No 08_June 2018|S6 08- Thing 6 nim2018|p 11-14
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC TAN TRAO ISSN: 2354-1431 ht^://tckh.daihoctantrao.edu.vn/
Xa na, tir lieu quy ve van hoa mot so toe ngirM if Lao va nguoi Xinh Mun Nghet o*
Viet Nam
Trdn Binh*
" Trudng Dgi hgc Vdn kda Hd Ngi
Thong tin bai vilt Tom tat
Ngdy nhdn bdi:
15/10/2017 Ngdy duyet ddng- 12/6/2018
Tit khod-
Xinh Mun, Pkoong, Xa na, Tdy Bdc, Thugng Lag, Phdt gido, vdn kda Pkgt gido
Xuih Mun va Phopng l i mpt trong so cac tdc ngudi noi ngdn ngfi Mdn - Kho Me, cu tru d Viet Nam v i Lio. Hp eu Ini tap hung d khu vuc bifin gidi phia bic Vifit - Lio. Cac nha nghifin cfiu dlu cho ring, ho l i cu dan co nhit d vfing Bic Ddng Duong. Gin day, nhieu dft hfiu cho phep neu gii thuyet, Xinh Mun (Pudc) li cU din nguyfin xua d Lao, mil sgu nay mdi di cu sang eac x i bien gidi Tiy Bic Cac dft lifiu vl x i na hong khudn vien chua Hog Binh (Vgt Sin ti phap) d Phonxavan; Nga ba Xana Pu Khun (mudng Ka Si, Xifing Khoang); Xa na hong le hdi thi hong cfia ngudi Popng (Phoong) d Mudng Khim, Xa na trong tang ma cfia ngudi Xmh Mun d Yen Chiu (Son La) Cho phep budc diu khing dmh, van hda Xing Mun, nhat li nhdm Pupe Nghet, mang nhieu ylu to vin hda d bac Lio, nhat la van hda Phgt Giio...
1. Mot vai suy nghT ve viec xac d|nh nguon goc ngiroi Xinb Mun
Hien nay, d Vifit Nam cd khoing gan 20 000 ngudi Xinh Mun Hp cu trfi tip hung d khu vuc bifin gidi Vifit - Lao, thudc hai tinh Son La va Dien Bien, Dan tpc nay c6 hai nhdm dia phupng Xmh Mun Dg v i Xink Mun Nghet (Pugc Da v i Puge Ngket). Ve nguon goc cua ngudi Xinh Mun, da so cac nha nghien cfiu deu cho ring, ho la cu dan co d vfing B i c Ddng Duong, va la mot hong so cac cpng dong cd mit sdm nhat trong vung. Neu nhu, to tien ngudi Kho mfi xua kia l i cu din thudc Vuong qude Khun Ckuang, mpt vuong quIc hfing mgnh ton tgi vao khoang The ky thfi V-VI, d khu vuc B i c Ddng Duong Vuong quoc niy do Thgo Chuang (Khun Chuang) dfing diu, co phgm vi linh dia rpng Idn, phia b i c tdi tgn thanh Sun Tan (khu vuc Chieng Rai, Thai Lan ngiy nay), phia nam tdi tin khu vuc thanh Pg Cdn (Xieng Khoing ngay nay) Di chi Canh dong Chum (Tong hdy kin) la mpt hong nhihig di chi noi tieng d Bac Ddng Duong,
thupc v l Vuong quoc hfing mgnh nay"*,, thi ngupc Igi, ngudi Xmh Mun cd nguon goc d diu, to tien xa xua cfia hp li ai, hp cd hfin quan den cae di chi vin hda khao co nio, bay nen van minh nio deu chua dupe ha ldi thoa ding
Ve nguon goc cfia hai nhom Xinh Mun Nghet va Xinh Mun Da, cd nhilu cich giai thich khac nhgu ve nguon goc cfia hp Nhieu y kiln cho ring Xinh Mun Dg (Pugc Dg) la nhfing ngudi c6 nguon goc bi ban Nd Dg (7), Xinh Mun Ngket (Pugc Nghfi) la nhthig ngudi cd nguon goc tfi ban Nd Nghet C) Cac each giai thich niy cihig chi dimg lai d dd Thiet nghT, neu v|y tai sao Igi khdng phii li Pugc Nd Ngket v i Pugc Nd Dg, ma Igi chi l i Pugc Dg v i Pugc Ngh?l. Cd lg phai tim cich giai thich cd cin nguyen tfi nhfing tu hfiu cdn in n i p diu dd hong vin hda va ngdn ngft cfia cac bp tpc d Lip. Dd li hudng suy nghi cfia chfing tdi ve nguon glc cfia ngudi Xinh Mun d Vifit nam, •
2. Tir mpt so tw lieu a Lao va Viet Nam
'•'' Udom Khininha & Ehiongxay Luon^hasi Vuang quSc Khim Chmmg, Viengliean, 1996, ir 37
7'.Srn;i/No08_June20181p 11-14
* Xd na trong khuon vien chka Hda Binh (Vgt Sdn tiphgp) dPhonxavan
Sit thj xa, tgi vfing ngoai d phia B i c Phonxavan (Xifing Khoang, CHDCND Lao), cd mdt ngdi chfia, Ngudi Lao hong vfing gpi chua dd li chfia Hda Binh (Vgt Sdn ti phgp) Day la ngdi chfia cd quy md tuong doi Idn, kiln true kha ciu ky, theo kilu cae ngdi chfia d Thii Lan Hfi thong tuong Phit, cung cich bii tri, le bai, thd cfing tai ngdi chfig nay cung giong nhu d cac chfia cfia ngudi Thai d Thii Lan Xung quanh chfia la hfi thong hang rao duoc thilt lap bdi cic thgpl noi cat gift di hai (ho) eae Phat tfi dupc hda ting sau khi hp quy tien Trong khudn vifin chfia Hda Binh, ngoai chfia chinh, cdn cd, khu n h i a cfia cac vj su, nhi d cfia nhftng ngudi dang hong thdi kj' tu hinh (thanh, thilu nifin la nam gidi) vi mpt ngdi nha dinh cho cac phgt hi nghi ngoi, tu chinh l l phyc, bifin le, Dan dia phuong gpi ngdi nhi niy la Xd na
Dilu dang luu i/, d Lap chfia v i Phgt giio gin chit vdi ngudi Lio Tuy vgy, hong so cu din thupc cac bp tdc khic, k l ci cac bp tpc ndi ngdn ngfi Mon - Kho me, cung cd mdt s i theo Dao Phgt v i thd Phit Dieu nay khdng nhflng chi cd d ngudi Kha Mii, Phogng, mi cdn cd c i d ngudi Kkg (Pugc/Smgmoun) a mudng Xieng Kho (Hfia Phin)
* Ngd ba Xana Pa Khun (mudng Ka Si, Xiing Khodng)
Gan tdi cao nguyfin Trdn Ninh (hen dudng tfi Vianhean tdi Phoxnavan, Xieng Khoang) cd mpt ngi ba, din dia phuong gpi dd l i ngd ba Xana Pu Khun.
Tai day cung cd mpt ngdi nhi nhd, mpt loai quin nghi chin cho khich bd hinh va noi nghi hong khi lao dpng, hoic gap mua gid.,, cho ngudi din dia phuong Vi thi ma dan dja phuong goi dia danh nay la nga ha Xana Pu Khun. Dilu nay cfing co them ^ nghia v i chfic ning cfia logi hinh n h i chung d Lio (Xa na) d i de cap d hen,
* Xd na trong li hgi thi trdng cUa ngudi Popng (Phogng) 6 Mudng Khdm
Phogng l i mpt hong so 32 bo tpc ndi ngdn ngft Mdn-Kho Me d CHDCND Lio, Thep ngudi Phogng, to tifin cfia ho xua kia cu trfi d muong Nong Khang vd MudngXang thupc khu vuc bien gidi Mianma - Tnmg ( ^ o c Sau dd hp di cu tdi Hfia Phin va Xifing Khoing. Theo dilu ha din s i 1995, din s i Phpng d Lao CO khoing 21,396 ngucfi. Ho cu trfi tgp trung d vfing nui thupc cac mudng' Xamneua, Huameuang (Huaphan), Borkorobomyia, Muong Kham (Xiing
Khodng)". Tgi khu vuc Nam Non (Noong Het, N i m Non va Mudng Kham la ba mudng thupc tinh Xieng Khoang nim hong khu vuc giip gidi vdi KJ Son, Que Phong thupc tinh Nghfi An. Xua Nam Non thufic Mudng Kkdm, tfi 2005, Nam Non duoc tieh ra thinh mpt mudng rieng true thudc tinh Xieng Khoang) cd 10 bin Pkogng Bdn Pd, Phipu, Bdn Nodng, Pdcha, Huoi Cd, Sdm Khuang, Xoong Hod.. Trpng dd Bdn Pd'\a tnmg tim va to nhat. Thdng tin hen da dupc cac dng Nhta Lenh, Trudng phdng, Phdng Thdng tin - Vin hoa Nopng Het, Thumma trudng ban Dodc Khim (Noong Het, Xieng Khoang) xic nh§n Hang nim, vio cuoi thing Mudi, dau thing Mpt (vio khoing thing 12 duong ljch), cfi sgu khi lfi hdi G'rg eua ngudi K'mu (Kho Mfi) kit thfic, la ngudi Phogng to chfic le hdi Tkeng codng (tbi hong), Trong thdi gian dien ra hoi niy (xua la 3 ngay 3 dfim, nay l i mpt ngay mdt dem), tat c i nam nfl, khdng phan bifit tuoi tic, ngudi hong bin hay ngudi ngoai ban, khich hay chfi ,, deu cd thi tu do ngu vdi nhau. Tuy ngudi Phogng a day theo Phit giao nhung trong nhfing ngay difin ra le hoi Theng codng tit c i su s3i ciing duoc tu do ngu vdi phu nO, De chuan bj cho lfi hpi Theng codng, hfin duong vio ban (dau bin) ngudi ta dung cac nhi nghi (xd na) cho khach d xa tdi ngfi qua dfim
* Xd na trong tang ma cua ngudi Xinh Mun d Yin Chdu (San La)
Trong bai mo dan dudng cho hon ngudi chet ve mudng mg vdi to hen, thiy mo d Tfi Nang (Yen Chiu) din nhu say hr Yen Chau, qua Mai Son, tdi song N i m U, dl doc sdng Ma tdi vfing chua sa cdt (vung ngpn nguon sdng M i , c6 nudc rit sau, cd cay day leo rit cao miu ving/dd l i chua sa cdt). Tfi day hon ngudi chit dupc din lfin trdi, Ciing cd trudng hop thay mo dan hon ngudi chit di qua Pkieng Ludng (noi cd con ch6 rat to, long mau vgng cd the liem het md hfin chile ciu gifip hon ngudi chet di qua ma khdng bj truot chin ngi xulng dia ngue), qua Suli Rfit (Hoa Binh), ngupc sdng M i sang Lio.
Khi chfin cit ngudi chit xong, ngudi Xinh Mun lam le dua com (du clok) ra ma cho ngudi chet vio buoi sang sdm cic ngay sau dd Mdi ddng hp cd quy djnh v l so ngiy dua com rifing hp Vi dua 5 ngiy, hp Ld dua 4 ngay . Mdi khi di dua com ra mp cho ngudi chet, hp mang theo mp( miing thjt lon cdn song, mpt
<" Lao National Font for Conlniclion (Leo Lao hac xal) The Elhn,ci Groups mLaoP.D.R., ViengliMn. 2005, tr 169.
12
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nim xdi, Ra tdi md, ho nudng thjt, dgt ca xdi va thjt vao mim tai nhi mo, sau do khin mdi ngudi qua co hudng Ifi vat
Het thdi han dua com, theo tip quin cfia ngudi Xinb Mun d Yfin Chiu, ho lam le ddng cfia m i (horn lu sifa) D I lim le ddng cfia m i , hfin dudng dua ma ra rimg, tgi vi tri vfia ra khdi ban, ho dung mpt chile leu nhd, cd mot cpt chinh va sin rpng khoang 70cm x 70cm bing he nfia, hai mil Ipp cd gianh. Chile Ilu dfing dl cfing ddng cfia ma niy dupc ngudi Xmh Mun d Yfin Chiu gpi l i xd na Khi Iam Ifi ddng cfia mi, hp dit hfin san xd na cic loai le vat, ga lupc, rupu, hoa qui, vii hing. hau khdng.. va cac logi cfia cii m i con chiu chia cho ngudi qua co: cuoc, xeng, dao, lilm, hii (hep)...
Sau do hp khan mdi ngudi chet ve nhgn cfia cii con chiu chia cho dat tren xd na, va thdng bio vdi ngudi qua CO viec ddng cfia ma tfi dd, cbl khi nio con chiu mdl hon (phi) ngudi qui eo mdi dupc v l nhi. CQng tfi day, ma ngudi qui eo hd thinh ma nha [ph huan).
3. Den nhiitig nhan xet ban dau
Qua nghien cfin, xem xet cae tu hfiu thu t h ^ d cac dja phuang thuoc Unh Xifing Khoing (CHDCND Lio) va d Yfin Chau (Son La) eho thay
Nhihig ngdi nhi m i cu din d cic dja phuong thufic tinh Xifing Khoing gpi la xd na deu li nhfing ngdi nhi (hoic ilu lin) duoc xiy dung d ben ngoii khu cu trfi cfia cic ban, chfing cd chfirc ning nhu mfit ngdi nha chung cua cdng dong Trudc bfin, nd duoc dfing dl thuc hien cic cdng viec chuan bi v i nghi ngoi cfia cac phgt tfi, hude khi phung lfi tgi chug chinh (chfig Hda Binh/ Vgt Sdn ll phgp); Thu hai, no duoc dfing lim noi nghi ngoi cho khich bd hinh, noi tru hanh mua, ning, bao gid,,, tgi nhftng khu vuc khdng cd bin ling, hoic din cu thua thdt; Thfi ba, nd dupc dfing lim noi nghi ngoi qua dem cho khich noi xa din du l l hpi cfia ban (hpi theng codng), Thfi tu, nd dupc dfing lam noi chia cfig cii vi cfing d6ng cfia ma cho ngudi qui co Qc ddng lu sg-a cUa ngudi Xinh Mun a Yin Chdu) Nhu vay, xd na li mpt Ipgi nha (hoic leu), nhung khong phai dl d, m i thupc loai nhi dung chung cho cdng dong, hoic nha dfing hong khi tiln hanh cac nghi Ifi
Tgi c i c dia phuong d Xieng Khoing, cac bd toe dlu goi nhthig ngdi nha dd la xd na. Khdng chi cd mit d hong chfia cfia ngudi L i o . xd na cdn cd mjt hong hdi Tkeng codng cfia ngudi Phgng (Pogng) vi hong le ddng cfia m i cua ngudi Xinh Mun (Pugc) Dd li cac tdc ngudi noi ngdn ngft Mdn - Kho me Dieu dd cho
phfip nhin xet ring, viec inh hudng dgo Phat vi vin hda tfi ngudi Lao doi vdi cac cu dan noi ngdn ngfl Mdn - Kho me d L i o la thuc tl cd that, Theo dilu ha cfia ehung tdi tgi Hug Phin, Xifing Khoing, nhieu nhdm Kh 'mu (Kho mfi) hien nay cfing thd Phat, mdt so nhom ngudi Phu Thay a Lao cung cd hic hda tang (dot xac) ngudi chit Dli vdi nhfim Xinh Mun Nghet d Yen Chau (Son La), theo dieu ha cua chfing toi, tuy nay hp mai tang, nhung xua kia hp cfing cd tuc hda ting, khi lim ma cho ngudi qua co. Nhu vgy, vific inh hudng v i n hda cua ngudi Lao cung kha rd rang d ngudi Xmh Mun. Nhat la nhdm Xinh Mun Nghet hifin dang cu trfi d Yfin Chiu, Son La
Neu cin cfi vao logi hmh, chfic ning, vi tri xay dung v i vai hd cfia xd na doi vdi ddi song cdng ding, cd thi thiy nd cd nguon goc bi cae bp tdc d Lio V i nhu vay, nhdm Xmh Mun Nghet hifin dang cu tni d Yfin Chau (Son La) la khoi cu din cd lifin quan v l nguon goc vdi cu dan vfing Hfia Phin d CHDCND Lio. Nhilu nha nghifin cfiu cho ring hp c6 nguin g l c d ben Lao, Dilu do khdng sai, nhung tai sao Igi khing djnh nhu viy thi hiu hit cac tic gia deu giii thich chua dfi thuyet phue, Cd ngudi chi hoan toan dua theo Idl k l cua ngudi dan Xinh Mun, cd tic gii Igi dan dy ring hifin nay hp van cd quan hfi vdi cdng dong ngudi Smgmoun (Kkg) a mudng Xilng Khp (Hfia Phin) Rit cd thi tu xa na (vi cae cfi lieu vin hda, Ijch sfi khac) sfi gifip chfing minh thgt thda dang v i khach qugn ve nguin goc nhom Xinh Mun Nghpt (Pupe Nghet) d Yen Chau (Son La). Vdi cic tu hfiu ve xd na va quan hfi cfia nd vdi cac bfi tpc d L i o cfing nhu vdi nhdm Xinh Mun Nghet d Yen Chau, cho phep doan dinh, cpng dong Xmh Mun Nghet hifin dang cu trfi t^i Tiy B i c Vifit Nam l i nhftng ngudi co nguon goc d vfing ddng b i c CHDCND Lio, Hoic chi it ho ciing cd mpt khoang thdi gian dai (nhilu thi hfi) sinh song d vfing dit niy, Vific ho chiu inh hudng Phgt giao vi van hda ngudi Lao la mOt thuc te cd thgt,
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
i, Tran Binh (2002), Vi vdn kda Xinh Mun, Nxb Khoa hpc x i hpi. Ha Npi;
2. Lao National Font for Contruction (Leo Lao hgc xat) (2005), The Ethnics Groups in Lao P . D R , Viengtiean;
rSinA/No,08June2018|p, 11-14
3- Nguyfin Vin Thifiu (1996), Cdu tnic t^c ngudi d Ldo (Ethnic structure of Laos), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, HaNSi;
4 Udom Khattinha & Dudngxay Luongphasi (1996), Virgng quoc Khun Chuang, Viengtiean:
5, Ding Nghiem Van (vi cic tic gii) (1972), Nhitng nhdm ddn loc tkugc ngii ke Nam A g Tdy Bac
Vlit Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi. H i Npi
Xa Na - a valuable document about the culture of some ethnic groups in Laos and Xinh Mun Nghet people in Vietnam
Tran Binh
Article info
Recieved:
15/10/2017 Accepted:
12/6/2018
Keywords.
Xinh Mun, Phoong, Xa na, northwest. Upper Laos, Buddhism, Buddhist culture.
A b s t r a c t
The Xinh Mun and the Phoong are two of 53 indigenous groups who speak Mon - Khmer language and reside m Vietnam and Laos. They mainly reside in the northem border of Vietnam and Laos The researchers assume that they are the oldest residents in northem Indochina. Recently, a lot of data shown that the Xinh Mun (Puoc) originated from Laos, and in the later on migrated to the Northwestern border communes
The data on Xana in the campus of Hoa Binh Pagoda (Vat San Ti Phap) in Phonxavan; Xana Pu Khun crossroad (Muong Ka Si, Xieng Khoang); Xana in the drum festival of the Poong (Phoong) in Muong Kham; Xana in the Xinh Mun's funerals in Yen Chau (Son La), etc. allow to initially affirm that, Xing Mun culture, particularly Puoc Nghet groups possess many cultural elements in northem Laos, especially Buddhist culture ..
