Dieu khac n
TRONG MOI TRUVNG VAN HOA DO THI VIET NAM
SCULPTURE IN THE URBAN CUITIIRAL ENVIRONMENT OF VIETHAM Outdoor Sculpture in urban Vietnam emerged from the Ly - Tran dynasty, (hen, in the late 19th and emiy 20ffi cen/uo'. deve/iDped under the influence of the new art from France, with some small monuments placed in parks and gardens at Hanoi and Saigon.
After the reunification in 1975, esped^iy when Vietnam entered the stage of integration, innovation and development, sculpture in the urban space received a golden opportunity to develop witii a variety of topics, material, size and artistic quality.
In recent years, aesthetic value of urtian environment in Vietiiam is
PGS. TS. NDK. N G U Y I N X U A N T I £ N
having many inadequacies, and also facing many aibcisms from public and expertise. In the trend of integration and development, sculpture in vyefnam's urtmn cultural space is gradually ^^roa(^ing the development of modem art but still trying to (Reserve cultural identity of the nation, within specific forms such as monumental sculpture, decorative architectural sculpture, sculpture in parkland, sculptijre on the street, and so on.
Solving the prdilem of art in general and sculpbjre in Vietnam's urban cultural environment in particular can partially meet the urgent needs for constnjcting urt)an aesthetic value as well as enhance the sixiibjal life and educational level of ethnic communities
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ghe thual mdi trUdng ndi chung va dieu khic trong mdi trUdng van hda dd Ihi ndi rieng da hinh thanh va ton tai rat sdm Irong I h l gidi ed dai, trung dai, can va hien dgi lU Ddng sang Tay, Chung ta da ehUng kiln nhiJng thdi ky dSc biel phdn thjnh eOa logi hinh nghe thual nay, Cae cdng trinh nghe thu^t dUde xuat hien dudi dgng din dai, lang md, cung dien, thanh dUdng, dau irudng, khai hoan mdn, tUdng dai kj* mem, tudng niem, tupng trang tri eong vien, dudng phd.,, Mdi cdng trinh da huy ddng rit nhilu tai lUc, tri lue, v3t lUe ciia edng dong xa hdi.Cd nhQng edng trinh keo dai tdi mdt vai the ky, nham dap Ling mdc dp eao nhat eiia than quyen, vUdng quyIn hay nhu cau tmyln tli tu tudng, hudng thu van hoa va tham my eOa xa hoi. Nghe thuat mdi trUdng dd Ihi phat trien rit da dgng, phong phu 6 nhilu ITnh vi,fc, qua nhilu thdi ky lich sir nhung nd eung djnh hinh v^ mang nhOng dgc trung rat ro net theo vj tri dia ly, quan diem trilt hpc, su phat triln eua xa hpi b hai viing miln Idn cfia t h i gidi la phUdng Ddng - phUdng Tay.
The ky 19 - 20 vdi nhiJng biln dpng lien tyc v l chfnh tri, kinh t l , van hda va nhDng phat minh sang tgo cOa khoa hoc ky thuat tgo cho nhip song dd thj ngay cang da dgng, da ehilu. Trong bd'i einh do da nay sinh nhflng y tUdng mdi trong Ihilt ke khong gian my thuSt mdi trudng ndi chung va dieu khac trong mdi trudng van hda dd thj ndi rieng, dd la mpt quy luat l i t y l u qua trinh phat tnen tu duy thim my cua nhSn logi.
Tuy nhien, hien nay chii nghTa "cong ning"
dang lan ap va lam mat dan di linh tham my trong mdi trUdng dd thj, De nghe thugt trang trf gdp phan lam dgp kiln tnic va cinh quan mdi trUdng song, lam gilm tinh cong nang ciia kiln lruc,_ Phong trao chlng ehu nghTa edng nang, chdng hipu Ung nha kinh ngay cang phat tnen va dUdc hUdng ijng manh me. Trong lae pham "Nghe thuat kien true d chiu Au" Ron Damatz keu gpi "i:;ac nghe sT hay diu tranh dicho my thuat trd l?i thinh mgt nhin to quan trgng cOa ddi sd'ng".
ThuTc t r a n g d i e u khSc trong mdi triTdng v a n h o a dd t h j V i e t N a m Dieu khac ngoai trdi 6 do thj Viet Nam da xuat hi&n tif thdi Ly - Tran vdi cac tUdng td linh, hpa lilt trang tri d eae eung dign, din dai, dinh, ehiia, van mieu, sau dd dupe du nh|p ID Phap qua cu6i the k^f 19 dau the
ky 20 vdi mdt sd tupng dai c6 npi dung tdn giao, van hda va su bao hd ciJa Phap dd'i vdi Viet Nam dUdc xay dUng tai edng vien, vudn hoa Ha Npi, Sai Gdn nhU: tUpng ND thin TU do (1887); tUpng Paul Bert (1890);
tupng dai "Nudc Phap bao hd Ddng Dudng"
(1902); tupng ban than nha bac hpe Pasteur (1922); tUdng dai ST- Ndng - Cdng - ThUdng (1927); tUPng ban than nha van, nha tu tudng Ren an Eruest (1931); Tupng dai \f.^ niem linh kho xanh linh kho dd;
tUOng dai eha eo Alexandre de Rhodes vdi Hoang tif Cinh tgi cdng vien trude nha thd DUc Ba - Sai Gdn... NhDng tac pham nghe thugt trong khdng gian dd thi ngoai trdi do cac nghe sT, nghe nhan Viet Nam the hien rd nhat vao nhQng nam 1960-1970 vdi mdt s6 tac pham nhd b edng vien Thong Nhat - Ha Npi va mdt so tUpng dai danh nhan Ijch sQ, nhDng ehien binh (Thanh to, bilu tUdng eho cac binh chiing cda quan ddi Sai Gdn) dupe xay dUng 6 eae bung binh, giao Id Sai Gdn vao nhDng nam 1970.
Sau ngay dat nude thong nhlt va dac biet khi Viet Nam bUdc vao thdi ky md ciia hdi nhap, doi mdi, phat triln. Kinh t l dat nude ngay mdt tang trudng, hanh lang phap ly v l thuc hien eae edng trinh TUdng dii, tranh hoinh trang" 6a dUde Vy My thuSt Bd Van hda - Thdng lin ban hanh, tUdng ddi cd bai bin va dUPc thUe thi, Vi the, eae cong trinh dieu khac ngoai trdi Viet Nam ngay cang da dgng vdi nhilu d l tai, chat lieu, kieh thudc Idn va chat lUdng nghe thuat eung ngay cang dUPc nang cao Chung ta da xay dung dupe mdt so edng trinh, tae pham dieu khac trong cae khdng gian dd thi, tieu bieu la:
tupng dai "Bac H6 vdi thieu nhi" b TP,HCM ci!ia nha dieu khae Diep Minh Chau;''Cdnsf nhan dau Tranh" b TP,HCM cita nha dieu khac Nguyin Hai; tupng dai "Chii tich Ho Chf Minh" 6 Thanh pho Sa Dec ciia nha dieu khae Nguyin PhUde Sanh; tupng dai
"Chien thing sin bay Bien Hoa" b Thanh phd Bien Hda eiia nha dieu khac Nguyin Phu Cudng; tUdng dai 'Tran Hdng Dao" b Thanh phd' Nam Djnh eiia nha dieu khie VUdng Duy Bien; tUdng dai "Bic Ho ve thim que hudng"\ai Thanh pho Vinh - Nghe An eua nha dieu khie Dd Nhu Can; tUdng dai "Anh hung dan toe Li Lai"\a\ Thanh pho Thanh Hoa ciia Hoang Nhan - Duy Dd • Khue Qude An; tUdng dai "Long An Trung dung Kiin cUdng" lai Thanh pho Tan An eiia nha dieu khie Phan Gia HUdng . va
M^t trudc Nha thd OUc Ba Sai Gon v6i tUOng Ddc Ba Hoa Binh
cdn rat nhilu eae tae pham dieu khie trang tri trong cac cdng vien, cdng trinh kiln true dupc hien dien b nhilu dd thi Viet Nam.
Dd'i vdi cac dd thj Viet Nam hi6n nay, Ihim my mdi trudng dd thi cdn rat nhieu bat cap, dang la van d l gay bUc xue dU lu&n xa hdi va gidi chuyen mdn, Cy the cac tupng dai, tupng Irang tri cdng vien phin Idn chua phu hdp vdi khdng gian diem dat, chat lUpng nghe thuat khdng cao va ehua tao thanh nhDng diem nhan, bieu tupng cho trung tam dd thi hay tao nen tham my cho eae eong vien cong cdng. Cae bing hieu quang eao, tranh co ddng, trang trf eae edng trinh kien true, he thd'ng den trang tri, ehilu sang, thilt bj vui chPi d eae cdng vien bd tri ehUa hdp ly, thilu tham my.,, dang cd nhDng anh hudng khdng lot ddi vdi Iham my mdi trudng dd thj, cinh quan du Ijch ndi chung va khdng cd sU tUdng dong vdi qua trinh hdi nhap, phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia dat nUdc. Trong khi dd 6 cae thanh phd Idn tren the gidi ngay nay, cae cdng trinh my thuat mdi trudng dd thi nhu tUdng dai, tupng trang th kiln true, cdng vien, dudng phd, tranh ve, he thdng den, eae thiet bi my thuat Ung dung dudng pho,,. dang la mpt trong nhDng bd mat van hda hap dan nhat, gay an tUdng mgnh me, khd quen doi vdi du khach.
N h u c a u phat t r i e n d i § u k h a c trong moi trifdng vdn hoa do t h j V i e t N a m
Xa hdi Viet Nam trong thdi ky doi mdi, vdi xu t h i hdi nhap va phat tnen, nen kinh te dang ddi hdi phli cd mdi trudng van hoa.
I.XD Sd67 £014
nghe thuat tUPng xUng, dd la quy lugt tat y l u "mot cd the chl song thong qua sd trao dSi vdi moi trudng cOa no" [1, tr.6]. Dang ta da xac djnh: "Vin hoa la nen tang tinh thin cua xa hoi, viia li muc tiiu, vi/a li dong lue thuc diy sU phat tnen kinh te - xa hoi"; "Nen v^n hoa mi chung ta xiy di/ng la nen van hda ti^n tiin, dam da ban sic din toe" [2, tr,50]. VUa mang tinh k l thUa, phat huy nhQng nhan to van hda truyin thdng tot dep eiia dan tdc, vUa tilp thu nhQng tinh hoa van minh ciia nhan logi, ngay mdt
"khang dinh dugc tam voc, trinh do, bin linh vi bin sic cOa vSn hoa Viet Nam trong giao luu vi hgp tic quoc (e'"[3, tr 51- Trong giai dogn hien nay, vdi qua trinh hdi nhSp quoc te tren mpi ITnh vQc: kinh te, van hda, nghe thuat,,, cung vdi sQ md rpng quy md, phat Irien hien dai cac dd thi hien cd, xay dyng nhieu khu dd thj mdi cho phu hdp vdi su tang trudng kinh t l , cdng nghigp hda, hien dai hda dat nude, ma eu the phan dau tdi nam 2020 nudc ta se la mpt nude cdng nghiep. Vin d l xay dUng mdt mdi trudng my thual dd thi ndi chung va dieu khac trong mdi IrUdng van hda dd thj Viet Nam ndi rieng, van minh, hien dgi dap Dng nhu eau phat triln cua xa hdi va nhDng ddi hdi ehfnh dang ngay cang cao v l mdt cudc sdng tinh than phong phu cua mdi ngUdi dan thUc sQ dang la van d l cap thilt dgt ra eho gidi dieu khie - kiln true va cac cap chinh quyIn,
My Ihual ngoai trdi, dge biet la dieu khie dUPe eoi nhU la mdt thanh to quan trpng cua kiln true dd thj, bdi nd chilm mdt mat bang, mdt khdng gian nhat dinh trong dd thi, nd tham gia true tiep vao viee kien tgo canh quan dd th;, dong Ihdi la mdt to hpp hai hoa giDa tac pham dieu khic vdi nhDng thdnh phan kiln true, einh quan xung quanh nd. Trong eae dd thj, nhlt la nhQng thanh pho cd tinh lich sif van hoa cao, my thual mdi trudng ndi chung va dieu khac ngoai trdi ndi rieng la mdt thanh phin khdng the thilu trong quy hoaeh do thi. Chung thudng dUdc xay dUng, lip dat tgi cac quIng trUdng trung tam thanh pho, eae cdng vien, trUdc cae cdng trinh kiln true Idn, trong cac cong Irinh cdng cpng, cae cdng trinh ky niem, ton vinh hay tUdng niem hoac d nhDng vi tri la diem nut giao thdng, diem nhan ciia khdng gian dd thj.
Dieu khie ngoai Irdi ndi ehung va dieu khie trong khdng gian van hda dd thi ndi rieng
cd nam the logi chinh: Dieu khic hoanh trang; Dieu khie trang tri kiln true; Dieu khac trang tri cdng vien; Dieu khic trang tri dudng pho; Dieu khae trang trf eae cong chinh eifa ngd dd thi. Trong xu hudng hpi nhgp va phat Iriln, nghd thugt ndi chung va dieu khic trang tri trong khdng gian van hda dd thi Vigt Nam ndi rigng dang tiep cSn din vdi su phat trien van hda nghe thugt hien dgi chung cua nhan logi va t h i hi^n bin sle rieng eua dan tpc.
Nhufng v a n d ^ c a n q u a n t S m d £ i vdi dieu khSc trong m o i t n f d n g vdn hoa do thj V i e t N a m Ouy hoach, the hien cic tic pham dieu l<hic trong khdng gian moi trUdng vin hda dd thi Viet Nam hiin nay li viec lam het sUc phOc tap, no dot hoi co sU kit hgp ding bo cija nhieu chuyen nginh, linh vuc, cic cip quan ly, do dd can chu y din cic vin de sau:
• Quy hoaeh cac edng trinh dieu khie hoanh trang trong khdng gian van hda dd th! ia viec lam hit sUc he trpng vi nd cd li^n quan den tham my, bieu tupng van hda lln tam linh cua mdi do thi. Quan ni6m ciia dng ba ta thi tupng ed hon, thieng, xay da khd, dap di eang khd hpn, Dong thdi, tupng dai t h i hien tham my van hda chung eua mdt thanh pho, neu tae pham tUdng x l u ngudi ta se danh gia tham my eiJa eU dan dd thi kem, vi nd khdng ehl de lam dilm nhan, trang tri ma cdn the hien van hda, Ijeh sif, xa hdi. Cac dd thi Viet Nam da cd mpt sd tupng dai eij va mdi nhung chua cd nhieu tae phim gay an tUPng cho ngUdi dan lln du khach Theo toi, cac dd thi Viet Nam nen tap trung xay dung dang tUPng dai mang linh bieu trUng van hda vung miln, hay nhQng tupng dai eae nhSn vit Ijch sQ, van hda ed kfch thude vDa phli phii hdp vdi khdng gian dd thj vdn mang truyin thd'ng khiem nhudng eua dan tdc, 6 cae cDa ngd thanh pho nen dat nhQng bilu tUdng van hda cd hinh khoi hien dai k i t hpp giQa kiln true va dieu khac mang tinh dge trung rieng eiia mdi khu vQe do thj.
Cae cdng trinh tUdng dai danh nhan, sQ kien Ijeh sif nen xay dUng thanh cdng vien van hda rieng biet, khdng nen xay dung b cac vdng xoay, giao 16 thilu diem nhin, khdng tdn nghiem va can trd giao thdng.
Tai cae vdng xoay, giao Id, nui giao thdng chl nen xay dung cac edng trinh mang tinh trang tri my thuSt.
Q
,XD S6&7 2014aSHHCEiEl
6 cae vudn hoa, cdng vien, dpe theo bd bien, bai tim, bd kenh, ven sdng, h6 „ cung la xu hudng mdi dang dUdc gidi dieu khic, cae nha nghien edu va chinh quyen cac dia phUdng, dd thj quan Mm, vdi mue dfch dUa dieu khie hoa nhap vao mdi trudng song mdt each cd hidu qui, phat huy tfnh giao dye tu tudng, hch sif, van hda xa hdi, ngay mdt nang cao ddi sd'ng tinh than va trinh
T o m l a i :
My thugt mdi trudng dd thi ndi ehung va di6u khie trong mdi trudng van hda dd thj ndi rieng chfnh la net dgp van hoa tham my mdi trudng cua mdi dd thj, the hien rd trinh dp dan tri, su phat triln eiia dd thj hay vung miln, Trong glal dogn htdn nay, vdi qua Irinh hdi nhap qude t l tren mpi linh vUc kinh te, van hda, nghe thuat,,, eijng vdi su md rpng quy md, phat triln hien dgi cae do thj hidn ed. xay dUng nhilu khu dd thi mdi cho phu hPp vdi sy tang trudng kinh l l , cdng nghidp hda, hign dgi hda dat nudc. Van de xay dUng mdt mdi trUdng my Ihuat dd thi ndi chung va dieu khic trong mdi trudng van hda dd thj Vi^t Nam ndi rieng, van minh, hien dai dap Ung nhu elu phat tnln eua xa hdi va nhQng ddi hdi chfnh dang ngay eang eao v l mdt eudc sdng tinh than phong phu cDa mdi ngudi dan thyc su dang la van d l cap thilt dat ra cho gidi chuyen mdn va eae cap chfnh quyln. Giai quylt tot van d l nghe thuSt ndi ehung va dieu khic trong mdi trudng van hda dd thj Viet Nam ndi rieng se dap Ung dUpc phin nao cac nhu elu cap thiet v l xay dung tham my dd thj va nang eao ddi song tinh thin, trinh dp tham my ciia edng dong dan tdc.
T^i lieu Iham kh^o:
1 .Dinh Quang (2006), "Van de quin ly vSn hoa ngh#
thu|l truyin thSng va dUOng dai trong quS trinh toan cau hoa", Ji\ ii^u bdi dUSng kig'n thCrc qu^n ly nganh V3n hoa Thong tin, B$ Van h6a - Thfing Im, Ha N^i.
2.Ban Tu tudng - van hoa Trung ifong (20041, Tai l i ^ nghien cOu k& luSn H^i nghi lln thii mudi Ban chap h^nh Trung UOng Dang kh6a IX, Nxb Chinh tn Quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
3,Pham Duy Difc - chd bi#n 120061, NhiJng thach thUc van hoa Viet Nam trong qua trlnh hpi nhap kinh le qufic le, Nxb Van hoa - Thflng tin & Vi$n Van h6a, H i NOI.
4,Nguyin 63 Dang, chO nhigm de tai (2001), Nghien ciltv hUiSng dan thill ke Tupng dki ki? mem trong khflng gian do th| Vigt Nam, De tai nghien cilu khoa hoc, Vien nghi&n c\2u KiS'n tnlc B$ Xay dUng, H i Npi.
