan thay cung nhd siirc manh ciia thin linh thu het nhiing tai nan, riii ro, bfnh tat...
Tuy theo ddng hp mi nghi le niy dupc to chiic hing nim hoic 3 nam mdt lin. Trong hiu het cic nghi le cua ddhg hp, tdc trudng thudng nhic lai ngudn gdc, ljch sii cua td tien, nhiing kieng kj hay diu hifu nhan biit cua ddng hp minh cho con chiu day
20 Thdng Hn Khoa hpc xfl h^l. s612.2016 chinh li chit keo tao nen sy cd kit lau bfn
trong ddng hp ciia ngudi H'mdng.
6 cip dp gia dinh, td tien li nhung ngudi da chit trong 3 ddi trd Isii, dupc thi hifn trong cic bii khin mdi td tien. Chii nhi hoic thiy ciing gpi ten tudi nhiing ngudi thudc 3 thi he di khuit trd vi an tit, phil hd cho con chiu. Ngudi H'mdng ciing td tien vio nim mdi, le cam mdi, khi gia dinh cd them thinh vien hoac khi ciing chiia bfnh...
Ban thd td tien ciia ngudi H'mdng thudng d$t d gian giiia, li noi din mpt miing giiy hinh chii nh?t kich thudc 20- 30cm. cich trang tri ban thd phy thupe vio quy djnh ciia timg ddng hp. Nai dit ban thd cua ngudi H'mdng rit linh thieng, chi dng chii gia dinh mdi dupc lim le ciing, chi cd dan dng mdi dupc din gin bin thd. Bin thd du(;»c lim mdi vio ngiy 30 thing 12 im ljch, gpi li "thay io mdi cho bin thd"
Thd cdc logi ma nhd
Trong gia dinh ngudi H'mdng, ben c^nh thd Cling to tien cdn tdn tai mpt hf thong ma nhi vdi nhihig nghi thiic ciing rifing bift.
Air ca Ii mpt loai ma dupc ngudi H'mdng coi trpng nhit, vi v§y, trong moi gia dinh diu cd bin thd Xir ca. Xir ca li vj than cai quin nhi ciia, cua cii, tien bac;
phil hp cho gia dinh lim in khi gii; giii gin cic linh hon trong gia dinh, khdng cho di lang thang.
Nhi ngudi H'mdng nio ciing cd cgt ma nhd (ku ntsis da), tupng trung cho sy
e
;hai cua gia dinh; bio vf nhi ciia, chpi vdi thien tai; giii gin linh hdn inh vien trong gia dinh, khdng cho ma I9 xam nhip.Ma bip (ddk kho trit) Ii vi thin bio vf muamang, ho^it dpng sin xuit ndng
bep lien quan den siic khde. chin nudi vi trdng nom tii sin khi gia dinh di ving.
Ma cua (xia minh) cd nhifm vy nhu ngudi gic ciia, ngin ma ic vao nhi, bao vf gia siic, bio vf cua cii. bio vf cic linh hdn, ngan khdng cho hdn cic thinh vifn gia dinh bd di.
Ma budng (da ti-iing) lien quan din vifc sinh sin, chim sdc, bao vf siic khde cua tre em va sy phit triin dan gia siic.
Khi cap vp chdng mdi ra d rieng, cd con diu long, ngudi chdng dupc &^x ten gii thi mdi l$p ma budng.
Cdc logi thdn linh liin quan den sue khde vd sdn xudt ndng nghiep
Mpt sd bin ngudi H'mdng cd thd tho cdng, thd dia (thuyt ti) t?i khu vyc rimg thieng (rimg cim). Mdt cay to ho^c mpt hdn di ldn dupc chpn di thd. Hp cho ring, neu ai xam ph^im den rimg, ma sS lim ca ling dm dau. Ngudi vi ph^m sS bj dan bin ph?t le v|t di ta loi vdi thi than.
Hing nam, ling bin thudng lim le ciing vao djp diu nim mdi.
Thd thdn (sanh hdu pd) cua gia dinh li ngudi cai quin khu dit, vudn tupc.
Khdng CO nghi le rieng cho tho thin nhung thd thin dupc nhd din trong tit ci le Cling. Sau khi hoan tit le ciing, ngudi ta rdt mdt ly rupu, mpt thia com, m^t miing thjt d|t d phia ngoii gipt gianh ciia mii nhi dk mdi tho thin.
Thdn cdy (tong), thdn dd (bo zi), thdn md nudc li loai ma linh. Ngoii cay/ hdn da ldn trong rimg cim dupc thd nhu d?i difn cua thd cdng, thd dja, ngudi H'mdng con cd tyc nhan cay ldn vi hdn di Idn lim bd m? nudi cho nhiing dira tre hay dau dm, hay cau xin thin md nudc di tim l^i via siia cho phy nii mdi sinh bj mit sii'a.
Ma tvr td: (crdng la chdi) li loji ma mi ngudi H'mdng sp nhit. Hp eho ring, ngudi chit ty tir thudng cd nSi oan ire, dau
Bi&i d6i Mn gido. (tn nguong. 21 khd nen thinh ma thieng. hay ve quay phi
gia dinh. ddng hp. ling ban: bit ngudi khic chet cimg. Neu sau mdt nam ngudi chet tu tu, gia dinh, ddng hp, ling bin dd khdng CO ngudi chit nghTa li ma tu tu khdng ve quay phi. Trudng hpp ngupc lai li do ma ty tir ve bat ngudi di. Di giai trir, ngudi ta phai mdi thiy cung lim le trong ndi bp gia dinh. ddng hp hoac cho ci bin.
Ma ngU hai dupc xep vao loai ma chuyen di hai ngudi, nhit li ddi vdi ngudi mi hp khdng thiy hii long. Ngudi bj ma ngu hii "hinh" bj dau quan trong lyc phu ngu tang. Dau lien tyc trong vii ngiy se chit. Le Cling niy phai tiin hinh ngay vi khi ngudi bj ma ngu hai "hinh" cd thi ,chet rat nhanh.
Ma ddnh ddu (ddk cii) thudng cin cii vio mpt vii diu hifu di nhin biit da bj ma dinh dau. nhu: Dang di tren dudng bj chim ia tning ngudi; di giiia trdi ning, cd gipt nudc rai vio ngudi; khdng giit mo con vat gi nhimg cd vit miu tren ca thi...
Ngudi bj ma danh diu bong cd biiu hifn bat thudng: thoing buon, thoing vui; hay ciu giin, budn bye. hay quit nat ngudi khic; thich di lang thang... Anh em hp hang phii dimg ra lam le dudi ma va ngudi dd phii deo biia de ma khdng bam theo.
Ngoai ra, ngudi H'mdng cdn tiin hinh nhirng nghi le lien quan den ndng nghiep nhu le cam mdi, ngd mdi hay le cung nuang de ta an td tien hay cic thin da phil hp gia chii mpt miia ming bpi thu.
Vai trd ciia Ihdy cung (Ixiv ninh) trong nghi li
Neu vifc thyc hifn cic nghi le cua ngudi H'mdng nhim ciu sire khde, binh an thi thiy cimg chinh li ngudi cd vai trd quyet djnh de mang lai dieu dd.
Trong xa hpi truyin thdng cua ngudi H'mdng, thiy ciing cd vai trd rit quan trong, khdng the thieu. Cho dii sd lupng thinh
vien ciia cac ling ban ngudi H'mdng nhieu hay it. cau tnic ling Idn hay nhd...
thi trong thinh phan xi hdi deu cd thiy cung. Nha nghien cim Vucmg Duy Quang khing dinh, trong cudc sdng, mpi ddng thai dm dau ciing nhu su rui ro. true trie trong ling xu ciia con ngudi thudng do sy ndi gian cua cac vj than, cic ma hay td tien cua ddng tpc iy. Dieu diu tien ngudi H'mdng can lim hoan toin khdng phai tim thudc cho ngudi dm ma trudc hit hp phii tim nguyen do gay ra dm dau, nii ro, tai uang. vi ngudi lim dirpc cdng vifc do chi cd the la diiy ciing. Thiy ciing khdng chi giup phat hien nguyen nhan mi cdn giup gia dinh, ci nhin hay tap the do giai trir bfnh tat, tai uang.
Khi gia dinh cd diiu bit thudng, thiy cung dupc mdi di xic dinh "bfnh" Trudc le cung chinh thiic, bao gid thiy cung cung "thuomg lupmg" (tinh te) vdi ma vi cic le v§t gia dinh dd se ta an niu hit
"bfnh" Neu trong thdi han nhu thuang lupng. niu do loai ma dd giy ra thi phii lim cho gia chu khdi "bfnh". ddi lai, gia chii se ta an vdi le vat nhu da hira. 6 day, thiy cung vira la trung gian. ddng thdi li ngudi giiip ngudi sdng trao ddi vdi ma.
Trinh dp, uy tin ciia thiy ciing cung vi thi dupc the hifn vi dinh gii thdng qua qui trinh thuang lupng vi sy cai thifn bfnh tat ciia ngudi "benh"
3. Nhihig bien doi tdn giao, tin ngudng a. Boi vdi ngudi H'mdng con giir tin ngudng, tdn gido Iruyin thing
Bin bi. kiin tri vd cd y thitc cao Irong viic thuc hiin cdc nghi li. phong tgc lap qudn truyen thdng li dac diim ndi bat cua nhdm ngudi H'mdng giii tin ngudng truyen thdng di cu vio Dik Lik.
Do khdng thay ddi ve quan nifm, niim tin lien quan den vii try, con ngudi, linh hdn vi tin ngudng van vat huu linh nfn nhdm
22 ThOng Kn Khoa hpc xA hdi. si6 12.2016 ngudi H'mdng niy vin dang bio luu gan
nhu nguyen ven nhiing nghi le, phong tyc, tip quin ciia ngudi H'mdng tir que cii. Vi van giir nhihig quan nifm co ban cua tdn giio, tin ngudng truyen thdng nen nhdm ngudi H'mdng di cu na>- \an thyc hifn le gpi hdn trong cac tnidng hpp dm dau, tin vi thd cic loai ma nhi. vi van thyc hifn mpt sd nghi le lien quan den ndng nghiep.
Tuy nhien, tdn giio, tin ngudng cua hp ciing cd nhiimg bien ddi de phii hop vdi diiu kifn sdng mdi, ddng thdi khic phuc mpt phin nhirng bat cap cua tdn giao, tin ngudng truyen thdng d mdt sd khia c^nh sau:
Rut ngdn thdi gian ciia cdc nghi li Theo truyen thdng, cic nghi le ciing ma cua ngudi H'mdng ve ca bin thudng dien ra trong khoing thdi gian tir mdt den vii ngiy. Khi di cu. ngudi H'mdng danh nhieu thdi gian hom cho hoat ddng sin xuat nen hp y thiic han ve vifc nit ngin thdi gian dinh cho cic nghi le.
Gidm bdt vi sd luang li vdl cUng nhu quy md cua cdc nghi li
Phan ldn cac budc trong nghi le diu dupc giii nguyen ddi vdi ngudi H'mdng giii tin ngudng truyin thdng d Dik Lik.
Tuy nhien, sd lupng le vat trong cic le cimg dupc giim thiiu tdi da. Tiip niia la thay ddi ve quy md cua cic le ciing. Trong cic xdm ngudi H'mdng van thiy cic gia dinh cd quan he ddng hp, cu tni ciing nhau nhu hp Hang, hp Giing d thdn 12 (xi Vy Bdn) cd han 10 hp, gdm anh em con chii, con bic; 2 hp Miia thdn Som Diin (xi Vu Bdn), moi hp gdm cd 4-5 gia dinh anh em mpt. Vdi nhihig cym gia dinh nhd nhu vyy, trong cic nghi le ldn, chi cin dai difn gia dinh trong ddng hp nen cQng giim bdt
\e quy md, de giam bdt ginh ning tai chinh cho gia chii.
Logi hd mdt sd nghi le khdng cdn phii hap vdi cudc sdng hiin dgi
Trong mdt sd nghi le ndng nghifp, ngudi H'mdng tai que cu va ci ngudi H'mdng di cu hiem khi thuc hien le ciing nuang. Trudc day, sd dT cd li ciing nuang li do vifc canh tic ciia ngudi H'mdng hoan toan phy thudc vio thien nhien. Hifn nay, ngudi H'mdng da dupc trang bj nhiing kiin thiic khoa hpc vi cay trdng, trong canh tic da sii dyng cic loai phan bdn, thudc trir sau...
Cling thin thd dja ciia bin lang ddi vdi khu rimg cim li mpt nghi ll cpng ddng cua ngudi H'mdng d phia Bic. Khi di cu din Dik Lik, ngudi H'mdng da khdng cdn thuc hifn nghi le niy, bdi mpt m^t dit dai da thudc quyin quan ly ciia Nha nudc;
mat khic, ngudi H'mdng phai phy thupe vao cic dan tpc tai cho hoac dan tpc da di cu trudc dd.
b. Doi vdi ngudi H'mdng cdi dao sang Tin Ldnh
* Thay ddi vi quan niim h-ong ddi .sdng ldm linh
He thdng tdn giio, tin ngudng vi niem tin truyin thdng ciia ngudi H'mdng li niem tin vio van vat hiiu iinh, trong dd, td tien li cpi re sinh ra moi ngudi. Hp tin ring, thd cung dng bi td tien, tuan theo nhiing kiSng kj lien quan den cac ma s6 tdt cho sire khde vi cudc sdng ciia hp. GiOa the gidi con ngudi va thi gidi cua ma, thiy ciing la trung gian, la cau ndi quan trpng de con ngudi cd thi chu toin bdn phan, cupc sdng dupc binh yfn vi sung tiic.
Vdi dao Tin Lanh, Chiia trdi li trfin hit, chi thd phyng duy nhit mdt Dire Chiia Trdi; liy Kinh thanh li kim chi nam trong sinh ho?t tdn giio vi irng xir hing ngiy ciia con ngudi; khdng cd mpt ciu n6i trung gian nio trong mdi quan hf giira tin
Bifti ddi t6n gite. Mn ngudng..
23 dd dao Tin Linh vdi Thien Chiia. Dao Tin
Linh tin cd Thien dang Hda ngye. Do vay, sau khi chit, linh hdn cua con ngudi dupc len Thien ding hay xuong Hda nguc li do hp cd la ngudi tdt vi lam vifc tot khi cdn sdng hay khdng. Len Thien dang la dupc vi vdi Chiia, dupc Chiia che chd nen khdng phii thd ciing sau khi chit.
Nhu vay, vifc cii dao cua ngudi H'mdng ve ca bin li tir bd niim tin vao da thin de tiep nhin niim tin vao mdt vi than duy nhit; cudc sdng cua hp tir cho dupc ho trp vi chi phdi bdi ma sang phu thudc va chi phdi bdi mdt vi thin tdi cao.
Sy thay ddi ve quan niem se tic ddng din cich thirc thyc hinh (tir thay ddi mdt phin din thay ddi hoan toan) cic nghi le.
* Khdng thuc hiin cdc nghi thdc cung Id tiin. cdc logi ma nhd vd cdc logi thdn linh khdc
Thay ddi vi quan niem vi tir bd niim tin da thin thi hifn trudc tien d vifc ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh khdng cdn thyc hifn cic nghi thirc ciing td tien. Hp quan nifm, ddi xii tdt vdi dng bi. cha me khi hp cdn sdng quan trpng hom khi di khuit. Tir dd. nhiing nghi le lien quan din vife nhin hp, giai han trong ddng hp hay hudng din ngudi H'mdng tim vi cdi ngudn to tien sau khi chit khdng cdn dupc thyc hifn.
Khdng cdn tin vio nhieu loai ma ciing cd nghTa li khdng cdn thuc hanh cic le ciing lien quan den cac loai ma niy, trong dd cd ma nhi. Diiu niy de nhan thiy, khi trong nhi cua ngudi H'mdng di cu theo d?o Tin Linh khdng cd cpt nha chinh hay bit cd lo?u bin thd nio; khdng cdn td chiic le cung thd thin ho|c thin rimg; khi lim nha, hp khdng chpn dit va hudng nhi, khi da mua vi ung y vdi manh dit nio, hp nhd trudng diem nhdm cau nguyfn.
Ngudi H'mdng di cu theo dao Tin Lanh citag khdng cdn thuc hifn cac le cung cho ma tu tu. ma danh diu. ma rung, ma sudi...
* Thay ddi hinh thirc thuc hdnh ddi vai cdc nghi li ndng nghiep
Ngudi H'mdng van thyc hifn le cam mdi va ngd mdi nhimg thay ddi vi hinh thiic thyc hien. Myc dich nghi If vi mdt phin cua dd li cung khdng tha> ddi. Ddi tupng ta on chuyen tii td tien vi cic vj thin linh sang Thien Chiia; dd ll khdng thay ddi, tuy nhien vi yeu ciu ciia dd ll lai thay ddi (tir lua mdi sang liia mdi tdt nhit).
Le com mdi theo truyin thdng, ngudi chii gia dinh cd the ty dung ra thuc hifn; vdi nhdm H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh, gia dinh gia chu thudng mdi mpt ttong sd thinh vien ttong Ban Chip sy din thyc hifn.
Chinh vi the, ddi tuong thu hudng ciia nghi le md rpng han. Vdi Le ngd mdi, ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh thyc hifn dan giin. Hp lupc ngd mdi len, ta cm Chiia hude khi in.
Khi theo dao Tin Lanh, thay bing ll ciing nuang khi miia ming da dupc nhu y, ngay khi gieo hat ngudi H'mdng da ciu Chiia nham dudi cic loai cdn triing vi dpng vat hai hoa mau.
d. Ddi sdng tdm linh vdn cdn nhiiu ddu dn cda tdn gido. lin ngudng vd niim lin Iruyin thdng
Sau khi cii dao, dudng nhu, ddi sdng tam linh ciia ngudi H'mdng dan giin han, chi xoay quanh Thien Chiia. Tuy nhien, hien tai, hau het ngudi H'mdng cii dao sang Tin Lanh liu nhit li tir nhirng nim 1990. Thdi gian do chua du dii di hp quen di va loai bd hoin toin tim thiic vi tdn giio, tin ngudng ttmyin thdng. Them vio dd, mdt phan nhirng ngudi cii dao la
24 Thdng Hn Khoa hpc xA h^i. s612.2016 ngudi gii. tuc li da/ dang/ vin mang ttong
minh niim tin ttuyin thdng; hp chi ty diit bd ho$c tam thdi quen di de tin vio mdt vj thin mdi. Vdi gidi tre. mac dii tach bift ve nai sinh song, nhung bing cich niy hay cich khic, hp van cd mdi quan hf vdi ngudi trong hp, li nhiing iigudi chua cii d90. Do v§y, trong cupc sdng ciia ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Linh van cdn nhieu diu in cua niem tin truyen thdng.
Diu in dd thi hifn d n6i sp cic loai ma hay cic thi lyc sieu nhien. Hoic trude khi lim nhi, ngudi ta mdi ttudng diim nhdm din ciu nguyfn. Bdn c?nh vifc eiu Chiia ban sy binh an cho ngdi nhi vi cic thinh vien, hp cdn tin ring ldi ciu nguyfn cd thi duii hit cic lo?i ma dang tni ngy tt^n minh dit dd.
Thay bing vifc ciing ma, ngudi H'mdng theo d?o Tin Linh ciu nguyfn, ttong c|y vio sy che chd vi bio vf cua Dang toi cao la Thifn Chiia. Tai cic diem nhdm, cic buoi cau nguyfn dupc td chiic 3 buoi/tuan. Ndi dung ldi cau nguyfn chu yiu xoay quanh vifc ciu xin Chiia ban cho siic khde, mua ming tuai tot. Ngoii ra, moi ngudi cdn ciu nguyfn mpt ngiy 2- 3 lin.
Tren thyc ti, mdt bp phan ngudi H'mdng theo d?o Tin Linh van "am tham" thyc hinh mpt sd ll ciing ma, tiic li theo d^o nhung vin giii niem tin truyin thdng. Dii dd li su vi pham quy dinh cua dao nhung cic trudng diim nhdm vi myc su thudng chi nhic nhd chung chung, hofc tim gip dich danh ngudi dd de khuyen giii, chua cd ttudng hpp nio bj g9ch ten ra khdi danh sich diim nhdm.
Diiu niy chimg td, mpt bp phin ngudi H'mdng ve hinh thiic li theo dao Tin Linh, vi bin chit li chua thi tir bd dupc tin ngudng ttuyin thdng a
Kit lu^n
Vdi hai nhdm ngudi dpc l§p vi tdn giio. tin ngudng d ngudi H'mdng di cu vio Dak Lik, nhdm giii dao truyen thong vi nhdm theo dao Tin Linh, da cd nhOng bien ddi vi tdn giio d miic dp khic nhau, tir biin ddi m$t phin din bifn ddi hoin toan. Diiu niy dft chinh quyin cic cip trudc thich thiic bio tdn vi phit huy bin sic vin hda ngudi H'mdng di cu ttong bdi cinh mdi •
Tii lifu tham khio
1. Vd Thi Mai Phuomg (2016), "Di cu ty do cua ngudi H'mdng (Thyc tt?ng va nhiing van di dft ra)", T^p chi Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A, so 2(191), tr. 73-82.
2. Vuong Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hoa tdm linh cua ngudi H'mdng d Vi^l Nam - Truyin thdng vd hifn tgi, Nxb.
van hda - thdng tin & Vifn Van hda.
Hi NOi.
3. Trin Hihi Son (1995), Ddi sdng vdn hda tinh thdn ngirdi H'mdng d Ldo Cai (Truyin thdng vd hi?n dgi), Lufn in phd tiin sT Khoa hpc Ljch sir, D^ii hpc Khoa hpc xi hpi vi nhan vin, D?i hpc Qu6c gia Hi Ndi, Hi Nfi.
4. Nguyin Van Thing (chu bifn, 2009), Giir "ly cii" hay theo "ly mdi"? Bdn chdt cua nhirng cdch phdn ung khdc nhau cua ngudi H'mdng d Vi$t Nam vdi dnh hudng cua dgo Tin Ldnh, Nxb. Khoa hpc xi hpi. Hi Npi.
5. Nguyen Xuin Triit (2003), Tdy Nguyin cudi thi ky XX: Vdn di ddn cu vd ngudn nhdn lire, Nxb. Khoa hpc xi hfi, Hi Npi.
6. Cu Hda Vin, Hoing Nam (1994), Ngudi Mdng a Viii Nam, Nxb. Vin hda din tfc. Hi Nfi.
