DgifmHPC so 7-2015
61
GlAO DUC 0 NUOC NGOAI
DAC TRUNG CUA NGON NGO DAY HOC
LUU KIM TINH arung Quoc) N G U Y I N TH! MINH D O C (dich)
Ngdn ngfl day hpc co nhflng dgc tnli^ ctf ban sau:
1. TI'NH CONG CU CUA NGON NGU DAY HOC Dgy hpc dflpe tiln hinh nhd sfl trp giup efia ngdn ngfl.
Ngfin ngfl li cdi^ cy quan trpng dge bilt cua lao ddng day hpc Khfing cd ngdn ngfl dgy hgc thi khdng cd hoat ddng dgy hpc. Ngon ngfl dgy hpc thude loai ngdn ngfl lim vi|c chuyen mdn. Giio viln sfl dyng logi ngdn i ^ niy de dan dat hpe sinh nim vflng kiln thflc, hinh thinh nang Iflc, ning cao pham chat Ngfin ngfl day hpc vfla la edng cy bieu dgt, vfla Ii cdng eu tfl duy ciia giao viln; dong thdi, nd viia CO tic dung ning cao khi nang diln dgt, kha nang tfl duy cfia hpe sinh. Cd the coi ngdn ngfl dgy hpc la cfing cy mi nhflng ngfldi theo duoi nghe dgy hpc bat budc phii nim chac va khfing ngiing ren luyen, trau doi nd, nhat li giio viln day mdn Ngfl vin.
Phii ndi rang, cd dtfpc ngdn ngfl day hpc tfit tflc 11 da nira dtfdc cong cu dgy hgc tfldng dfii tot. Vdi giio viln ngfl vin, vi|c dgy hgc cua hp ed dflpc hpc sinh hoan nghinh hay khdng ed ldi cuon dflpc hpe sinh, md ra einh cfla tri tul eiia hpe sinh hay khdng. ngi dung day hpc cd tfldng tan, ed lam noi bgt trgng dilm, hinh vin cd ngin ggn, ndi dung cd siu sac, Idi van ed de hieu hay khdng, mdt trong nhflng nhin to quan trpng nhat chinh II nim viing vl van dung tdt ngdn ngfl dgy hpe
Chlnh vi thi, giio viln Ngfl van cln ren Iuyln vi trau doi r ^ n ngQ dgy hpc cua minh nhfl ca si ren luyen vl trau chufit gipng hit. theo d c h ndi: "Ngfldi thd mudn hinh nghe tot trfldc hit phai mii sac do nghi cua minh."
2. TI'NH KHAU NGUTCUA NGON N G C / D A Y HOC Tinh khau ngfl cfia ngfin ngfl day hpc cd liln quan din nghi i ^ l p vi nhi|m vy cfia giio vien. Mpi ngfldi dlu biet, nhi|m vy chu yeu trin ldp cua giio viln II hfldng c ^ hpc sinh nim vflng kiln tfifle hinh tfiinh nang Iflc, ning cao pham chaL Ml, phfldng phip hfldng dan hpc sinh nam vflng kien tfiflc Iai khfing cd trinh til vl hmh mhi co dinh.
VI viy, mac dfl trflde khi len ldp giao viln da ehuan bi can tfian, ti mi, nhflng khi bflde Iln bye giing khdng phli efl hpc thupc long n^i dung day hpc ml mmh da chuan hi la mpi viec dlu tfit dep, ml phai d n cfl vao bilu hiln cua hoc sinh tren ldp di dilu dunh cho phu hpp vdi tinh hufing cu
the. Ngoii ra, vi|c dien dgt bang ngdn ngfl day hpc cdn bi hgn che bdi ndi dung giing day, vi dy: khi giao viln giing day van dl tfldng ddi phflc tgp, thi phli cd ging lim sao van dyng khau ngfl ddi sdng dl hilu, ro ring, sinh d$ng sit vdi hpc sinh, biln khd tfiinh de, de dat dflpc hi|u qui dgy hgc.
ndi dui^ siu sac, ldi van de hieu.
Dilu ding ehfl y Ii tinh khau ngfl efia ngdn ngfl dgy hoc khfing hoin toin Ii hinh thflc khau ngfl. «Tinh khau ngQ» chi difli^ td ngdn ngfl day hpe cd mai^ die diem vk khuynh hfldng efia Idi ndi khiu ngfl, nhflng khdng hoin toin ddng nhat vdi khau ngfl hing ngay, eung khfing phii hoin toin doi lap vdi ngdn ngfl vilt Mac dfl efi the do nfii theo eim hflr^ mi thieu nghiem ngit, quy phgm, nhflng ngdn ngfl dgy hgc mang tinh khiu ngfl van ehfla dflng d e yeu to ngdn ngfl viet vi mang dam tinh ehlt die bi|t cfia ngfin ngfl vilt
Khiu ngfl dgy hpc cd thl nhd sfl trd giup cua mpt logt d c yeu to: ngfl im, ngfl di|ii, ngat nghi... dl thl hiln sflc bieu dgt die thfi efla ngdn ngfl. Vi thl, ngdn ngfl day hpc cua giio viln phii chu y tgo dflpc ngfl dilu Iln xufing tram bdng, dan xen gifla d u dii, d u ngin, sfl dyng khio Uo d c cung bgc cao thap cua Im thanh, cfla tfl lay, ngfl khi vl ngfl dieu trong khau ngfl.
3. TI'NH CHUAN MUC CUA NGON N G Q DAY HOC Tinh chuan mflc cfla ngfin ngfl dgy hpe ylu d u ngdn ngfl dgy hpc phii phu hpp vdi chuan ngdn ngfl da dflpc hinh thinh tfl Ilu vi trd thinh thoi quen sfl dung cfia cpt^ dong.
Tinh chuan mfle cua ngdn ngfl dgy hpc the hi|n d d c mat ngfl Im, tfl vflng, ngfl phip v.v..., trong do, chu yeu vin la mat ngfl Im. TVong qua trinh pho cap tilng pho thdng.
tfl tieu hpc, trung hpc den dai hpc, hing triiu giio viln li ngfldi dgy hpc vl tuyin truyen trflc tilp cho tili^ pho thfing. Vl vay, muon thflc hi|n chuin hoa ngfin ngfl day hpc budc moi giio vien dlu phli dimg tilng phd thdng dgy hpc.
Phflpng tiln dau tiln dl hpc sinh tilp thu giio dye thu nhin kien thflc trin ldp hgc li ngdn ngfl khau ngfl day hpc ciia giio viln. Die diem nghi nghilp niy ylu d u giio viln sfl dung ngdn ngfl day hgc phai dfing quy pham dl "Iim mau cho mpi ngfldi". Tren y nghia nhit dinh, giao viia la tam gfldng dlu tiln cho hpc suih vl ngdn ngfl.
62
Tinh chuin mfle cua ngdn ngfl dgy hpc yeu eiu ngfl im chuan, dung tfl xac ding, dfing ngfl phap, hpp Idgieh; ylu d u ngdn ngfl bieu dgt chuan xie rd ring, ddn giln, hii hoa, kheo Uo.
Nha giio dye Lien Xd Xukhdmulinxki ndi: Ldi ndi d n phai chinh xac, mdi lfl deu cd y nghi£« khfing gidi ve lfla chpn ngfin tfl chang khic gi trong gid hfii hoa khdng dung but chi vfit nhpn mi dimg dinh dl ve. Ciu ndi niy cho chung ta thay: Mudn ning cao tinh ehuan mfle ciia ngdn ngfl day hpc phai co ging phat am id ring, ndi nang Iflu loll. Giio viln Ngfl van eing phii loai bd loi ndi nang, trinh bay khfing mach lgc, dimg tfl sai, phit am khfing chuan, con ci con kl... Ngfin ngfl sinh ddng cd hinh tflpng, trong sang, loi ke chuyin uyen chuyen thfi vi, di ddm bui tai, nghi luin sac xio, npi dung sau sac, ldi van de hieu, thuyet minh mgch lac, rd ring, phan lich cgn ke, la nhflng bieu hiln tinh chuan mflc eua ngfin ngfl day hpe, cfi tac dung khdi gdi hflng thfi, bdi dudng tinh elm va tU tfldng cho hpc sinh, 4. TINH N G A N GON, RO RANG CUA NGON NGCT DAY HOC
Tinh ngin gpn, rfi ring cua ngfin ngfl dgy hpc li do tinh chat vi nhiem vy die bilt cua dgy hgc qui dinh. Ngfin ngfl ciia giio viln khdng ngin gpn. rd ring sl dem Igi khd khan cho vi|c tilp nhan thdng tin dgy hgc cua hpe sinh. Tinh ngin gpn, rd ring cfia ngdn ngfl day hpe eung Ii do mdi trUdng va phUPng thflc bilu dat die bill cfia nd quyet dinh.
Thdi gian cfia mpt tilt hpc 11 cd hgn. Trong mdt thdi gian cd ban mi phii truyin dat eho hoc sinh mfit Ifldng kiln thflc tfldng doi nhilu, nhat thiet phai dien dat ngan gpn, rd ring. Hpn nfla, ngdn ngfl dgy hoc tic dfing vio thinh gilc cua hpc sinh trong khoinh khic, do dd, neu dien dat rfldm ra cd thl lim cho hpc sinh khfing nam dfldc trgng dilm, inh hfldng din tinh thin vl hilu qua hpe tap eua hpc sinh.
Dfing thdi vdi vi|c chu y tinh ngin gpn, rfi rang, ngdn ngfl day hpc cdn phii bien nhflng dilu phflc tgp thinh nhflng dilu dpn giin. Can cfl vio dgc diem Ifla tuoi vi nln kien thfle cfia hpc sinh, ylu cau doi vdl tinh khoa hpc khfing qui nghiem ngit, cd mpt sfi nfii dung cd the ddn gian hoi, nhflng khfing dfldc lim sai lech kien thfle khoa hpc.
Muon diln dgt ngin gon, ro rang, mpt mgt phli nam chac npi dung ehinh cua bii khoa, Iim noi bgt trpng diem cfla bli khoi; mat khie ngdn ngfl thuylt giang phli sau sic, cd dpng, cd ging lim sao the hien dflpc linh than "ndi vii d u cd thl rd trim y". Nlu Idi ndi Ipn xdn, khdng rd ring, mach lac, toi nghia lim sao cd the lim eho ngfldi khic sing rfi dflpc?
Tinh ngin gpn, rd ring cfla ngdn ngfl dgy hpc, ylu cau ngfin ngfl cfia giio viln phii vfla sflc tich, sing ro, vfla tiong sing. Ngfin ngfl dgy hpc cfla giio viln Ngfl vin phli ngin gpn, rd ring mdi cd the Iim cho hpc sinh tiep thu vi hieu ro dflpc ngi dung bli khoa trong mot thdi gian tfldng doi ngin tren Idp. Ngdn ngfl dgy hpc ngan ggn, ro ring giup giao viln giing giii vi hfldng din mdt dch chuan xae, Idgieh npi dung trpng yeu ciia bii khoi. Oil cd nhfl vgy, mdi cd the td chflc tfit dgy hpc trin Idp vdi hilu suit eao, hoin thinh
S6 7-2015 I ^ ^ : " J ^ nhilm vu day hpe vdi chit Ifldng eao. Dl ed dfldc ffleu dfi, ngdn ngfl dgy hgc ciia giio vien phii cd ging dat tdi li tfldng
"phong phfl ma khdng bd dflpe mpt ldi, tilt kiem mi khong mat mgt tfl"
5. TINH D A N D A T CUA N G 6 N NGU DAY HQC Aimord eua Thuy S! eho ring, nghe thuit dgy hpc tflc ll phii bilt dan dat vile hpc cua hpe sinh nhfl thl nao. Trong qui trinh to ehflc day hpc giao vien phii lam cho hpc sinh chu y din dilu gi, cam nhgn dfldc dilu gi, liln tfldng din dieu gi, dien dgt dieu gi, diem mau chot ehinh 11 d eho giio viln sfl dyng ngfin ngfl dgy hpc de dan dit hpc sinh nhU the nao. Ngfin ngfl dgy hpc li mdt tilu chi quan trpng quyet dinh viec d^y hpc eua giao viln cd phat huy dfldc tic dung dan dat hpc sinh hay khdng. Gilo viln kheo van dimg ngfin ngfl day hgc dl hfldng dan hpc sinh hpe t|p, lufin tgo dflpc mdi liln h | ve lfl duy gifla thay va iro, tgo nen nhflng rung cam trong trai tim cua hpe sinh, dan din sfl dong d m cfla hpc sinh, tao dflpe khdng khi hpe tap tot, hai hoi, dieu tilt hdp li nhip dieu day hge, dat dan hpe sinh bfldc vio boi cinh die bilt cua dgy hpc. Tfl dd cd the thay, ngdn ngfl dgy hgc cua giio viln ed tinh dan dat trong qui trinh day hpc trin ldp.
Ngfin ngfl dgy hpc cd tinh din dat 11 tich cfle, ning dfing, gidng nhfl bien ehi dfldng, ml giio viln hfldng dan eho hpc sinh, cd tic dung gdi y nhic nhd, ca thiy va trd dd phli £ dudng vdng, nang cao hi|u suit, tgo ra sflc thu hut vfi t ^
Ngfin ngfl dgy hpc tot chac chan se tgo ra tic dung din dat dfii vdi vile hpc cua hpc sinh. Tac dyng do Ii, vfla lim cho vile hfldng dan hge sinh trd nln rd rang, chinh xac, vfla lim eho vi|c dgy hpc di vio chieu siu; vfla khdi gpi hflng thu va tinh cam d hgc sinh; vfla the hiln day du dgc dilm cua viec dgy hgc ngfl van, lgi vfla nang eao rd ret hieu suat dgy hoc trin Idp.
6. TINH GOI M 6 CUA NGON NGU DAY HOC Tinh gpi md cfia ngdn ngfl day hpc 11 chi ngdn ngfl ciia giao viln cd the kich hoat tfl duy cua hpc sinh, phit triln mach suy nghi cua hpc sinh, de cho hpc sinh phit huy liln tudng vi tfldng tfldng rdng ra, cd Ipi cho sfl nhgn bilt vin de; ngfin ngfl ciia giio vien co the phat huy tic dung thfie day sU ham hilu biet va mudn the hiln cua hpc sinh. Ngdn ngfl cua giio vien cd tinh gpi md hay khdng, li xem ngfln ngfl cua hp cd khuay dpng dflpc con tim efia hgc sinh hay khfing, cd gpi md dflpc nhan thflc efia hpc smh dfii vdi myc dieh, y nghia hpc tap, tfl dd mi tao dflpc hflng tfifi, nhi?t tinh va Idng ham hieu biet, say ml hpe tap cua hpc sinh hay khdng, cd gpi md hge sinh liln tfldng, tfldng tfldng, phin tich, tdng hpp, diln giai, quy ngp v.v... hay khfing cd d^ng viln dfldc tinh d m npi tim efia hpc sinh hay khdng.
Gil ti-i tfiflc te cua tinh gpi md cua ngdn ngfl day hpc chfi ylu li hfldng din til duy eho hpc sinh, dpng viln ti'nh tidi cfle hpc tgp cua hpc smh, tit dd hoin thinh nhilm vy dgy hpc dy dinh mdt each co hi?u qua trong thdi gian quy djnK
Trong "Hpe kT cd ndi: "Co quan tfl chi giio, du di Dgo nhi phat khiln, tioldng nhi phat flc, khai nhi phat dat",|
nghia li: Ngfldi co hpe van dgy hoc sinh bing dch diu dkl;!
DaifvnHpC so 7
hfldng din ngfldi khic di dfldng chfl khdng Idi i ^ d i ta di;
khuyin khich ngfldi ta tiln len chfl khfing cfldng lp ngUdi ta; gpi md cho ngfldi ta suy nghi chfl khdng bit bupc phli bio cho ngfldi ta bilt tat ca mpi thfl. Tfl dd mi xet, die diem ciia tinh gpi md cua ngdn ngfl day hoe II d eho - gdi md eho hpc sinh con dfldng ddc lap khim phi, chfl khdng phii la bao cho hpc sinh bilt tat d mpi thfl.
Tinh gpi md cfia ngdn ngfl dgy hgc phai xuat phat tfl vile dem tic dyng chfi dao efia giio viln kit hdp vdi tinh than ehfi dgng cfla hpc sinh, gpi y dfing mfle, trin thflc t l chinh Ii de Igi "sfl trfing ehd", "16 hdng" hoac "khoang trdng" trong ttf duy hpc sinh de khai thac tilm ning cua hpc sinh, de cho hpc sinh sing lln inh dudc tri tii| chfl khdng phii ndi eho hge sinh rd hit mgi dieu.
7. TINH THj PHAM CUA NGON N G O DAY HOC Gilo viln ehfi ylu Ii vgn dyng ngdn ngfl de truyin thy kiln thflc vin hoi vi tien hinh giao due tfl tfldng cho hpc smb. Vl vay. bin thin giio viln phii cd trinh dp ngdn ngfl that tdt mdi co the phit huy tic dung Iim mau eho hpc sinh.
Nlu bin thin giio viln phit Im khdng chuan, d u tfl ldn x$n, lap ba Up bap, thi se anh hfldng khdng tot den vdi hpe sinh. Nhfl vay. giio viln ndi tieng phd thdng ehuan Ii dieu ki|n ed bin nhit de phat huy tinh thi phgm cfia ngdn ngfl dgy hpe.
Tinh thi pham ciia ngfin ngfl day hpc dfldc bilu hiln d nhilu mat, trong dd tinh Ifigich cfia ngdn ngfl la quan trpng nha. Tinh Idgieh cfia ngfin ngfl khdng chi bleu hiln d nOi dung giio in da ehuan hi ml cdn bilu hi|n d ndi dung ngdn ngfl dflpc van dung tiiy hflng, tiiy cd flng biln khi giing bai tirln ldp.
Thflc tien day hgc chflng minh: ngdn ngfl day hpe efia giao viln ed inh hfldng rat ldn den hpc sinh. Ngdn ngfl dgy hgc chuan xac sl cd hi|u flng thi pham tieh cfle; ngfin ngii day hge dd se cd hieu flng thi phgm tilu cfle.
Dgy hpe, vfla khic vdi dien giing, vfla khic vdi blo do, nd hoic II nghieng vl dai^ til stf, hogc nghieng vl suy doan tfnh H. Giio vien cln efl vao nhu cau day hgc tren Idp, Iiic thi tfl sfl. luc tfli milu ta, liic thi giai thich, tfiuyet minh, Ific thi bhih luin dien giii, lflc thi phit bilu cim nghi; luc thi
63
khing khli himg hon. lfic thi kheo Ieo uyen chuyen, Ific thi di dom hai bfldc. Tinh da dgng eua phfldng thfle diln dgt vi ttnh bien hoa cua thu phip bilu hiln lam cho ngdn i ^ dgy hgc cd hieu flng mau mflc tdng hpp.
Mat khic. giio viln giing dgy kiln thflc bat bupc phai chuan xie khdng sai. Thuyet li phai eo can cfl, giii trinh phii phfl hpp thfle tl, binh lugn phat dfing mflc. Tdm lgi, ngdn ngfl day hoc phli Ii khau ngfl thfldng ngay, hinh tflpng, sinh ddng, di ddm, hai bflde nhuan nhuyin, hap dan vi cd tinh thi phgm tfldng doi cao ddi vdi hpc sinh.
8. TiNH GIAO DUC CUA N G 6 N NGU DAY HOC Day hoc la hogt ddng ed mue dich, cfi kl hoach nham ning cao tri thflc tao ra nang lflc ki nang efia eon ngfldi, anh hfldng din tfl tfldng vi pham chat cfla con ngfldi. Vi vgy ngfin ngfl day hpc cd linh giao dye. Giao viln mdt khi da bfldc lln buc giing 11 dim nhilm hai nhilm vy ning ne:
Dgy chfl vi dgy ngfldi. Ngdn ngfl cua giio vien khdng nln li "tan ddc" tuyf y khdng mue dieh, cing khdng nln Ii bg dlu ndi diy mi phli 11 ngfin ngfl cd tinh giio dye da qua suy nghi chin chin, ed muc dich giio due nhat dinh, cd the Iim trong sang tim hon hgc sinh. Day hpe trin ldp ddi hdi giao viln trong thdi gian quy dinh dem kiln thflc truyin dat ehinh xlc cho hoc sinh dl hpc sinh dfldc phit triln toin di|n vl cac mat dflc, tri, the, mi. Cdn mudn hoin thinh nhilm vu niy, khi chpn dfing ngdn ngfl day hpc giio viln phli can efl vio mye tilu dgy hpc dl thilt kl, diy cdng suy nghi, chu y truyen thdng tin vdi hi|u qua cao, co ging lim cho ngfin ngfl dgy hpc cd tinh giao dye cao.
Ngdn ngfl giao dye bit bupc phii phong phfi ddi dio, the hien giao vien ylu td qufic, ylu sil nghilp, ylu hpc sinh, lim cho nhan thflc dflpc bing b', cim ddng bang tinh, gfli li vao trong tinh, tinh li hoa hpp vdi nhau. Giao viln thdng qua ngdn ngfl dung tinh cam cfia minh khdi gpi tinh d m hgc sinh, dimg ngpn Ifla cfia ddi mlnh di thap sang ngpn Ifla tim hon hpc sinh, thay trd cimg bfldc vao mdi trfldng dgy hgc ki dieu, tinh cim hoa hpp, Giao viln dimg till tim cfia minh dl elm hoi trii tim hpe sinh, dflng tim hfin cfia minh de hun dflc tam hdn cua hpc sinh, dfing nhin dch efia minh de xiy dflng nhin dch cho hpc sinh, dimg ngdn ngfl dgy hgc chin tinh cua minh dl giao dye vl inh hfldng din hpc sinh.
TOMTAT
Ngdn nga cua nffidi gido viin khi ffdng bdi tren ldp cd nhiing dgc diem riing vd ed dnh kUdng to ldn den sU tiep nhgn cda hge sinh.
Nhangddcdiem dd Id tinh edngcu. tinh khdu nga, tinh chudn mUc.
tinh ngdn ggn, ro rdng tinh gdi md, tinh thi phgm vd tdnh ffdo due.
Ngudi gido vien diing ldp edn trau doi ngdn nga ffdng bdi cda minh didgt dUdc hiiu qud dgy hge nhU mong muon.
SUMMARY
The language of the teachers as lecturing has specific characteristics and tremendous influence on the students' receipt of knowledge. They include instivmentality, oral Umguaff, normative, concise, clear, suggestive and education features. The teachers need to improve their Uctimng language to achieve their desired teadiing efficiency.
