NGHlflNCtrUCHUNGHiAMAC- LfeNIN.Titil!**,
MY HOC M A C - L E N I N
voi viec xay dung doi song thdm my b nuoc to hien nay
NGUYEN HUY PHONG*
M
y hgc khdng ch t td dqo dtk hQC cda tuong lai nhu nhilu nhk nghidn cuu, nha hoat ddng ehinh tri, van hda, xa hpi timg tuyen bd'mk trong qua khir, trong cudc sdng hi$n tai, my hpc ludn ddng vai trb quan trpng chi phdi manh me ddn nhu cau thubng thiic, tam hie'u, danh gia cai dep, 1km phong phii dbi sdng tinh thin, nhkn len nhiing tinh cam trong sang, vi tha, cao thuong.Vdi tinh chat Ik mpt bd phkn hpp thanh ciia trid't hoc Mac - Lenin, my hpc quan tkm nghidn cuu su-van ddng eiia cac quan he tham my giira eon ngubi vdi hidn thuc dua trdn co sd cua chu nghia duy vat bien ehiing, duy vat lieh sir, trong dd, cai dep la tmng tam, hinh tupng la khku eo ban, nghd thuat, Ik bid'u hien tap trung nhk't. My hpc Mac - Ldnin la kim ehi nam cua mdi ngubi trong qua trinh hpc tap, lao dpng dd' hudng tdi cai dep, cai cao ca, ddng thbi la cdng cu, phuong phap lukn hudng dan vide hudng thu thk'm mi diing dan va da'u tranh chdng cac tu tudng tham mi phan ddng.
Ngky nay, my hpc Mac - Lenin van the hi?n r5 tinh mi vidt, thbi su eua minh trong ddi sd'ng xk hdi, bdi nhung li thuydt, pham trii, khai mem, qui lukt diu dupe due riit tir thuc tien, tir chinh dbi sd'ng ciia nhkn dan lao ddng. Ke thira vk phat trie'n nhirng tinh hoa tri tue vk ciing kien quyd't phd phan nhung han che',
* Hoc vidn Chfnh tq • Hinh chfnh qudc gia Hd Chi Mmh
khiem khuyd't, nhung tu tudng cue doan cua cac nha my hpc di trudc nhu; my hpc ciia chu nghia duy li Baumgarten (my hpc la khoa hpc nghien ciru tinh cam vl cai dep), my hpc cua chu nghia kinh vien Bdccodi^
hpc ta khoa hpc nghien cifu eae cam ^ac, cac didn bien tkm II Clia eon ngubi vl cai dep va cai cao ca), my h^c eua ehu nghia duy tkm Canto (my hpc la khoa hoc nghien ciiu cac phan doan thi hieu ve cai dep va cai eao ca, ve thidn tki vk nghe thukt trb choi), my hpc cua ehu nghia duy tkm khach quan Hdghen (nghien cm cai dep trong nghe thuat, trong sang tao ngh$ thuat vk sir phat trien ciia Hch sir nghe thukt, coi cai dep la y nidm dudi mdt hinh thuc bieu hien cd ban, cai dep la mpt ddi tupng cam ti'nh ridng le), my hpc ciia chu n ^ duy vkt Tsecnusepxki (nghidn cuu cai dep, cai bi,cai hai, cai cao ca trong dbi sdng va sir tai hien cua chiing trong nghe thukt, cai dep la cupc sdng). My hpc Mac - Ldnin dk xay dung vk hokn thi^n mpt each can ban he thd'ng cae khai niem, xac dinh ddi tupng, pham vi, chiie nang cua my hpc, dua my hpe tro thanh mdt khoa hpc nghidn cuu cac quan h? tham mi. Tinh diii^ dan Clia my hoe Mae - Lenin thd' hien rd o nhiing quan d i ^ mang ti'nh khoa hpe, tmh quy lukt, sat vdi thuc te, gan chat vdi dbi sd'ng tinh thin vk nhu clu hudng thu, hudng tdi cai dep, chinh phue cai dep trong cupc song/
My hpe Mac - Ldnin eho rang, cai thk'm mi la mfii quan h§ giiia chu the tham mi va doi tupng thk'm fflii dd Ik quan hd dkc biet cua con ngubi, ra dbi tulao
20
NGfflfeNCtruCHUNGHIAMAC- L^NIN.TU TUONG H 6 CHI MINH ddng cua con ngubi, chu the Ik chu the van hda, cai
thk'm mi la mpt gia tri xa hpi, Ik mdt hinh thai y thuc xa hdi cd tinh dpc lap tuong ddi so vdi co sd ha tang san sinh ra nd dua trdn co sd cua chu nghia duy vat bidn chiing va duy vat lieh su. My hpc Mac - Lenin xem cai tha'm mi la mdt quan he gom ba mat hpp thknh:
doi tupng thk'm mi, chu thd' thk'm mi vk nghd thukt.
Moi quan hd nay khdng tinh tai mk ludn van ddng theo dkn tdc, giai cap, thbi dai vk hat nhkn co ban, quan trpng nhk't giu vi tri trung tkm Ik cai dep vdi nhiing bid'u hidn da dang: cai bi, cai hki, cai eao ck.
Trong cudc sd'ng, mpi niem vui, khat vpng vk nhung dam md ciia con ngubi diu gan liln vdi hoat ddng lao ddng vk thuc tidn xa hdi. Con ngubi huong thu, danh gia, sang tao tham mi Ik do nhirng nhu clu sinh tin, giao tie'p, nhu eau hoan thidn minh tao nen. Vi the' cai dep, cai cao ca trong cupc sdng va tiong nghd thukt ehi cd thd' nay sinh tir thuc tidn lao dpng va chien da'u cua con ngubi.
Van dung sang tao nhiing hpe thuyet ciia my hpc Mac - Ldnin, tutudng Ho Chi Mmh, trong cae van kien dai hpi trong cac bao eao ehinh tri, ket luan hdi nghi.
Dang ta khdng ngimg ra sue tuydn truyen, diy manh vide hpe tap, phd'bid'n rdng rai trong tokn dang, tokn quan vk nhkn dkn lao dpng ve vai trb ciia my hpe Mac - Ldnin, ve cdng tac giao due thk'm ml, nkng eao nang luc huong thu, vuon tdi cai dep de' xky dung nen van hda Vidt Nam tidn tie'n, dam da ban sac dan toe, hinh thknh nhiing con ngubi mdi cd due, cd tki, ed loi sdng lanh manh, trong sang, ed li tudng, hoai hao eao dep.
Trong Cuong hnh xky dung da't nudc trong thbi ki qua dp len chii nghla xa hdi. Dang ta khang dinh; Xhdm lo, bdi dudng hinh thanh con nguoi mdi, do la con nguoi coy thiic lam chd, y thiic trdch nhi&m cong ddn, cd tri thiic, siickhoe vd lao ddng gidi, cd loi s6ng vdn hoagidu tinh nghla, gidu long yiu nudc vd tinh thdn qudc te chdn chinh''\ Trong Chie'n lupe xky dpng va phat trien nIn van hda tidn tie'n dkm dk ban sac dkn tde, Dang ta dbi hoi phai xem trpng "viec giao due thk'm mi, giao due thi hie'u nghe thukt cho thanh thieu nidn, nhi ding, hpc sinh vl tat ca nhung cai dep, cai cao ea, eai anh hCing cua dk't nude"^. Vide giao due thk'm mi cho quin ehiing nhkn dkn rat da dang, cd thd' van dung nhilu hmh thuc, phuong thiic khac nhau, nhung quan ti-png va huu hidu nha't phai kd' dd'n tac ddng tieh cue cua loai hinh vkn hpc nghd thukt - mdt linh vuc nghd
thukt ngdn tir lay hinh tupng nghd thuat Ik phuong thirc bid'u hidn, phan anh, tac ddng vao tu duy, nhkn thiic, dieu khien hanh vi xk hdi ciia con ngubi, hudng con ngubi tdi nhiing gia tri nhkn vkn cao dep, nhung gia tri ehkn, thidn, mi.
Bkn vd vai trb eua van hpe nghd thukt, trong Van kidn Dai hpi Dai bid'u tokn qud'c lln thii VI (1986), Dang ta xac dinh: "Khdng hinh thdi tutudng ndo cd thi thay tM dirge vdn hQC vd ngh^ ihudt trong vi$c x&y dung tinh cdm Idnh manh, tdc d0ng sdu sdc vdo vi^c ddi mdi n&p nghi, n&p s6ng cda con ngutri"^. Nghi quyet 05 cua Bd Chinh tri khda VI (1987) cungndurd: "Vdn hda Id nhu cdu thiityeu trong ddi sdng tinh thdn cda xd h^i, thi hi^n trinh do phdt triin chung cda m0t ddt nudc, mdt thdi dai, la llnh vuc sdnxudt tinh thdn ti}o ra nhiing gid tri vdn hda, nhUng cong trinh nghi thudt dugc lim truyin tuddi ndy sangddi khac, Idmgidu dep them CUQC song con nguoi... Van Ape ngh^ thudt Id bo phdn ddc biet nhay cdm cda van hda, the hiin khdt VQng clia con nguoi ve chdn, thien, mi, cd tdc dif.ng b6i dudng tinh cdm, tdm hdn, nhdn cdch, bdn linh cua cac the hi cdng ddn, xay dung mdi truong dqo diic trong xd hdi, xdy dung con nguoi mdi xd hoi chd nghia'"^. Nhu vay, viec phat trie'n van hoc nghd thuat - mdt thknh td' quan trpng cua vkn hda trong thbi ki mdi duoc Dang ta het sue quan tkm, ehii trpng bdi nd Ik mdt hinh thai y thirc xa hdi, mdt linh vuc tinh than nhay cam boi dap thdm cho con ngubi nhiing tinh cam cao dep, trong sang, vi tha nhu; tinh yeu que huong, dk't nuoe, yeu thuong dong loai; cd tinh than hba nha, dokn ke't, tuong trp lln nhau, biet chd'ng lai cai xau xa, thap hen, bai trir nhung te nan ra khdi dbi sd'ng xa hdi; xky dung cudc sd'ng mdi, con ngubi mdi.
Trong hdi canh hdi nhkp kinh te', giao luu van hda, mo rpng hpp tae giiia cac qud'c gia tidn the' gidi, Viet Nam eung dang tieh cue, chu ddng hdi nhkp, skn skng lam ban vdi tat ca cae nudc. Bdi canh ay tao ra nhiing eo hpi thukn loi nhung cung dat ra nhilu khd khan thu 1, Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Cifcffig ITnh xiy dtrng dat nudc trong OTdikl qui dd tdn chu nghia xa hdi, Nxb SLT that, H, 1991.
tr, 5.
2 Dang Cong san Viit Nam: Van kien hgi nghi lin thi} 5 Ban Chip hinh Tmng uang khda VIII. Nxb CTQG, H, 1998, tr. 48 -49.
3. Ve lanh dao, quan II van hgc nghd thuat trong cdng cudc diSima. Nxt) CTQG. H, 2001, tr. 10 -11.
4. Sda,tr. 15-17.
NGHlfiNClTUCHUNGHiAMAC- LfiNIN.li) thach can vupt qua, Trong linh vuc vkn hda nghd thukt,
bdn canh nhung ye'u to tich cue, Iknh manh thi ciing xuat hien nhieu luong vkn hda tieu cue, phkn d^ng, kich thich bao luc, xkm hai manh me vko dbi sdng xk hpi, chi phdi Idl song eiia khdng it ngubi, 1km bkng hoai dao due, gky nhiie nhdi dulukn, Ikm dao Idn nhiing gia tri vkn hda ed' truyen, Nhung hidn tupng phi vkn hda, phi thk'm mi cu diln ra timg ngky, timg gib gky khdng it hoang mang, hoki nghi vl tuong lai dkn tde nhu- bao lue hpe dubng, nghidn game online; ngubi thkn, ngubi yeu chem gid't sat hai Ikn nhau chi vi Ipi ich va due vpng tlm thubng; te tham nhung, eua quyIn, hach dich; nan chay chuc chay quyIn; t$ tham d gky lang phi, thkt thdat tien ciia nhk nudc; vkn dl d nhiem mdi trubng, tai nan giao thdng; su xuong ck'p ciia vkn hda lang xk; Idl sd'ng hudng tha ciia mpt bd phkn thanh thieu nidn ciing nhumdt so can bd, dang vidn..., tkt ca dang trd thknh vkn nan, nhiing van dl nhirc nhdl eua thbi hku hidn dai. Cd nhieu nguydn nhkn ciia nhiing bieu hidn phi cd' truyln, phi van hda ay, ca true tid'p Ikn gian tid'p, chu quan Ikn khach quan, nhung xet cho ciing la nIn tang tri thue, vkn hda eua nhieu ngubi bi lung lay trudc lan sdng cua nhiing due vpng, eua chu nghia ca nhkn ich ki, nho nhen. Yi the, vide giao due, tuyen truyln dao diic, Idl sd'ng cd chuk'n mue van hda, tukn theo quy lukt cua cai dep eIn phai dupe de cao hon niia. Nhung hien tai, vide giao due thk'm mi cho quin chiing nhkn dkn cbn gkp nhilu han chd. My hpc Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vkn cbn "ddng khung" tiong cac vien nghien cuu, cac tnrong dai hoc, trong cac giao trinh, cac hki nghidn ciiu li lukn ma chua thue su phat huy hd't vai trb, tac dung cua mdt khoa hpc vd'n gan liln vdi cudc sd'ng, nghd thukt, vdi sinh hoat tinh thin, sinh hoat cdng dong, tkp the' cua nhkn dkn. Cdi dep Id gi ? Cdigi d?p 1 vin Ik nhiing cku hdi mudn thud cua loai ngubi. My hpc can phai giiip con ngubi cua moi thbi dai, giai ck'p, lira tuoi nhkn ra gia tri cua cai dep, hudng toi cai dep nhulk muc dich cua cupc sdng.
My hpc Mac - Lenin vk my hpc ngoki mac xi't du nhkp vk dupe phd' bie'n o nudc ta vko khoang nhiing nkm 50 cua the'ky XX, sd'lupng eae cdng trinh bidn dich, khao cuu, cac edng trinh nghien ciru khoa hpc vk dpi ngii cac nha nghidn cuu my hpc cbn han che'.
My hpc Ik bd mdn true thupc trong eae khoa, eae phkn mdn cua cac truong dai hpe, hpc vidn vdi thbi lupng
gikng d^y eo hpp. VI thd'sire lan tda, tlm anh huong ciia my hpc bi bd h?p trong mdt pham vi nhkt dinh, chii yd'u dknh eho sinh vien, hpe vidn cao hpc, nghi§n eiiu sinh cua khdi cac ngknh khoa hpc xk hdi nhkn vkn vk vkn hda nghd thukt.
Trong nhiing nkm gin dky, dudi siic ep cua nIn kinh td' thi trubng, vkn hda ngh? thukt cd liie bi ling xud'ng, khdng dupe quan tkm, dl cao diing mue. Ty Id hpc sinh, sinh vidn cd nilm dam md nghe thuat it din, nhung ngubi 1km vkn hda nghd thukt quin chiing khdng dupe dko tao bki ban, thid'u kinh nghidm, lam theo cam tinh, theo cam hiing cua ca nhkn t^o ra nhimg aan phk'm ngh^ thukt kem gia tri, Mkt khae, vi chay theo Ipi nhukn, hoa mkt trudc ding tiln, danh vi, nhilu ngh^ si - nhirng ngubi sang tao ra cai dep lai skn skng chk dap Idn eai dep, gky phan cam cho xk hOi, di nguoc lai Ipi ich cua cpng ddng. Dien hinh nhusirkidn tuong dki chid'n thing lich su Didn Bidn Phu vira khanh thknh da bi sut liin, huhong; banh chung, banhdky khong lo cung tidn cae vua Hiing, vi mudn dupe ghi danh vko ky luc Guiness mk ngubi ta skn skng long khung skt, nhet nhkn xd'p vko trong banh; hi$n tupng dao vkn, dao nhae; sir Ion xpn thid'u van hda tiong vide td' chiic cac le loi; thuong mai hda cac boat dong tin ngudng, tdn giao... khien cho nhirng ban tre co nilm dam md nghe thukt phai tirbd gik'e mdng Ikm dep eho ddi. Viec dko tao, boi dudng can bp tre lam van hda nghe thukt cd nguy eo 1km vko khiing hoang khi ckng ngky luong thi sinh du thi khdi C, khcii nkng khid'u nghd thukt it din, dong nghia vdi chjit lupng diu vao giam siit, diu ra kem chkt lupng. Do Ik bki toan nan giai cin cd bi^n phap khkc phuc, tkng cubng dpi ngii can bp chuydn trach 1km van hoa nghd thukt, dap ung nhu clu thudng thiic cai dep ngky ekng cap eua quang dai quin chiing.
Phat trid'n kinh te'phai dua ti-en nIn tang eua van hda. Van hoa Ik eoi re, Ik dpng luc cua phat tridn, la nhkn td' quan trpng quye't dinh su thanh bai cua moi cdng vide, la thude do ciia su phat trien, tao ndn ban ske, dke thu eua qud'c gia, dkn tdc. Mdt ngubi dupe coi la ed vkn hda khi ngubi dd dupe xa hpi kinh ti-png, yeu men, nguong md, song cd ly tudng, hoki bao cao dep,co long nhkn ai, vi tha, cd tri tue, hieu bid't... Phkn dku dd' tro thknh mdt ngubi cd van hda phai trai qua qua tiinh hpe tap, ren luyen, tu dudng bkn thkn mdt cadi ben bi, kien tri, lau dki. Nhung dd Ik nhidm vu cap
i-HGiimiM Cu UCHU NGHIAMAC - L^NIN, TUTUONG HO CHI MINH bach, mang tinh chid'n lupe eua Dang va Nha nude.
Hon liie nao he't, vide giao due thk'm mi eho mpi ngubi can phai dupe dl cao khi Viet Nam dang hpi nhap sku vao nIn kinh te thd'gidi. Cai ban sac dkn tpc, ydu td' biiyln thd'ng 1km ndn ban linh cd't each cua dkn tpc d n dupe phat huy dd' khdng bi ehim dam, hba tan trong mudn mku cua vkn hda thd' gidi. De thue hien thanh cdng sii mdnh cao ck nay. Dang dkt trpn nilm tin vao dpi ngii tri thirc, cae nhk khoa hoc, can bd giang day, nghidn ciiu phai khdng ngimg trau doi chuyen mdn nghidp vu, dao tao, boi dudng, ehkm lo eho thd'he tre - nhirng chu nhkn tuong lai ciia dk't nudc ed bkn linh chinh tri, ed tri thuc, tinh cam dep, ldi song dep de xky dung vk bao ve to qud'c.
Rieng vdi linh vue my hpe Mac - Lenin, mdt hnh vuc gan giii vdi dbi sdng eua nhkn dkn, gkn liln vdi suy nghi, tinh cam, nhkn thirc cua nhkn dkn lao dpng, vi cai dep ton tai d quanh ta, nd hien didn trong cudc song, trong tir nhien, trong sinh hoat san xuk't, trong sang tao vkn hda, trong each nghi, each lam. Nhung hai tid'ng my hoc dirong nhuvin cbn rat xa la vdi nhilu ngiroi, thkm chi nhieu ban tre cd hoe van vkn cbn lam tudng my hpc Ik cud'n sach nghien ciru, tim hid'u ve...
nudc My.
Ld hd'ng kie'n thue ve khoa hpc my hpc, su de dkt khi tie'p can, tranh luan nhiing van dd hen quan den my hoc vk dbi sd'ng tham mi khien cho my hoc chua thuc sir phat huy het vai tro, tae dung, chiic nkng tiong cupc sd'ng. Su yd'u kem trong cdng tac quan li, sang tao van hda, van nghe, nhung dilu ehuong tai, gai mat, nhung hien tuong phi thk'm mi mk ehiing ta bat gkp thubng ngky xukt phat tir nhan thue kem cdi cua con ngubi ve chuk'n mue eua cai dep khi nhieu r^ubi ran lln Ion khdng phan biet dupe eai gi Ik dep, la xau, eai gi eao ea, eai ^ thap hen, cai gi thien, cai gi ac. Vi vky, vide giang day my hoe trong hd thd'ng giao due quoc dkn can phai dupe day manh, tang eirong hon niia, phai dua my hpc trd thknh mpt khoa, vien nghidn ciiu, giang day ddc Up, cd dpi ngii cac nhk khoa hoc chuyen sku de' dko tao, bii dudng, nhkn rpng ra trong xa hdi nhung con ngubi cd li tudng thkm mi.
Giao due my hoc phai gan li lukn vdi thuc tiln, tir thuc tidn cupc sd'ng se soi sang va chiing minh ti'nh diing dkn eua nhiing ehkn
K my hpc ma Mac - Ldnin da vach ra. Cin tang cuong thbi lupng day my hpc Mac - Ldnin cho sinh vien khdi ngknh ki thukt, khoa hpe tunhidn..., xay dung Id trinh dko tao sau dai hoc bac thac si, tid'n si my hpc mdt each bki ban, tkn tid'n, hidn dai, dap ung nhu cau cua ngubi hoc. Ben canh dd, Dang va Nha nudc cin phai cd ehinh sach dki ngd, thu hiit nhkn tki, tao dilu kien, mdi truong lam viec thukn loi dd' nhung nhk my hpc Viet Nam cd co hdi phat huy tki nkng, giiip cdng ding xa hdi cd nang luc thim mi dd' ed the thudng thirc, danh gia, sang tao cai dep, hudng tdi cai dep, xay dung thanh cdng chu nghia xa hdi ma dinh cao Ik chii nghia cdng san - mpt xa hdi H tudng eiia loai ngubi tid'n bd.
Nha vkn Nga Doxtoiepxki da timg viet; "Cdi dep cd thi ciiu rdi nhdn loai". De nhkn didn, nlm bkt duoc cai dep, con ngubi cin phai cd mpt phuong phap lukn, mdt thd'gidi quan, nhkn sinh quan tich cue, ed niem dam md, udc vpng. My hpc Mae - Lenin se la edng cu hihi hieu cung cap cho con ngubi nhung tri thue, ki nang cin thiet de so hiiu, vuon tdi nhiing eai dep Idn lao, cao ca trong cudc sd'ng va nghd thukt. Thd'gidi ludn ludn ddi thay nhung cai dep, eai thanh thien thi mki mki ton tai, duoc ngubi ngubi ngudng md, trkn trong, tdn thd. My hpc Mac - Lenin cin dupe bd' sung, phat trid'n trong boi canh mdi nhung hat nhkn co ban, tu tudng cot loi mk cac nha kinh did'n de ra den nay vkn cbn nguydn gia tri, nd la phuong thiie, la con dubng dkn dkt moi ngubi de'n vdi ben bd cua cai dep. Vdi y nghia Idn lao ay, ban thkn my hpe Mac - Ldnin cung da gdp phln ciiu rdi nhdn loai.
