TRUCJNG DAI H O C D O N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019)
CAM H I T N G " G L 4 I H U Y E N THOAI" TRONG TRUYEN NGAN BlfC THV GLTI ME AU CO CUA Y BAN
• Pham Thi Thanh Thuy"
Tom tat
"Gidi huyen thoai" Id mpt xu hudng vdn hoc gop phdn dua tdc phdm tiem can cdm quan hdu hien dgi vdi suphd vd trat tu cdu true, dem lgi mdt cdch cdm nhdn hiin thuc mdi la. Tie cdm himg
"gidi huyen thogi", "Biec thu gin me Au Co" cua YBan da thuc hien xudt sde sumenh vdn chmmg, phdn dnh dugc nhiing vdn de "ndng" trong xd hdi, thirc linh eon ngudi, truyen tdi diegc nhung thdng
diep y nghia ve cugc sdng. Tie do, khang dinh cdi nhin mdi, tieng ndi mdi md Y Ban mang den cho van hoc nir Viet Nam hien dgi.
TO-khoa: Gidi huyen thogi, Y Ban, Biec thu gid me Au Co.
1. Dat van de su ap dat niem tin kieu co tich manh me khang Nhin lai ndn van hpc hien dai Viet Nam, nhit ^inh v8 khuydn khieh phat huy tinh chat trd choi la tir sau thdi ki ddi mdi, ta thiy mot didu thii vi ciia van chuong. Trong thai dai biing no thong tin la ngay giiia ky nguyen cong nghe thong tin, van
chuong lai himg thu vdi nhiing cau chuyen mang hoi hudng huyen thoai, vdi nhiing nhan vat ky ao.
Vai tinh than "giai thieng", diing "huyen thoai"
de "giai huyen thoai", cac nha van da di vao tai hien mot the gidi khae, mot thue tai khae nham pha va cai nhin phien dien, mgt chieu ve con nguoi va cuoc ddi Xet tren mpt phuong dien nao do, xu huong "giai huyen thoai" da gop phan dua tac pham tiem can cam quan hau hien dai voi su pha vo trat tu cau tnic. Ddng thdi, thong qua do, cac tac gia c6 dieu kien di vao khai thae nhGng the gidi bi an trong tiem thirc va sieu thiic d moi con ngudi. Tim hieu xu huong "giai huyen thoai"
trong mot so truyen ngan Viet Nam duong dai khdng chi giiip ta tiep can truyen ngan d phuong dien the loai ma con giiip ta hieu duoc cam quan thdi dai d moi nha van. Qua do c6 the thay rang, CO nhiing liic van chuong da phai diing huyen thoai nhu mdt thii don bay de phan anh hien thuc Nhieu nhan vat tir truyen thuyet, co tich, tii mgt tac pham van hgc kinh dien da dugc tai cau tnic Viet lai tich cii, tai hien lai nhirng nhan vat than ki da qua quen thuoc voi cong dong, ngudi viet khong chi tan cong vao Idi tu duy mgt chieu, vao
'"' Hoc vien cao hoc, Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va>Jhan van, Dai hoc Quoe gia Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
CO khi lam nhieu loan nhan thirc, ly tri cd the lac Idi, su bat an cd the gay ra tinh trang thd a, lanh cam,,.. kha nang tai sinh cua huyen thoai dugc xem la mgt giai phap nghe thuat nhieu y nghTa.
Nhieu nhan vat ky ao duoc van chuong uu ai giao cho sir menh phan anh nhiing van de nong trong xa hgi, thirc tinh con ngudi, truyen nhiing thong diep ve cuoc song ma truyen ngan Biec thu giri me Au Co ciia Y Ban la mgt dien hinh cho tinh than "giai huyen thoai" trong van hgc.
2. Cam hii'ng "Giai huyen thoai" trong truyen ngan Buc thu' gui me Au Co* ciia Y Ban 2.1. Gitfi thieu doi net ve "giai huyen thoai"
Trong van xuoi Viet Nam duong dai, gieu nhai, giai thieng lich sir, giai huyen thoai dang trd thanh cam ling manh me voi diem tija la nhCrng huyen thoai, nhung co mau trong ddi song van hoa dan toe hoae dua tren tu duy huyen thoai dh sang tao Day co the duoc xem la ky thuat tu su noi bat, tinh than chu luu cua chu nghTa hau hien dai.
"Giai huyen thoai thuc chat la su phan tinh, phan khang, la cam hiing nghe thuat mdi me tham chi la nham "la hda" giai cau true, xoa bd di "Idp suong mil huyen thoai" bao bgc doi tuong, gd bd nhirng gi vdn trat tu, dn dinh, linh
TRUCfNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) thieng lam phai md kha nang hoai nghi, tra van
"nhiing chuyen ke vT dai" [2]. Co the chia "giai huyen thoai" lam hai xu hudng chinh, do la "giai huyen thoai" ve lich su va "giai huyen thoai" ve tam thirc dan gian
"Giai huyen thoai" ve lich su khong phai la xoa bd lich sir ma la the hien each cam nhan lich sii theo mgt huong khae, duong dai hoa cai qua vang. Khi xay dung nhiing bieu tuang hda giai huyen thoai ve lich sir, dieu nha van hudng den khong phai la viec phu nhan, boi nho lich sii, bang bo qua khii ma chi xem lich sii gidng nhu mot chat lieu nghe thuat de tir do nha van the hien nhiing quan diem, each nhin nhan, danh gia ciia minh ve cuoc song, con ngudi. "Xu huong
"giai huyen thoai" Heh sir khong chi nham "giai thieng" cac anh hung qua khii, ma cdn the hien tinh than dan chu No md rong quan niem ve hien thuc, de cao tinh hu cau, tinh "trd choi" trong sang tao van hoc" [2],
"(jiai huyen thoai" ve tam thirc dan gian co hai cap do viet tiep huyen thoai va viet lai, gieu nhai, giai huyen thoai
Viet tiep huyen thoai khong phai la hinh thirc viet tiep cau chuyen da ket thuc trong huyen thoai triing khdp vdi tinh than, quan diem ciia tac gia dan gian ma la sir dung "cai nhin mang tinh chkt doi thoai, ciing tu duy tranh bien, loi viet "ngi hien" thay vi "ngoai hien" nhu trong huydn thoai CO da trd thanh thi phap noi bat" [2] Trudng hop viet tiep huyen thoai, tu tudng giai huyen thoai, giai thieng hinh tuong chi gioi han d viec dua ra nhiing suy ngam, nhiing gdc nhin khae
"Viet lai, gieu nhai, giai thieng huyen thoai da tai tao nen nhiing huyen thoai mdi cd xu hudng doi lap, gieu nhai, tham chi la phii dinh huyIn thoai dan gian. Khong chi doi thoai voi cac tac gia dan gian, cac tac gia hien dai con ddi thoai vdi nhau" [2].
Tuy nhien, each phan chia ti-en chi mang tinh chat tuong doi vi trong mgt s6 sang tac duong dai, qua trinh tham nhap, tai sinh cua huyen thoai
dien ra song song, vira viet tiep, vira gieu nhai,
•vira giai thieng huySn thoai.
2.2. Cam hung "giai huyen thoai" trong Bite thu gui me Au Cg ciia Y Ban
2.2.1. Nhan de "gidi huyen thogi"
Lay cam himg tir tir sir dan gian va xuat phat tii xu huong "Giai huyen thoai" ve tam thiic dan gian, Y Ban tai sinh huyen thoai ve me Au Co qua truyen ngan ma nhan de da duoc bien the"
Bitx: thu gin me Au Ca. 6 truyen ngan nay, tac gia da viet lai, giai thieng huyen thoai, tao tac nhiing lop y nghTa mdi cho huyen thoai xua Viec chgn hinh thirc viet la mgt biic thu giii cho mgt nhan vat chi cd trong truyen thuyet do la me Au Co - ngudi me da sinh ra dan toe Viet Nam trong bpc tram tning - de dat ten truyen da tao ra mot nhan de mdi la mang lai mau sac huy^n thoai cho mgt truyen ngan hien dai. Day la mot each thiic tuong tac chung giira van ban tu sy duong dai (van hoc viet) vdi cac truyen ke dan gian - mgt bieu hien ciia loi "lien van ban".
Sd dT Y Ban chon nhan de Buc Ihu giei me Au Co va hinh thiic viet thu cho truyen ngan nay bdi thu la the van het siic tiJ do, phdng tiing, nghTa la ngudfi viet tha ho bat tir chuyen no sang chuyen kia, chuyen tir canh nay sang canh khae, doi tir giong dieu nay sang giong dieu khae, Trong thu, ngudi ta co the thong bao sir viec, thong tin, nhan tin, co the hoc 16 tam tinh va nhirng suy nghT tham kin cua minh Vdi y thifc
"giai huyen thoai", tac gia da gia tang su kham pha va ly giai chieu sau tam ly cua nhan vat, dua ngudi doc trd ve vdi cuoc song ddi thudng vdi nhirng cau chuyen dam tinh thdi su.
2.2.2. Cot truyen "gidi huyen thogi"
Y Ban viet Btrc thu gui me Au Co dua tren cam hirng tir mgt cau chuyen cd that
"Moi trudng tdi song la benh vien, vi bo me toi d^u cdng tac d nganh Y. Toi lang thang theo bo me tir benh vien nay qua benh vien khae. Moi trudng benh vien tham dam trong toi. Khu nha tap th^ cho toi khdng biet bao nhieu du lieu, nen
TRUCFNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hocso 39 (08-2019) nhiing dieu dd cii tro di trd lai trong sang tac
ciia toi. Co lan, toi di hpc ve, em toi ke, con be hang xom 16 tuoi da c6 thai Tdi ngac nhien vi vira nhin thay no chieu qua cdn ngoi ban bi, vay ma.. Hda ra, co be bi cuang hiep va c6 thai.., Chuyen ay am anh toi va la nguyen co de Biec thu gin me Au Cava ddi..." [1].
Biec thu gid me Au Ca cua YBan kl ve mot cd gai da titng chiia hoang viet thu gui me Au Co de giai bay ndi Idng cua minh Me cua cd la mpt cong chuc nha nuoc, chac do qua ban ron voi chuyen muu sinh va cung la ngudi vo tam nen khong gan gui chi bao con gai nhiing chuyen te nhi ciia phu nii Vi vay, co gai 24 tiaoi chua c6 chong ma Id c6 thai vdi nguoi yeu. Ba me bat CO pha thai de rdi tir do co phai song trong noi dau ddn, dan vat. Trong la thu, cd gai hoc Ip tam trang dau ddn, xdt xa cho canh ngp cua minh va nhiing nguai dong canh ngp, Co roi vao hoan canh vira dau ddn the xac, vira dau ddn ve tinh than khi buoc phai giet chet hai nhi cdn trong tning nude va phai chiu canh ngudi dan ba g6a bua dudi vd bpc cua co thieu nir. Chua dirng lai a do, CO con phai chiu thai dp lanh liing, sir day nghien, si nhuc cua me va nhiing ngudi xung quanh. Co trach me khdng chi day ma de co Idn len hon nhien nhu hoa cd. Va cd gai thay mat cac ban ddng trang liia ciia minh len tieng ddi su quan tam ciia ngudi me, ddi phai dugc day nhiing dieu ma xa hoi chung ta hay ne tranh khong ndi that vdi tre con, ddi quyen binh dang, ddi dugc yeu thuong va chia se Ben canh dd, tac pham ciing ndi ve ndi dau ciia ngudi mp khi cd nhiing diia con gai bi cho la hu hdng.
Vai xu hudfng "giai huyen thoai" va kieu
"cot truyen ben trong", "cot truyen tam ly", Y Ban de cho nhan vat tu ke lai cuoc ddi va tam trang cua minh Qua do, nha van bpc 16 su quan tam ve nhiing van de mang tinh nhan ban ciia cuoc sdng Ben canh viec mieu ta nhiing cugc sinh nd tr^n trui, sir chiu dung dan dau ciia nhan vat, YBan da de lai cho ngudi dgc nhieu day diit va ban khan, tran trd qua viec the hien noi dau
ciia nguai me va ndi dau cua nguai con - noi dau ciia nhiing con ngudi a dia vi khae nhau. O thai diem ra ddi (1989), tac phSm dugc xem la mpt
"du bao xa hgi", mpt "hoi chu6ng canh tinh" cho tinh trang nao pha thai va bi kich ciia nhilu co gai dang tu6i vi thanh nien Vdi each viet mdi la, dgc dao va gdc nhin hien thuc r^t bao liet, Biec thu gin me Au Co ciing vdi Chuyen mot ngudi dan bd da dem lai cho nha van Y Ban Giai Nhat cua Tap chi Van nghe Quan dpi.
Trong Biec thu gin me Au Co, Y Ban da xay dung thanh cong moi quan he giiia nguai me va con gai, trong do ngudi me khdng c6 su quan tam dung mirc toi con dan den hau qua bi dat cho CO gai tre. Q day, tathay hinh anh nguoi phu nii hien dai khong duoc nhin nhan 6 goc do tinh each ma d goc do tam trang, Chiing ta tudrng nhu da cham dugc vao nhiing noi dau tham kin cua ngudi phu nii, ndi dau ciia ngudi phu nir bi ru6ng bd, noi dau cua nguoi me biet minh cd dira con hu. The nhung, dieu dgng lai trong tam tri nguai doc lai la hinh anh nhiing c6 gai tre dang chap chiing buoc vao nguong ciia cugc dai. D6 chinh la the he phu nir ciia tuong lai. Ho s6ng hon nhien, hanh dgng theo su mach bao cua trai tim nhung phai chiu dau kho Loi thuoc ve nhiing ngudi me, nhiing nguai ldn va xa hgi da khong cho hg mdt hanh trang dii de vao ddi.
Biec thu gui me Au Co khong c6 nhiing mau thuan, xung dot gay gat nhung cau chuyen khong vi the ma te nhat. Co che day nghien tan nhan ciia con ngudi vdi con ngudi gdp phan dac luc trong viec the hien so phan cua nhan vat ciing nhu tao khong khi cho hoan canh. Co gai 24 tuoi trong cau chuyen khong nhan dugc mgt Idi tii te, mpt thai do cam thdng nao trai lai chi nhan duoc nhirng loi khinh bi, day nghien va ban hgc. Cau chuyen kit thiic - mdt cai ket khong co hau - n6i dau the xac co the da duoc giai quyet nhung n6i dau tinh than van con do, am tham va dai dang.
Vdi cot truyen hoan toan mdi me, Y Ban da tra nhiing giac mo co tich than ky ve cho tac gia dan gian, ma thay vao d6 la biic tranh cugc s6ng 47
TRUCfNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hgc so 39 (08-2019) tran tuc, ddi thudng nhat vai nhiing tam tu, tinh
cam va suy nghT rat muc con ngudi Tir do, nha van giong len "hdi chuong canh tinh" cho xa hgi, cho nhung ngudi me trong viec giao due gidi tinh cho con gai 6 liia tuoi vj thanh nien. Dong thdi hudng den thong diep: Cac ba me can dinh huoTig cho con gai nhirng bai hgc ve cuoc ddi truoc khi buoc vao ngudng eira tinh yeu, hon nhan va nguong ciia cugc ddi, Ngoai ra, truyen cung gop phan dinh hudng nhan thiic cho cac cd gai trudc ngudng ciia tinh yeu can co suy nghT chin chan, can nhac truoc khi hanh dpng de khong phai song trong chudi ngay thang dan vat, dau kho nhu cd gai trong truyen.
2.2.3. Nhdn vgl "gidi huyin thogi"
"Noi bat trong truyen ngan huyen thoai la nghe thuat xay dung nhan vat ma d d6 su ty y thirc ciia nhan vat dugc xem la yeu td trung tam Trong truyen ngan huyen thoai, toan bp huydn thoai da trd thanh yeu td ciia su tu y thirc cua nhan vat ., 0 khia canh nay, cung can phai thay rang, truyen ngan huyen thoai da lam mgt "cudc each mang" giai huyen thoai, bang each bidn nhirng cai von la on djnh, co dinh, hoan tit cua huyen thoai thanh yeu td tiJ nhan thirc ciia nhan vat" [3, tr 49],
Neu nhu trong huyen thoai cac nhan vat thudng gan voi y thiic, trach nhiem hay y chi, niem tin, uac mo ciia nhan dan thi trong truyen ngan huyen thoai duong dai cac nhan vat trd vd vdi con ngudi ca nhan, the su, con ngudi ddi tij, ddi thudng.
Nhan vat chinh trong Biec thu gin me Au Ca la mgt co gai 24 tudi - ngudi da viet biic thu giri cho me Au Co, Trong qua khii, co da tirng roi vao tinh canh do dang, khong chdng ma chira.
Trong thu, co gai bgc 16 tam trang dau don xot xa cho tinh canh cua minh va nhirng ngudi ddng canh ngo khi chu'ng ki8n canh tuong tij c6 ngay trudc 6 Benh vien Phu san. C6 k8 cho me Au Co nghe ve nhung noi dau ma minh phai ganh chju. Do khong chi la n6i dau v8 th^ xac - phai tii
bd cot nhuc, tir bd mam sdng dang ldn len tiing ngay trong co the minh ma con la sir giay vo khiing khiep ve tinh thin: me phan doi chuyen tinh yeu, bat cd phai tir bo nguai co yeu thuong va cung rat yeu thuong, cd trach nhiem vdi co Khong chi vay, c6 con phai chiu dung su de biu phai chiu su day nghien, su lanh liing cuangudi dai, ciia nhirng nguai xung quanh va ngay ca ngudi me sinh thanh ra co ciing khong ngoai le. Nhiing ke xa la trong phdng phy khoa nhin c6 vdi cai nhin "kinh ngac, khinh bi", nhiing benh nhan trong phong vo sinh den ca nhiing y ta trong benh vien vdi nhirng trd diia "dd dan, v6 li het siic", roi ludm nguyt. Ca xa hgi day nghien, chiri riia c6 gai tre "khong ch6ng ma chiia" va ndi co la "hu hdng", la "dT bom", la
"d6 gai",,,. Ngay den me rugt, ngudi sinh ra cd thay vi su cam th6ng, chia se, ba lai chi biet day nghien c6. Tat ca khien co gai cam giac minh nhu "mgt con thii bi san duoi den dudng ciing", Su day nghien lanh lung khong chi h'lku hien trong Idi noi ma ca trong hanh dgng. Nhirng co y ta cham soc thi it, quat mang va day nghien benh nhan thi nhieu. Cai canh mgt co gai "lan I6n, dau dc rii rugi" vdi hinh anh "nhu dien nhu dai" khep lai bdi cau noi cua mgt c6 y ta "Di nhanh len keo ban het san. Ddn kh6 cho cac ba tre. Cac ba sudng lam de kh6 ngudi ta the nay Di nhanh len! Khong chet dau ma ron ren"
khien ta hut hang Sir day nghien ay lai dien ra trong liic con ngudi ta cam thay dau ddn nhSt, can su ddng cam va se chia nh4t. Quan niem la nii gidi thi phai doan trang, diing din va cai viec Id lang bi coi la mgt tdi 16i khiing khiep, mot vet nho cho xa hpi, m6t ndi nhuc cho gia dinh da an sau vao moi con ngudi Viet Nam, bam re hang ngan nam nay trong ti8m thiic cua biet bao the he. Nd manh den muc khiSn chinh CO gai - nan nhan ciia dinh kien ay - ciing cam thay minh mang trong minh mgt tgi I6i qua ldn.
Va cd le vi the ma trudc Idi de biu ciia thien ha, CO chi lang le chiu dung. Tgi loi ciia cd la da Id CO mgt diia con khi tinh yeu chua di den hon
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) nhan Dudi ap luc cua hoan canh co gai phai tii
bd tinh yeu, tir bo mam s6ng van dang c6 tdn tai trong minh de nhan ve sir dau ddn va n6i CO don. Tinh yeu da khdng chien thing dupe ap luc ciia du luan xa hpi. Co trach ngudi me khdng chi day ma de c6 ldn len hon nhien nhu hoa cd: "Me oi, ai da day cho con u? Bit d4y, thien nhien day, mau vang cua liia, mau xanh ciia cay, mien que con sdng ay da kien tao nen tam hon con, de con biet khdc trong tieng mua, biet cudi trong nang, biet miia hat trong tieng cay CO trdi day sau tran mua rao".
Su lanh liing, su day nghien ciia du luan xa hgi, ciia ngudi me da de lai noi dau dai dang de roi cd gai 24 tuoi, sau rat nhieu nam trdi qua, van khong the quen di noi dau ay. Moi lan chirng kien canh tuong tu la mgt lan cam thay dau ddn hon, tham thia hon. N6i dau do theo cd sudt cuoc ddi va nd tudc ludn niem hanh phiic cua co bdi
"Cdn mgt noi dau nay niia me oi, la noi cd don con khdng the chia se cimg ai Sau ngay ay tinh yeu cua con chet di theo nd", cd sa vao an choi de quen ddi "Ngay ngay con van cii nhap cugc con di xem, di vu hdi, di du lich ." de rdi "Sau tat ca nhiing cuoc vui, con cang co don hon".
Cd bay gid la ngudi phu nir gda bua trong hinh dang ciia thieu nii ken chdng de roi dem den co thao thirc, hdi tudng va khat khao "Vdi ban tay minh, con tu vuot ve than hinh thieu nii de thda man con dan ba!"
Cd the noi, su day nghien tan nhan vdi ngudi phu nir di nguge lai nhiing chuan muc dao diic truyen thdng da chi dao toan bg tam li ciia he thong cac nhan vat trong tac pham. Vi the, moi hanh dong, suy nghT, Idi noi ciia cac nhan vat tii' nhan vat ngudi me den nhiing ngudi xung quanh;
tir nhiing ke khong phai chiu dung ndi dau den nhiing ngudi dang mang nhil'ng bat hanh ciia cuoc ddi; hi nhiing ngudi xa la den nhiing ngudi gan gui nh4t ddu tap trung the hien dieu ay.
Va cd gai da thay mat cac ban dong trang lira ciia minh len tieng ddi su quan tam cua ngudi
me, doi quyin binh dSng, doi dugc yeu thuang va chia se. Co ddi phai dugc day nhirng dieu ma xa hpi chiing ta hay ne tranh khdng ndi tiiat vdi tre con bdi c6 nhiing kien thirc dd, cac cd gai mdi CO dli hanh trang de bude vao cudc song nhilu cam bay; de biet dam me va biet dimg lai dvach an toan:
"Me Au Co sinh duoc 50 ngudi con trai va 50 ngudi con gai Con trai cua me thi trd thanh anh hung, thi sT, con gai cua me thi trd thanh nhirng ba me Dat nude anh hiing, thien tai, ngoai xam nen me quan tam den nhiing anh hung, thi sT. Me khdng ehu y den nhiing c6 gai vdn da dju dang nhu mi, khdng may ddi hdi me Nhung bay gid thi con ddi hdi. Me oi me hay quan tam chung con, den ndi dau ciia nhirng co gai, nhirng ba me", Nhiing Idi tam su, Idi khan cau tha thiet dd khien cho chiing ta khong khoi ban khoan, suy nghT ve trach nhiem cua minh trong viec giao due gidi tinh cho tre em nu vi thanh nien
Mgt nhan vat ddng vai tro quan trong niia xuat hien trong truyen la ngudi me ciia co gai Ngudi me nay cung mang trong minh mdt noi dau la CO dira con gai bi cho la hu hong. Tuy nhien, nhin nhan kita se thay day la mot ngudi me gdp phan trong viec gay ra bi kich ciia cd con gai bdi su vd tam cua minh. O tudi day thi, con gai cua ba co biet bao dieu thae mac ve gidi tinh nhung ba khdng he day con ve nhiing dieu dd.
Nhirng td md, ban khoan, cd be khong biet hoi ai bdi "Tat ca nhirng cuon saeh ay deu khdng day con cai lan dau tien ay". Khi cd be phat hien ra
"nguc nd mgc hai cai mun" (thuc chat do la su phat trien ciia tuyen vu) co be chi biet hdi cha:
"Cha oi, chet rdi, con bj moc hai cai mun d vii day nay, dau oi la dau!" bdi "me thi chang de y den con nen con khdng dam hdi" Ngay ca khi lin dau CO kinh nguyet, co gai cung khdng dugc me cung cap cho nhiing kien thiic can thiet va chi day cho each giii gin ve sinh nen co xau hd
"bi mat xe vai man cua me thanh tirng mieng nhd, den toi con mdi dam thay" va "phoi d cho 49
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hgc so 39 (08-2019) kin dao nhat" vi sg ngudi khae thay den ndi khi
cha phat hien ra da trach con gai la ban thiu:
"May giat giii the a? Dem ra cho nang ma phoi cho no saeh chui" khien cho co vo cimg xau hd, trao nude mat va gao len: "Cha biet gi, ke con!". Vi nhGng le do ma co da len tieng trach me; "Gia ma la me, me bao con va hudng dan cho con, con da khdng gao len nhu the".
Chua dirng lai d do, khi con gai co ngudi yeu va mang thai ngoai y mudn, do quan niem va tap quan lau ddi ciia xa hdi, ngudi me khdng ciing con vuot qua giai doan khd khan nhat.
Ba cam thay dau ddn, nhuc nha vi con "khdng chong ma chiia", vi vay, ba da ggi con gai minh va diia chau ngoai cdn trong bung la "gidng lac loai", ngan can chuyen tinh yeu ciia con va bat con gai minh di pha thai thay vi cho chiing cudi nhau Ci trong phdng pha thai, khi con dau ddn nhat, ba lai nhan tam thot len cau noi chat chiia day sir ban hoc "Sudng chua'^ Ai da day may nhu the nay co chii?" Mot cau hdi nhung thuc chat la mgt loi day nghien, nd chi chiet tam hon co gai khi co mang trong minh cai ggi la "tgi Idi cua tinh yeu" Nam lan lap lai thi ca nam lan deu la loi day nghien. Khi cd gai phai chdng chgi vdi con dau den cung cue ve the xac "Cai dau ngay cang du' dpi Ngoi thi cai dau thiic phai diing len. Diing len thi nd thuc cho khuy xuong. Quay sang trai nd thuc cho quay sang phai. Quay sang phai roi quay sang trai.
Rdi dirng [en. Rdi ngdi xudng, bat ngudi ra sau gap ve phia trudc, bo bang bon chan" thi ba me da khdng d ben canh, Khi con gai can nhat su quan tam, cham soc, lo lang, yeu thuong, vd vl, an lii ciia ngudi me nhung ket qua la "Con gpi me chang thay me dau",
Co the ndi, cau chuyen ve nhiing cd gai tre lam Id, sa nga co the khong con xa la vdi chung ta nhung Biec thu gid me Au Co cua Y Ban da dem den cho ngudi doc nhirng cam nhan va thong diep mdi me Toan bd tac pham dugc bao triim bdi co che lanh liing tan nhan va su day nghien ciia xa hgi, cua hoan canh va cua ca ngudi
than, rudt thit doi vdi nhan vat. Qua cau chuyen ve cugc ddi bat hanh cua cd gai tre, qua thai do cua nhan vat ba me vdi co gai, tac pham la loi nhan nhu cac ba me can nhin nhan lai moi quan he, each irng xir vdi con gai ciia minh; nhan nhu cac cd gai can chin chan han trong suy nghTva hanh ddng de khdng phai chiu nhiing noi dau tuong tu Dong thdi, truyen ciing nh4c nhd mdi con ngudi chiing ta can c6 cai nhin bao dung, cam thdng, chia se vdi nhiing cd gai khong may roi vao tinh canh bat hanh, trd treu, nghiet nga ciia cudc ddi de khong vo tinh day ho vao dudng cimg, khong Idi thoat.
2.2.4. Thdi gian-khdnggian "gidihuyenlhogi"
Thdi gian von cd tinh lien tuc mpt chieu qua khii - hien tai - tuong lai khdng the dao ngupc.
Tuy nhien trong the gidi nghe thuat van chuong, qua khir hay tuong lai cd the cimg ton hipn vdi thuc tai, bang nhieu hinh thiic khae nhau. Then gian trong Buc thu giei me Au Ca ciia Y Ban khdng phai la thdi gian tuyen tinh "mdt di khong trd lai" ma la thdi gian da chieu ddng hien. Qua khii - hien tai - tuang lai xuat hien cung mdt liic, khdng bi ngan each ma lien tuc nhu mot dong chay va nd mang trong minh nhiing chiem nghiem, suy tu ve con ngudi ddi thudng cung nhu cuoc sdng nai tran the gan chat vdi tam li nhan vat, phan anh cugc sdng noi tam phong phii, phiic tap cua CO gai Qua khir dau thuang khdng vui chon vao dT vang ma am anh, hien dien thudng xuyen trong cuoc song hien tai cua co, qua do vat, canh vat, nhac cd nhd ve nhiing chuyen dau long da qua No nhu mot vet thuang han sau trong trai tim ma co le sudt ddi co khdng bao gid quen dugc Chuyen dau Idng la vet thuong trong qua khu' nhung nd eira sau trong hien tai va se cdn deo dang den tuong lai bdi cd da mit di dira con rugt thit, mat di tinh yeu. Roi day ca quang ddi cdn lai CO se la mgt mau den mit mil bdi su am anh ciia qua khii dau thuong.
Dac biet, de the hien hieu qua ndi tam nhan vat khi ndi ve thdi gian, Y Ban rat chii trong thdi
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap cht Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) diem ban dem bdi trong bude di tuin tu ciia thdi
gian, quang thdi gian ban dem cd mot y nghTa dac biet Dd la thdi diem con ngudi co the doi dien vdi chinh coi Idng ciia minh, duoc sdng vdi the gidi rieng tu ma ban ngay nd bj chim khuat di bdi bgn be ciia cudc song Dd la quang thdi gian ma con ngudi hoc Ip chan thirc nhat the gidi noi tam cua minh, khdng giau giem, che day. Trong tac pham, thdi gian ban dem da trd thanh thdi gian nghe thuat gan vdi nhirng trTu nang tam tu cua CO gai "Dem dem cha me van ben nhau va con thiic tinh vdi ndi dau ciia minh",
Thdi gian trong truyen cd moi quan he dac biet vdi khong gian. Neu nhu khong gian trong cac truyen co dan gian la khdng gian cdng dong, khdng gian van hoa dan gian thi trong Biec thu giri me Au Co ciia Y Ban la khdng gian the su - ddi tu ca nhan va la khdng gian ddng hien. Trong truyen c6 su ddng hien ciia ca khdng gian hien tai va khdng gian hoi tudng.
Khdng gian Men tai la khdng gian can phdng Dd la phong phu khoa va phdng lam thuoc hay cdn goi la phong vd sinh
Phdng phu khoa la noi ma cd gai bi ggi vdi cai ten "benh nhan co-vac". Tai noi nay co phai ganh chiu anh mat kinh ngac, khinh bi ciia mgi ngudi, bi ggi la "ke khon nan", ""^ bom", la "ke la loi" khi co phai den day kham de pha thai
•'- Ai a, the ma minh lai eir tudng . - Vay ma sang nay minh con bat chuyen vdi no kia day
- Trdng ngudi cha ai biet duac nhi, ro hien lanh tii te ma khon nan, dT bom,
- Trdi oi, sao trdi khdng cd mat? Ngudi chinh chuyen han hoi thi trdi khong ban cho lay mdt mun, ke la loi thi lai mau man".
Phdng vo sinh la noi cd gai phai thuc hien viec pha thai Dd la khdng gian each biet vdi cugc sdng ben ngoai. Khi hien hiru trong do, co phai ddi dien vdi chinh minh, doi dien vdi noi CO don dai ding, dac quanh Co kinh hai "quay sang nhin ngudi no, ngudi kia cau ciiu" nhung
"ching CO anh mit nao thuong hai" ma thay vao do la thai do khinh bi, lanh lung din tan nhin va nhirng cau hdi hit siic tho tuc, sdng sugng cua cac y ta, bae sT
' - Cdi vay, nam len ban!
- Cd thu thai trong trudng hgp nao? 6 dau?
Trong cong vien? Tren nen cd hay canh bd ao?
Hay tren giudng nha anh ta? ."
Co dau ddn, tiii nhuc, can rang chju dung trong ndi tuyet vong, budng xuoi va de roi khi khdng chiu noi su si nhuc, cd uat lic chay ra phia ciia, khdng nghT din viec phai mac vay niia. Khi binh Hnh quay trd lai phdng, cd lai phai chong choi vdi noi dau ddn, sy giang xe, trong trai trong tam hdn bing thi gidi ciia ky nipm mdi tho, cua tinh yeu trong sang, day say me dau ddi,,.. Thdi gian qua khii da trd thanh mdt chieu ciia khdng gian, tao thanh hdi tudng, chat chiia bao ndi nilm ciia cd gai. The gidi ky niem ciia tudi tha dugc thd hien bang khdng gian hoi tudng Dd la khong gian dan xen giira mien que va thanh pho da duoc cd gai hdi tudng trong ndi cd don, tuyet vong den tot cimg
Khdng gian hdi tudng thii nhat la mpt vimg que em a, tni phii Nai day cd da co quang thdi gian tuoi tho song hanh phiic trong tinh yeu thuong ciia cha me, cua ban be dong trang lira va nhirng ngudi xung quanh. D6 la nhiing ngay thang em dim ciia tuoi tho vdi biet bao ky niem dep: "Lang xdm vao vu gat, con theo cac ban ra san dinh Vui oi la vui", "Ldp hoc cua con d trong cai dinh to. Ldp con dong vui lam, toan cac ban quen",
Khdng gian hdi tudng thir hai la Benh vien Phu san Chinh vi me lam viec d Khoa San nen CO be hay dugc me dat den day vao liic cd be
"dang d cai tudi biet nhan thirc va hay to mo", Thay vi ngoi yen mpt cho nhu Idi me dan, co be len chay lung tung va da "diing sau me khi me dd em be". Va cung chinh vi vay ma cd be kham pha ra nhiing dieu cua the gidi ngudi ldn - "dilu ma khong cd giao nao day con ca". Co biit em 51
TRUCiNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) be da dugc sinh ra tir "mdt cai ngach rat nho,
kin dao, bi mat chir khdng phai d nach chui ra, chu khong phai d bai rac, khi me di qua con da biu chat lay, me dem ve nuoi". Vi nhiing dieu trdng thay d ngudi ldn ma cd be bat dau tap tanh lam tro cua ngudi Idn "Khi choi do hang, biip be, me con, con biet ven ao len. Tren ngyc con c6 hai cai niim be xiu Con beo thit d nguc ra de an cai mim be xiu ay vao mieng hup be thii thi diu dang "Con ngoan cua me, bit ti di nao""
Khdng gian hoi tudng thii ba la mdt can nha chat hep, noi ma gia dinh cd phai den day de tranh bom dan khi chien tranh xay ra. O nai nay, ca nha co phai ngii chung tren mdt chiec giudng "Me va ba chiing con nam mdt chieu.
Cha nam dudi chan" de rdi den mpt dem co be
"bdng md mat ra dimg luc ay, t6 md, con ban khoan va con khong hieu.. Sang hom sau thirc giac, con da khdng trong treo nhu nhiing ngay thudng" Cd eir mang mpt cau hdi trong dau nhung khong dam hdi ngudi Idn ma chi dam hoi nhiing dua ban cung tudi "Ban dem cha me may cd cdi truong khong?"
Cd the noi, nhiing khdng gian hoi tudng hien ve trong dau co gai la nai ma co c6 nhirng ky niem dep ddng thdi ciing la noi da hinh thanh d CO nhiing dieu to md can kham pha va co da tim each tu kham pha ma khdng cd su dinh hudng cua me, ciia ngudi ldn, D6 ciing la mot phan nguyen nhan cho su Id lang, cho bi kich ma cd phai trai qua.
Nhu vay, song hanh ciing khong gian can phdng chat hep noi benh vien, khong gian hdi tudng xuat hien nhu mot sy giai tda, mdt chon bau viu, nuong tya ciia cd gai khi co mat thang bang trong cugc sdng hien tai. Cap khong gian hien tai va khong gian hoi tiidng da ho trp cho nhau de ciing soi sang so phan, than phan va thi gidi npi tam cua co gai.
2.2.5. Motif "gidi huyin thogi"
Biec thu gill me Au Co ciia Y Ban khong xuat hien nhieu motif nhu trong nhirng truyen
CO dan gian ma chi xuat hien mgt motif ndi bat la motif "tdi ac va trirng phat" nhung mang hoi hudng hien dai. Motif nay cd sire canh tinh Ion ddi vdi con ngudi hien dai, gdp phan tao nen sy can bang, sy hai hda cho eupc sdng thdi ddi mdi.
Motif "tgi ac va trirng phat" dugc Y Ban the hien thdng qua hai nhan vat dd la cd gai va ba me ciia cd dong thdi cung the hien qua nhan vat hai ba me theo Idi ke cua co gai khi cd gap hai ngudi nay d benh vipn,
Trudc het, chiing tdi xin ndi ve su the hien cua motif nay qua nhan vat hai ba me ma co gai da gap trong benh vien va ke lai.
Ba me thir nhat la "co gai nhd 16 tuoi, co vira bude chan vao tudi day thi da voi lam mp Co la mgt benh nhan, benh nhan co-vac. . Ngay ngay hdm trudc khi bi mang ra xet xii, cd con ngdi danh chuyen vdi cac ban". Tdi co be gay ra la c6 chiia, "mang mdt mam sdng trong co the" khi mdi 16 tuoi de cha me va gia dinh phai mang ndi nhyc va ngudi phan xii, tning phat co be la ba me ciia co. Hinh phat ma cd phai chiu la bi me bat pha thai, bd di mim rugt ciia minh, phai ganh chiu noi kinh hoang, dau ddn ve the xac va tinh than.
Ba me thir hai co gai gap la ba me cua co be kia Tgi ac ba gay ra la giet chet dira chau ngoai trong bung con gai khi no chua chao doi bang each bat con gai di pha thai bdi "ba dau noi dau nhuc nha vdi thien ha" Nhirng hanh dong, viec lam, loi ndi cua ba la nhiing hanh dgng, viec lam, Idi noi cua mgt con ngudi mau lanh khien cho ngudi dgc phai ghe so: "Ba mong muon, thoat khdi tgi Idi cho nhanh. Cai gidng sao ma no sdng dai dang den thi Khong ta lot gi ca de cho nd chet di! Ba dat nd vao mgt tam xang rdi be ra mdt gdc cay", "Ba eir chd. No eir sdng dai dang, ba khoc than than phan va nguyin rua diia con tpi loi ciia ba". Hinh phat ma ba phai ganh chiu la cai an "gilt ngudi" bi xii bdi tda an luong tam,
Khi chirng kien ndi dau ciia hai ba me mpt
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) gia - mpt tre khien co gai nhd din ndi dau cua
minh va cua me co. Mac dii, mdi ngudi diu mang trong minh ndi dau rieng nhung ca hai deu la nhiing ngudi gay ra toi ac va diu phai chiu su trirng phat, Tdi cua co gai cung gidng nhu tgi cua cd be ma cd da gap d benh vien:
khdng chong ma chiia lam anh hudng din thanh danh ciia gia dinh va danh du cua ban than, Co da vi pham vao dieu ma dao dire truyin thdng bao ddi nay cam ki. Chua dirng lai d d6, tpi cua CO cdn la su yeu duoi khi khong bao ve duoc ket qua cua tinh yeu, khong bao ve duac dira con - mim ruot cua minh ma da giet chet nd Ngudi phan xii, tning phat cd gai la ba me ciia cd va nhirng ngudi xung quanh. Hinh phat ma cd phai nhan la bi me bit pha thai, bd di dira con cua minh, phai ganh chiu noi kinh hoang, dau ddn ve the xac; chiu su ghe lanh, khinh bi, coi thudng, si nhuc ciia nhirng ngudi xung quanh. Khdng chi dirng lai d do, ndi dau ddn ve mat tinh than se cdn theo va hanh ha co den suot ddi. Ca phan ddi cdn lai ciia cd se phai sdng trong chudi ngay dan vat vi tdi loi ciia minh la da tudc di su song cua mgt sinh linh be nhd chua kip chao ddi. Me co gai la ngudi phan xir, trirng phat co nhung ba cung chinh la tpi do dang hi trirng phat Tgi cua ba la thieu su giao due, day do con gai ve nhiing kT nang song trudc ngudng eira tinh yeu, ngudng eira cudc ddi va tgi tudc doat di niem hanh phuc ciia con khi cam can chuyen tinh yeu cua con gai. Dac bipt la tdi giet ngudi khi bat con gai den benh vien pha thai, giet chet dira chau ngoai chua kip chao ddi Ba khdng chiu su trirng tri cua phap luat nhung phai chiu su tning phat cua "tda an luang tam", chiu sy khinh miet, coi thudng cua nhitng ngudi xung quanh
Ngoai ra, motif "tdi ac va trimg phat" cdn the hien thap thoang qua Idi ndi ciia nhan vat dam dong trong benh vien khi cd gai den day pha thai. "Neu cac ba bao dng trdi khong cd mat la sai. Ong trdi co mat. Ong ay phat bon chiing ta diy, phat ca cd ta lan cac ngudi", Tir xua din
nay, trong tam thiic cua ngudi Viet, con cai la lpc trdi cho, Nhiing ngudi bi vo sinh khong the cd con thudng bi ndi la do an d that diic nen bi trdi trirng phat?! Nhiing ke trdi cho c6 con ma tudc di sy song ciia dira tre cOng la ke ac dang bi trirng phat.
Motif "tpi ac va triing phat" trong truyen gan vdi tam thiic dan gian tir bao ddi nay cua ong cha ta nhung dong thdi ciing mang dam hoi thd ciia cudc song, dam tinh thdi su ma chiing ta cd the de dang bat gap trong cugc song hien dai hdm nay Su trirng phat danh cho cac nhan vat bdi tdi ac ma hp gay ra la bai hgc giao due sau sac cho biet bao co gai tre va nhirng bae sinh thanh, dac biet la nhii'ng ba me trong \ lec giao due con cai
3. Ket luan
Birc thu gin me Au Co cua Y Ban la truyen ngan "giai huyen thoai" ve tam thiic dan gian.
Truyen khdng phai la sy "nhan thirc lai" nhiing gia tri tinh than cu ma la viet lai, "giai huyin thoai" nham dua den mgt each nhin nhan mdi cho dgc gia, md rdng bien do tam nhin ve cuoc sdng, ve con ngudi mot each da dien, da chieu, Nhan de tac pham c6 su dan xen giiia yeu td dan gian va hien dai, Tir cot truyen, nhan vat, khong - thdi gian den motif trong tac phim diu dugc dat dudi cai nhin "giai huyen thoai", mang nhiing tang nghTa mdi Khdng - thdi gian trong tac pham md ra da chieu, la khdng - thdi gian ddng hien gdp phan dac luc trong viec the hien chieu sau tam ly nhan vat
Co the ndi, trong ddng chay cua van hda, van hgc dan tdc, Buv thu giei me Au Co cua Y Ban noi rieng va nhirng tac pham mang cam hirng
"giai huyen thoai" ndi chung da gdp phan xda bd khoang each, rut ngan khoang each giiia nhiing than tugng ciia qua khu va con ngudi cua hom nay; dua qua khir tien lai gan hon vdi cudc sdng hien dai, giiip cho con ngudi hien dai hieu ro hon ve qua khii de tir do nhin nhan lai ban than va hudng den le song cao dep /.
TRUONG BAI HOC DONG THAf Tap chf Khoa hoc so 39 (08-2019) Tai li^u tham khao
[1]. Thanh HJng (2014), "Nha van Y Ban: Tac phjm dau tien da dinh hinh phong each vi6t", Tgp chi Cong an nhan ddn online, (11/08/2014), http://eand.com.vn/van-hoa/
Nha-van-Y-Ban-Tac-pham-dau-tien-da-dinh-hinh-phong-eaeh-viet-268907/
[2]. Le Qu6c Hieu (2017), "Khuynh huong giai huyen thoai trong van xuoi Viet Nam duong dai tir 1986 d6n nay", Tgp chi Song Hucmg, (s6 342), http://tapchisonghuong.com.vn/tin-tuc/pO/
c7/n25898/Khuynh-huong-giai-huyen-thoai-trong-van-xuoi-Viet-Nam-duong-dai-tu-1986-den- nay.html.
[3] Trin Thi Ly, Nguyin Van Thuan (2016), "(Jiai huyen thoai trong truyen ngan huyen tho?i Viet Nam", Tgp cht Khog hgc vd Gido due, Truong Bgi hoc Sir phgm Hue , (s6 04), tr. 46-53, http://
tcldlgd.hucevn/DOC_BAIBAO/34 528_TranThiLy,NguyenVanThuan 09_tran%20thi%201y.pdf, [4], E. M. Meletinsky (2004), Thi phdp ciia huyin thogi, NXB Dai hpc Quoe gia Ha Npi.
[5]. NhiSu tac gia (2007), Huyen thogi vd vdn hgc, NXB Dai hpc Qupc gia Thanh ph6 Ho Chi Minh.
[6]. Tran Vifa Thien (2010), "Mpt nga re thii vi cua truyen ngSn Viet Nam sau 1986", Tgp chi Vdn hgc Viet onUne, (10/2010), https //sites.gppgle.com/site/vanhocviet2013/van-chuong-thanh- van-luu-tru—cong-trinh-moi/-tm-vit-thin-mt-ng-r-th-v-ca-trayn-ngn-vit-nam-sau-1986.
[7], Phiing Van Tim (2007), "Phuong thirc huyin thoai trong sang tao van hoc", Nghien ciru Vdn hgc, (so 10), http://phebinhvanhoc.com vn/phuong-thuc-huyen-thoai-trong-sang-tao-van-hocA
"DEMYSTIFICATION" SENTIMENT IN THE SHORT STORY
"THE LETTER TO MOTHER AU CO" BY YBAN Summary
"Demystification" is a literary trend contributing to advancing literary works towards post- modem sentiments by shattering the structural order and making a new way of reality perception.
With "demystification" sentiment, TheLetier roM>//rer^MCoby YBan has excellently performed its literary mandate, successfully reflecting "hot" social issues, awakening the reader, and conveying meaningful messages about life. Thus, it affirms a new outlook, a new voice that Y Ban has brought to the modem Vietnamese Women's Literature.
Keywords: "Demystification", YBan, The Lpt'er ToMotherAu Co.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 11/4/2019: Ngdy nhdn lgi: lS/4/2019: Ngdy duyet ddng: 02/5/2019.
