NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
Nang lirc lanh dao, nang Itrc ve van hoa va thay doi trong cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam
Le Thi Lan Huong Truong Dal hoc Kinh t6 Qn6c dan
Hign nay mpt s6 vdn dd cot ldi ve nang lyc doanh nghidp chua duge Idm sang td hong dieu kidn Vigt Nam, vi du nhu nhflng nang Iuc nao cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi sy phdt tridn cfla doanh nghigp tiong tuong lai, muc do ddp flng cfla cac mflc nang lue hien tgi so vdi ygu cdu nhu thd ndo, va iam thd nao de vigc nang cao nang , luc cua doanh nghigp dat hieu qua cao. Nghidn ciiu nay sg trd ldi mdt phdn cflc. nhung cau hdi dd. Nghidn cuu , seddnh gia hidn trang nang lyc lanh dgo va nang lyc vd van hda cfla cac doanh nghigp Viet Nam, tfl dd dua ra mdt sd ggi y cho doanh nghidp trong vide nang cao nang luc de cd thd dem lgi hidu qud kinh doanh cao, vuon tam ra qudc td.
1. Nang lire doanh nghiep va lot the canh tranh Nang lyc cfla cac doanh nghigp la ngudn gd'c tao
•ndn Ipi the canh tranh. Lgi the canh tranh dat duoc khi n n d t doanh nghigp phat tridn dugc boac cd dugc cac Hiang Iuc cho phep doanh nghigp dat dupe cac kdt fe|ua kinh doanh vupt trdi so vdi cdc ddi thu canh tranh.
j Cd nhieu hpc thuydt gidi thich ngudn gde cfla Igi thd I cgnh hanh, cu the nbu sau.
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Quan diem dya trgn thj trudng dgi dien la Porter (1980) cho rdng lpi nhuan va ket qua kinh doanh cua doanh nghidp chu ydu bi quydt dinh bdi dac didm cau trflc nganh va sy van ddng cfla nganh ma ddanh nghigp boat dpng. Cdu trflc ngdnh dugc Grant (1991) gpi la sy hdp ddn ngdnh. Sy hdp ddn cfla nganh cung : bdt ngudn tu cac ngudn lyc va nang lyc.Quan diem dya trgn ngudn Iuc (Conner, 1991;
Bamey, 1991) cho rang su khac bigt vd kdt qua boat i ddng gifla eae doanh nghiep chfl ydu Id do sy khdc biet vd ngudn lyc su dung.Cac doanh nghiep cd kha nang ti'ch tu dupe cac ngudn lyc cd gia tri, khan hidm, khdng sao chdp dupe va khdng thay the dupe sg cd lgi thd canh tranh so vdi cac ddi thu cgnh trgnh.
Quan didm dya hen nang lyc (Grant, 1991;
Dierickx & Cool, 1989; Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000) la sy md rdng tfl quan diem dua trgn ngudn lyc cho rdng ngudn lyc tgo ra nang lyc va nang lyc tao ra Ipi the cgnh tranh. Nang lyc theo quan didm dua tren ngudn lyc duge dinh nghia la su kdt hpp cac kha nang, ky nang, cdng nghd ma cho phdp doanh nghigp thuc hign td't ban dd'i thfl canh tranh, khd cd the sao chep vd tgo ra lai thd trdn thi Irudng (Coates & McDermott, 2002).
2. Nang luc lanh dao, nang luc ve van hoa va Uiay doi Nang lye lanh dao Id khd nang cua dpi ngfl lanh dgo trong vigc huy ddng vd phd'i hpp cac ngudn luc de dat dupe hieu qud eua td chflc. Higu qua cfla lanh dao thd hign xuygn sud't hong toan doanh nghidp.
Roghg va cdng sy (2012) dua ra 6 nhdm nhan td de xac djnh nang lue cfla doanh nghidp trong dd cd nang lyc lanh dgo, nang Iuc vd van hda va thay ddi. Nang luc lanh dao la kha nang phan bo va phdi hpp cac ngudn lyc mdt each hieu qua va dgt muc tidu, la khd nang quan ly con ngudi dd thu dupe lgi thd canh tranh va la kha nang trao quydn cho nhan vign tai tdt ca cac cdp bgn trong td chflc tao cho hg dugc Idm vide theo dung chuygn mdn sd tmdng va tdp tmng vdd qud trinh phat trien cac sdn phdm mdi vd ddm bao cho nhung nd Iuc va ky nang cua ngudi lao ddng dupe djnh hudng ddn vide dat dugc muc Udu va chidn luge cua edng ty (Nelson & Winter 1982).
Nang lyc ve van hda va thay ddi: Nang lyc cua doanh nghiep xay dyng dugc he thd'ng gid tri chung dugc mpi thdnh vidn chdp nhan va kha nang thu hut cac thanh vign vao cac qua trinh thay ddi.
van hda td chflc la each thuc thyc hign cac boat dgng mang tinh phong luc va tmydn thdng dupe tat ca cac thanh vidn chia sd d mflc dd nhdt djnh va cac thanh vign mdi phai hpc va chap nhan dd dupe Udp can cac djch vy cfla doanh nghigp. Harison (1972) dinh nghia rdng van hda td chflc la cac y Uiuc hg, niem tin, gia tri sau bgn trong cd d tdt ca cac doanh nghigp la tien dd cho cdc each tiiflc ma mpi ngucri se phai lam vigc yong cac td chflc dd. Van hda cfla doanh nghiep dugc xay dyng de dat dupe cac muc tieu chidn lupc.
Nang lyc cfla doanh nghigp trong vigc thyc hign
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r f i C H A U A - THAI BlNHcac thay ddidd thich flng vdi sy thay ddi ngay cang nhanh trong moi trudng kinh doanh sdmang lai nhieu Ipi ich cho doanh nghiep. Thu hflt sy tham gia cfla ngudi lao ddng vao cac qua tiinh Uiay ddi cd nghia la doanh nghigp da su dung ngudn Iuc quy gia cdeh hidu qud nhdt.
3. Phirong phap thu thap dir lieu
Cdc tidu chi dupe phat bidu thuan chieu pban anh mflc dd dap flng so vdi yeu cdu qudn tri hoae so vdi ydu eau cfla muc ligu chidn luge va dupe do ludng trdn thang do Likert : didm 1 cd nghia la mflc dd dap ung cua nang Iuc dd so vdi ydu cdu tai cdng ty rat kdm va didm 5 cd nghia la mflc dd dap flng cfla nang lyc dd tgi cdng ty rat tdt. Tai mdi doanh nghigp duoc lua chpn, phieu hdi dupe gfli ddn mdt nha qudn ly cdp cao hoae cap tmng.
Ve mau khao sat, 150 doanh nghidp da dupe lua chgn theo phuang phdp thuan tidn. Sd phieu khao sat nhan dugc la 103 phidu- nhung phidu cd didn day du thdng tin dupe sfl dyng cho phdn Uch.
Vd quy md doanh nghigp, mdu khao sdt cd 7% ta doanh nghigp nhd (lu 11 ddn 50 Iao ddng), 43% la doanh nghidp vi>a (tfl 51 ddn 300 lao ddng), 50% la doanh nghiep Idn (trdn 300 Iao ddng).
Vd thdi gian hoat ddng, cd 2,4% s6 doanh nghigp cd thdi gian boat dpng tu 5 nam trd xudng, 7,2% sd ddanh nghidp ed thdi gian hogt ddng trdn 5 nam ddn 10 nam, 24,2% sd doanh nghidp ed thdi gian boat ddng tren 10 nam ddn 15 nam, va 66,2% cd thdi gian hogt ddng hdn 15 nam.
Kiem tra tfnh nhat quan ndi lai cua eac thang do He sd Cronbach's Alpha dupe su dyng de danh gia mflc dp nhat quan ndi tai cfla cac thang do nang Iuc doanh nghidp. Hd so Cronbach's Alpha nhan gia tri la 0,843 eho nhan td lanh dao, va la 0,822 cho nhan td van hda va thay ddi.Hd sd Cronbach's Alpha cfla tat ca cac nhan td nang lye ddu nhdn gid In tu' 0,755 ddn 0,835 va dupe coi la tdt. Gid tri cua cdc nhan td nang lyc dugc sfl dung trong cdc phan Uch tidp theo dugc lay la tmng binh sd hpc cfla cdc gid tri cfla cac tieu chi thudc nhan tddd.
4. Ket qua nghien ciiu
Tam quan trpng cfla nang lyc lanh dao, van hda va thay ddi
Nhin chung,y kien danh gia cua cac doanh nghigp cho thay ca 2 nang luc ddu rat quan trpng hogc quan trpng.Nang luc lanh dgo cd tdm quan trpng cao hon (4,57), nang lyc van hda va thay ddi thaphon (4,0).
Nhan thflc vd tam quan trpng cua nang lyc lanh dgo va nang lyc van hda,thay ddi cd sy khac nhau theo thai gian hoat ddng. Nang lyc lanh dgo luon dupe cdc doanh nghigp de cao, trong khi dd nang Iuc van hda vd thay ddi cbi dgt mflc tmng binh (<4,0). Doanh
nghidp ed thdi gian boat dpng ldu ban sd cd nhan thuc lot hon vd vai trd, tdm quan trpng cfla ydu to van hda vd thay ddi tdc dpng tdi nang lyc ddanh nghigp, giflp doanh nghigp boat ddng dat hidu qua hon.
Mflc do dap flng cfla cac nang lyc bien lgi so vdi yeu cducfla muc Ugu chidn lupc
Nhin chung, ca hai nang lyc deu ddp ung yeu cdu muc tigu chidn luge d muc ddnh gia tmng binb cao han 3 diem (mflc didm ma mdt nang Iuc dugc coi la khdng kem cung khpng tdt), trong do nang Iuc Lanh dao dupe ddnh gia dap flng ygu cau d mflc 3,93, nang lyc van hda va thay ddi dupe danh gia dap flng yeu cdu d mflc 3,63.
Sd ddanh nghidp lu danh gia nang lyc lanh dao la xudl sdc chidm 5,8 %, trong khi dd khdng cd doanh nghidp nao tu danh gia xudt sac ve nang Iuc van hda va thay ddi. Tuy nhign, cung cd rat it doanh nghidp ty danh gia la ydu ddi vdi hai nang lyc nay (didm danh gid nang lyc dudi 3). Cbi cd 1,9% doanh nghiep ty danh gia la ydu ve nang Iuc lanh dgo, vd 4,9% doanh nghiep tu ddnh gia la ydu vd nang luc van hda va thay ddi.
Phan tich chi tiet cdc nang lyc doanh nghiepVidt Nam
* Nang lyc Lanh dao
cac doanh nghigp Vigt Nam da nhan thuc dupe vai trd dac bigt quan trpng cua dpi ngfl lanh dao dd'i vdi su phdt trien cua doanh nghidp. Nang lyc lanh dgo dupe cac doanh nghigp ty danh gia d mflc dp khd, dao dpng tu 3,79 cho den 4,06.
B l n g l N A D g l | ^ I . ^ h a a a doanh nghiep Ibf o IhM glUD hof 1 0OQg CilCllCUChl
LSnh dOD cap cao La nhOng nguoi ciioD hul. tiuyfe cam hung va i h o i TSai nJuu vA fl|iih huonj pilar men
mvc gi5 tri ijuc lipi liin vai nhu ciiu cijn th en ac ciiA Ui^ hia quiui Bgi ugfl ISiih dflO cSp CBQ CO hieu
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Kdt qua khao sat cho thay nang lyc lanh dao cd chidu hudng cai thien theo thdi gian hoat ddng. Nang lyc lanh dgo dupe danh gia thdp nhdt la 3,13 ddi vdi cac doanh nghigp hoat ddng tfl 1 ddn 5 nam, va dupe danh gia cao nhdt la 3,93 ddi vol cac daanh nghiep hogt ddng trgn 15 nam.
* Nang iuc ve van hda va thay ddi
van hda dugc coi la tai san chidn luge cua doanh nghigp, la nguon gd'c co ban nhat cfla lgi the cgnh tranh ben vflng (Flamholtz, 2001). Van hda doanh nghigp dupe coi la "hg ma gien" cfla mdt td chflc va phan bidt td chflc nay vdi td chue khac. Ket qua khao sat cho thay nang lyc van hda va thay ddi dat d mflc kha. cac tidu chi thanh phan nhu mgi ngudi dupe huy ddng, tham gia vao qua trinh thyc hidn thay doi va cd
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NGHIEN c u u mdt he gia tri chung hong toan cdng ty dugc cac doanh nghiep danh gia cao hon, hong khi dd kha nang thich ung vd kha nang tien hanh thay ddi nhanh cd diem danh gia thap hon.
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3 7S . 7 .Theo Ihdi gian cfla nang lyc van hda va thay ddi eung tang ddn theo thdi gian boat ddng va dat muc cao nhat yong khoang thdi gian boat dpng trgn 15 r nam. Khi doanh nghidp mdi di vao boat dgng, doanh t nghigp chua thyc sy chfl trpng dflng mflc dd'i vdi van f hda doanh nghigp, chua thyc sy quan tam tdi tac i dgng cfla van hda trong phat tridn cac gia trj mang ban f sdc ridng ddc dao cfla doanh nghidp. Khi thdi gian I hogt ddng cfla doanh nghidp dai hon, cac chudn muc va Id ldi lam vigc da dugc kiem chflng qua thuc tidn ' mang lgi hieu qua thi se cd xu hudng tidp tuc dupe duy tri. Phat trien cac gia tri van hda, dd cao Unh than chdp nhan va thyc hidn cac thay ddi thich flng vdi moi trudng ben ngoai cung se dupe khuyen khich ban.
Dieu nay se giflp doainh nghiep khdng ngung ddi mdi sang tgo va duy tri dupe lpi thd canh hanh mdt each [ ben vung.
5. Ket luan va mot so gvi y cho cac doanh nghiep Nghidn cuu cho thay cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhin chung danh gia nang lyc lanh dao cung nhu nang [ lyc van hda va thay ddi ddu rdt quan trgng ddi vdi sy phat tridn cfla doanh nghiep yong tuong lai. Muc dp I'ddp flng eua cac nang lyc hien tai so vdi yeu cdu cfla ' muc Ugu chidn lupc deu dat tfl mflc tmng binh kha trd
Ign, khdng cd nang lyc nao bi danh gia kem.
cae nang lyc ddu cd hinh mdu thay ddi theo thdi gian tuong ty nhau: tang dan theo thdi gian boat dpng va dat mflc caa nhdt trong khoang thdi gian hogt dpng trdn 15 nam. Mdt sd ly do cd thd giai thich hinh mdu thay doi cfla cac nang Iuc nay nhu sau. Thfl nhdt, cac nang lyc doanh nghigp cd cac md'i quan he phu thudc vd luang tac qua lai chat che vdi nhau. Su thay ddi (cai thign boac suy giam) cfla mpt sd nang lyc cd the gay ra su tiiay doi tuong flng (cai thidn hogc suy giam) d nhflng nang lyc cd lidn quan. Thfl hai, nhflng doanh nghidp phat trien dua tren ndn tang cung cd va phaE tridn cac nang Iuc doanh nghigp se lam cho cacnang lyc doanh nghiep ngay cang phat tridn hon.
Mdt sd ggi y cho doanh nghigp Vlgi Nam De phat tridn nang luc doanh nghigp mang lai higu qua cao va ddng gdp tdi da vao vigc tao ra gia tri, cac doanh nghiep can luu y mot sd diem sau:
Phat tiidn nang lyc phai gdn vdi chidn lupc phat irien Ipi Uid canh yarih, can phai xac djnh nhung nang luc mui nhpn cdn phai cd dd tgo ra vd dat dupe nhung lpi the canh yanh mfli nhpn.
Nhan bidt dupe su phu thupc tac dpng qua laildn nhau gifla cac nang Iuc: Cac nang luc khdng ton tai mpt each bidt lap ma cac nang lyc cd su phu Uiudc tac dpng qua lgi lan nhau. Chinh vi vay, mudn nang cao mot nang Iuc nhdt dinh tiii can phai nang cao cac nang lyc tidn de cd lign quan khac.
Phat trien cac nang luc mpt each ben vung hay ndi each khac la nang cao nang luc phai duoc thyc thi mpl each thudng xuygn va lign tuc.
Hpc hdi cac thuc tign lot trdn thd gidi: Hpc hdi cac md hinh va kinh nghigm tien tidn tu cac doanh nghigp hang ddu the gioi, tfl cac doanh nghidp boat ddng trong cac linh vuc khac sg giflp doanh nghiep phdt trien dupe nang lue mong mudn mpl each higu qua.
Hpc hdi tfl cac doanh nghiep hang ddu khdng phai Id cac dd'i thfl cgnh tranh true tidp tiong nganh sd di ddng dugc cdc doanh nghigp nay chia se nhflng bi quyet sau bgn trong ban la tfl cac ddi thu canh hanh tme Udp.
Thu thap thdng tin phan hdi ve nang lye doanh nghiep lfl nhieu ngudn se cung cdp thdng Un da chieu vd nang luc cfla doanh nghidp, thu hut cac chu the tham gia vao cac kd hoach cdi thign nang luc. Didu nay se giflp doanh nghidp hai hda dupe mong dpi cfla cac chu thd trong qua trinh phat tridn./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Coates, T. T. & McDermoti, C. M (2002), 'An exploratoiy analysis of new competencies: a resource based view perspective', Journal of Operation Management, Vol. 20, pp. 435-450;
Conner, K. (1991), 'A Historical Comparison of Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm', Journal of Management, 17(1), I2M54.
Dierickx, I. & Cool, K. (1989), 'Asset stock accumu- lation and sustainabiltty of competitive advantage' Management Science, 35, 1504—1511.
Grant, R. (1991), 'The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy for- mulation', California Management Review, 33(3), 114, 135.
Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy;
Techniques for Analysing Indushies and Competitors^
Free Press, New York.
