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BAT BINH DANG GIAO DUC GIUA NONG THON VA THANH THI 0 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
LY THI HUE*
Tren ca sd ddnh gid thtic trgng bdt binh ddng gido due giSa ndng thon vd thdnh thi d Viet Nam trong qua trtnh chuyin sang nin kinh tithi trUdng dinh hudngXHCN, bdt viet nghien ciiu, ly gidi nhOng nguydn nhdn chu yiu cung nhuede hi luy do sif bdl blnh ddng gido diu: giSa ndng thdn vd thdnh thi gdy ra. Titdd, di xudt mdt so kiin nghi nhdm gidm thiiu subdt binh ddng gido due giUa ndng thdn vd thdnh thi dViit Nam hien nay.
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d Md khing dinh, cfing cudc ddi mtt gin Bdo cio cua Tdng cue Thdng kd cho Miy ed sy 30 nam qua do Dang Cfing san Vigt Nam khde bigt vd finh binh di hge gitta Mdnh thi vi khtt xudng vi linh dao d i dat dugc nMdu Manh nfing Mfin. Nam 2012, mtte chgnh Igch ty Ig dan tini to Idn, toin dign, ed J ngMa ljch sfr ca vd ly sd M 15 Mdi ttd Idn chua bao gid ddn trudng cia Iuin vd Muc tidn. Vifit Nam da "bude ^^o nhdm nfing Mfin cao bon thanb thi Id 4,2 didm phan trdm nudc dang phat tiien cd thu nhdp tiimg binh"'" (ty lg ndy ndm 2010 Id 4,2 didm phdn Irdm; 2008 vd tidp tuc diy manh "cdng ngMgp hda, Mgn dai Id 4,6 didm phin tidm; 2006 Id 4,5 didm phin hda ddt nude gin v&i phdt tridn kinh td tri trdm). Ty lg khdng ed bang cdp cia nfing Mfin cao Mflc"'^'. Ddc bigt, Vigt Nam duge nhidu qude gia hon Minh ttij la 7,2 didm phin ttam, khfing May vi td chfle qudc td ddnh gii Id nudc cd eac Mdnh ddi so V&L nam 2010 (2008 la 6,3 Mdm phin ttam;tyu ding kd vd giao due, ddo tao so v&i nMdu 2006 Id 6,2 didm phin ttam). Nhu vay, ndu chdnh nudc cd Mu nhap tmh Meo diu ngutt Mcmg Igch ty Ig ddn sd tt 15 Mdi trd Ifin chua bao gid duong va hodn toan cd kha ndng hodn Mdnh muc ddn tmdng cfra ndng Mdn so v&i Minh tbi cd xu tifiu phdt tridn tMfin mdn ky vd phd cdp gido due hudng giam qua edc nam, tM ddn sd tt 15 Mdi trd tidu iigc tmdc nam 2015. Ifin khdng cd bdng cip nfing Mdn so v&i thdnh Mi
Tiiy nMdn, bdn canh nhung Mdnh tuu da dat cd xu hudng ngiy cang tang,
dugc, Vigt Nam cung dang piiii ddi mat v(n sy d cdp tidu hpc, mflc dfi phd cdp gido due mdt cdn bang vd giio due gitta Manh tin vd ndng khdng cd sy khac bigt ldn gitta Manh Mj vd ndng Mdn, nhung ntt ed ttdu kign kinh td phit tridn vtt Mdn. Tuy nMdn, trtnh dfi cang cao iM khoang nhung ntt cdn khd khdn. Nghi quydt Htt nghj lin cdch chfinh Igch ve phd cdp giio dye gifla Manh Mfl hai Ban chip hdnh Trung uong Dang (khoa thj v i nflng Mdn cang Idn, cu Md: d cip THCS.
Vni) chi rd; **Chua Mue Mgn tdt cflng bang xa hdi mflc chfinh Igch gifla Mdnh thj vd ndng Mdn la trong giao due. Con em gia dinh nghdo gap nMdu 3,6 didm phin tram; d cip THPT mflc chdnh Igch khd khdn kM mudn bpc Ign eao. d cdc trudng dai Id 13,2 didm phin ttdm; d trtnh dd eao dang va hpc ti Ig sinh vign Id con em gia dinh ngheo, con dai hpe, rafle chgnh Igch la 35,9 didm phin em xuit thin cdng nfing, nhit Id nfing din d ving ttdm'^'. Ty lg bidt chfl cua Minh Mi cao ban ndng sdu, viMg xa, vttng dan tfic tMdu sfl giam din""'. Mfin do cd khoang each phdt tiidn gitta MaiM thi Do dd 'Trinh dd phdt tiidn gifla cdc vttng cdeh bigt vd ndng Mfin. T^ Id ndy n5m 2012 la 4,2 didm Idn vd cd xu hudng md rfing""
* Thgc si. Hoc viin Hdnh chink Qudc gia.
I • DCSVN: Vdn ben Dai hdi dai biiu todn qudc ldn thd XI, Nxb.
Cklnk in Qudi: gia -Suthdt.Hd N^i. 2011. tr. 91.
2-Sdd, tr. 75.
3 - DCSVN: (1997). Vdn kiin Hdi nghi idn thU hai Ban chdp kdnh Trung uang khod VIII, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Ndi. tr. 24.
4 - DCSVN: Vdn kifn Dai hdi dai biiu todn qudc ldn thdX. Nxb.
Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Ndi. tr. 166.
TAP C H I G l A o DMC LY LUiSiN - S 6 222 (2014)
phin tt^m (2011 la 4,6 didm phin ti^m; 2009 li 5,0 didm phin ttam; 1999 la 6.1 didm phin tt^m;
1989 Id 8,4 didm phin ttim)'**.
Ndm 2012, ^ le ddn sfi cd tiinh dfi hpc vin M tmng hpe phd Mfing ttd ldn cua Mdnh thj gdp 5 - Tdng CUC Thdng ki (2013), Diiu tra biin ddng ddn sd vd ki hoach kda gia dinh tkdi diim 1/4/2013. cdc kit qud chu y/u, Nxb Thdng Ki.Hd Ndi, tr. IS
6-Sdd.tr. 19-20
67
DliNBAMSUOBUC 1.46 Iin so v&i nfing Mdn (2010 la 1,48 Iin; 2008 la 1,51 Iin; 2006 la 1,71 Iin); cd ttinh dfi cao ding vd dai hpc gip 4,56 lin (2010 Id 5,14 ldn;
2008 la 5,64 lin; 2006 la 5,74 Iin)'".
Qua eon sd cu Md vd su phdn hda giio due ttfin day, chflng ta Mdy ndi Ifin xu hudng vdn ddng la cdng hpc ldn cao tfii su bdt binh dang vd gido due gitta ndng Mdn - Minh Mj edng Idn vi Idn nhdt d cdp dai hgc. Didu nay tao ra sy Io ngai vi sy chdnh Igch ngdy cing ldn ve mgi mat cfra dtt sdng xa hfii gitta hai vung nay. Cac nghidn cttu cho Mdy, cd rdt nMdu nguyen nbdn din ddn sy bdt binh dang giio due giira ndng Mdn va Mdnh Mj d Vigt Nam Mgn nay. Tuy nhien, ttong khudn khd eua bai vidt ndy, chttng tfii mudn nhdh manh ddn mfit sd nguyfin nhdn chfr ydu sau:
Thd nhdt, diu M efing cho giio due nfing Mdn Mip hfln Mdnh Mj.
Thd hai, do Ihu nhip eia cac gia dMh d Minh thj cao hon eac gia dinh ndng Mdn.
Thd ba, ty lg ngheo d khu vyc nfing Mfin cao hon rdt nhidu so v&i Minh thj.
Thdtu, do su khie bigt vd vung dja 1;^.
Thd ndm. tip qudn sinh hoat, su tri trg tai eie vung ndng Mdn cdng v&i tii duy bao cip, sttc i ttcmg nhdn Mflc. tic phong quan Ueu ttong flng xfr v&i giio due eiia nMdu cdp, nMeu nganh, cia nhd gido vd ein bfi quan K gido due b nfing Mfin...
Mdc dtt giiia thdnh thi va nfing Mfin cdn cd sy khic bidt Idn vd didu kign vat chdt, sinh boat va nhdn Iuc, vigc "Mue Mgn edng bang giio due dt ed nhidu khd khdn khdeh quan khfing thd mdt sdm mdt chidu ma gidi quydt ngay duge. Vi vdy, khdng ai cue doan ddi hdi su cdng bang ttygt dfli, nhung Nha nudc, md cu Md l i cac co quan quan I^ giao due phai cd y Mflc fim mgi cdch han chd bit efing, nhdt l i ttong nhimg chu truong, bign phdp Mufie quydn chfr dfing cfra co quan quan IJ""'. Vi: "Cflng tic gido due se Iam cho...
nhimg Minh vifin ttong xa hfii cd kha ndng sfr dung mflt cich hodn loan ndng lyc phdt tridn toan dign cfra mMh"'". Cho nfin, chflng tfli cho rang
7 - Ting cue Thdng ki (2014), Ket qud khdo sdi mOc sing ddn cu Viit Nam nam 2012. Nxb. Thdng ke. tr. 69.
8 - Hodng Tuy (2013). Guio duc: xin cho tdi ndi thdng. Nxb. Tri thdc. tr. 83.
9 - CMdc vd PkAngghen (1995). Todn tdp, Nxb Chinh Iri Qudc gia. Hd Ndi. 1.4. ir. 474.
cdn tfudt phai Mye Mgn mfit sd giai phdp mang tinh chi dao sau:
ThUc nhdt, trong viec ddu tu cdng cho phdt triin gido due, Nhd ni^c cdn cd quy hoach vd ke hoach cu the di cdn ddi mdc ddu tU giOa thdrA thi vd ndng thdn.
Cd Md khang dinh, uu tffin danh mflc diu tu cao hem eho giio due khu vue Minh thj, nham tao ra nhflng "diu tdu" giio due di kdo Meo ca "doan tiu" giio due di Idn l i rdt cin Midi. Song, bgn canh do, Nha nudc cung cin phai diu hi ngin sdch Mda ddng cho hg Mdng tmdng nfii bii cimg nhu chd dfi bpc bdng, hpc pM, cung c£^ sdch gido khoa... va tridn khai, Myc Mgn cac chuong trinh, du i n gido due trdn dia bdn cdc vimg nfing Mfin, gdp phin giam tMdu finh ttang tdi mtt chfl do nMdu hpc sinh bd bpc vi khfing cd didu kign ddn tmdng, ttt dd Mu hep din khoing cdch dang ngay mdt xa so v&i thanh thj. Ddng Mtt, cin ra soil, sfra ddi bd sung co chd chuih sdch diu tu cho gido due Meo hudng diu \a ed trpng didm, trpng tdm, ttanh Iang pM ngdn sich, dd khlc phuc sy dan trai vd dja ban, m ^ cdn ddi giite xdy dung co ban vdi mua slm tMet bj giang day.
Tha hai, Nhd nudc cdn ddy manh gidm nghio d khu vuc ndng thon. Vi ndng Mfin gitt mfit vj tti dac bigt quan trpng ttong qua trinh phdt tridn kinh td - xa hfii. Cho nfin, mpi chucmg trtnh giam ngheo. dac bigt la giam ngheo vd kinh td d nfing Mfin &6i vdi cic hfi nfing din la tfdn dd kinh td tfii ein tMdt dl gitt vitag dn dinh chuih tri-xa hfii, ttt do tao lip su cdng bdng trong gido due. Btt, sau kM no dfr, ngudi ddn mtt ddm n ^ d ^ chuygn gido due. Dd giai quydl tin gdc vin dd ngheo d nfing Mfin, bign phdp duy nhil la phit tridn kinh td, ting Mu nhap. Ma cu Md nhdt la Nha nudc cin chtt ttgng diu M co sd ha ting giao Mdng ndng Mfin, eiu ntt gitta nfing thfin v&i thanh thi. giiia nhung vttng tdch bigt, bgn le ciia su phit tridn v&i cac tmng tdm phdt tridn cia dSt nude. Ddi \cA hiu hdt vimg nfing Mfln d dja ban each bigt, eai tMgn co sd ha tdng (nhdt la dudng sa, Miy lgi, dign) dugc xem la didm xudt phat dd khac phuc cdc bit Itt ed tiiih ca ciu. ttt dd giflp tao eo hfli giam bit binh dang trong tidp cdn gido due, y td^ Mfing tin, flu tru&ng.
Thicba, Nhd nudcphdi tdp trung uu tiin thuc hiin cdc gidi phdp nhdm gidm bdt binh ddng vi chdi luong gido due giSa nong thdn vd thdnh thi.
(xem tiip trang 83)
68 TAP CHI GIAO Dgc LY LUAN - s6 222 (2014)
mm TTN' TVUiU- sir KliN hing ndm vd ciu khlu ttuydn "Ham mfit Ld Lai,
hdm hai Lfi Ltt" Iifin quan ddn viec Ld Lai Udu mtah cttu chua. Nhiing sdng tic van hpc din gian d Thanh Hda Mtt kJ ndy rit dim dd phong phu.
Trong cac hMh thflc sinh hoat ddn gian xtt Thanh, chac chan nhttng tdp tuc tinydn Mfing vdn dugc duy tri bdn vflng: The Md cflng td tifin, thd phung tfin vinh cac vi Mdnh hodng. Id hdi ddn gian va cdc trd chtt trong le hdi...
5. Vd k i ^ tiuc: Cfing tiinh kidn true tidu bidu d Thanh Hda Mtt Lfi so la dign Lam Kinh.
Lam Kinh edn gpi Id Son Ldng, la ntt an ting cdc vi vua ttidu Lfi. Le Thai Td mit ngdy 22 tiling 8 ndm QuJ Sfru (1433) chdn d Vinh Ling, dung bia Vinh Lang. Lfi Thdi Tdng mit ngiy 4 Ming 8 nam Dai bao Mtt 3 (1442) chdn d ben ta Vinh
Lang ggi Id Huu Lang. Le Nhdn Tdng bi sit hai (1459), Ld Thanh Tdng lam lfi cMeu hdn rdi dem vd chdn d bdn huu Vihh Ling ggi Id Muc Lang.
Lfi Thdnh Tfing mil (1497) chdn d bfin ta Vinh Lang gpi Id CMfiu Lang. Lfi Hifin Tdng mit (1505) chdn d Du Ldng, dyng bia Du Ldng. Lfi Tuc Tdng mdt chdn d Kinh Ldng. dung bia Kinh Ling.
SirM thtt cie vua Ld Mudng xuydn vd ddy bii ydt Son Lang, tham hoi nhin ddn dia phuang. Khu di tich Lam Scm khdng chi la di san quy bau. Id nidm ty hdo cfra nhdn ddn Thanh Hda ma cdn li di san chung cfra ca ddn tde. Vi le dd, nam 1994 khu di tich ljch sfr Lam Kinh da duge nhd nudc phfi duygt dy dn M bd, phuc hdi, tfln tao. Vtta qua duge cflng nhdn la Di tich ljch sfr - van hda Qufic gia dac bigLS
BAT BINH DANG GIAO DUC.
(tiip trang 68) Cdc bign phdp giam chdnh Igch vd chil lugnggido due cin bit diu ngay tt giai doan diu dtt (miu giao) cho din cie bic hoe eao ban (tidu hpc, hung hpe cosd, trung hgc phd Mdng...). Da dang hda eac loai hinh tmdng idp v i trang thidt bj, dd ding day hgc phtt hgp v&i didu kign ty nhifin, kinh td xa hdi eia titag vttng. Diy manli cic hoat ddng djnh budng nghd ngMgp cho hgc sinh 6 khu vyc ndng thdn tiirdc kM di hoe tiimg cip, cao dang, dai hpc nhim gittp cdc em chpn ngdnh nghd hpc phtt hgp vdi nhu ciu tfii irudng lao ddng. Cin hd ttg ddc bigt dd tao didu kign vd ndng eao chit Iupng ddi ngu giio vifin, nhu Myc Mgn chfnh sich uu tign vd Iuong, phy cip cho ddi ngu gido vidn, nhlm khuydn kM'ch nhitag ngutt cdng tde d cdc vitag khd khan, vitag ddng bio ddn tdc tMdu sfi. Bdn canh dd. d nhttng vttng din tfic tMdu s6, cdn cd chinh sdch xiy dung lyc lupng cdn bfi Iam trong ngdnh gido dye la ngutt ddn tfic, ngutt ddn dia phucmg Manh dat M chuygn hpc bdnh - coi dd Id Igi thfi dd May ddi ta duy cia bd con tiong vigc hgc tap.
Thit tu, Nhd nudc cdn ddy manh chu truang xahdi hod gido due.
Xa hfii boa gido due - dio tao cin phai dugc Mdu l i "giio due cho mgi ngutt", "ea nude ttd Mdnh mfit xa hfii bgc tip". Nha nudc phai cd trdch nhigm flm mpi cdch dd kich tMch, huy dfing ca nhin lyc. vdt luc, tdi lye diu tt vdo gido
due ndi chung vd giio due ndng thdn ndi ridng, dflng ven yfiu ciu "qufic sich hdng diu", ddc bigt la vai ttd cia cac tic nhdn thj tmdng "Nhd nudc - nha doanh ngMgp - nhd ttudng - ngutt ddn", phai lam cho mpi ngutt, mpi nha, toan ddn vd ca hg Mfing ebfrtti tri eoi vigc phit tridn gido due rMu Id ttich nMgm cfra todn xa hfii chfl khfing phai cM cua Nhi nudc hay mfii chu Md nio dd, khdng de ngutt ngheo, dfii ttgng chuM sach phai thit hpc.
Nhi nudc ein dua ra nhitag giai phdp diu tranh quydt Ugt vd dfing bd, nhlm kien quyet ngan chan, diy ltti nhitag bidu hign lam giau pM phdp di dfii v(h khuydn kMch mgi c i nhdn, td chfle ldm gidu hpp phdp. Cufic chidn ehdng nhflng bidu bign Idm giau pM phip se Id mdt cdng cu him Mgu gidp kidm chd bit binh ding xa hoi ndi chung vi bit binh ding giio due giiia ndng Mfin vd Minh thi ndi ridng.
Tom lai, nghidn cun, dd xuit giai phip rMlm thuc hign cfing bang ttong gido due giua nfing thdn vd thinh thj "ma thuc chit Id bao dam cbo mgi edng ddn, quydn binh ding vi co hai hpc tdp vd CO hfli Ihanh dat trong hgc vin"'"', vi muc tidu "ddn giiu, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, din cbi, vdn minh" khflng cM l i ttich nhigm cia Nhd nudc, cfra nginh giio due m i cua ca loan xa hdi.is
9 - Hodng Tuy (2013), Gido duc: xin cho tdi ndi ihdng. Nxb Tn thdc. tr. 80
TAP CHf G l A O DUC LY L U A N - s 6 221 (2014)
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