DIEN DAN PHAT TRIEN GTVT
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Q vai thap ky trd Igi day, vai trd cua van tai bien da that sO trd nen vd eung quan trpng.Nd chinh la c h i i c cau nbi chp thQPng mai toan c i u d mOc dp cao nhat va la yeu tb ehu dgo cho so thanh cdng cua chien djch mang ten "Toan cau hda". Khi ndi den van tai bien chung ta cd the hinh dung dd la mpt chuoi dope tgo thanh tQ cac yeu tb nho cbng ty van tai bien, c i u cang, tau, hang hda va khach hang. Gae yeu tb nay se dope gan k i t vdi nhau de trd thanh mdt chudi lien maeh nhd cd cae thdng tin. Ngay nay, nhOng thdng tin nay ehu yeu dope biet den dodi dgng thdng tin dien tQ. So chfnh xac va tbc dp cua thdng tin dien tQ se giup eho thOPng mai trd nen hieu qua hPn, cae edng ty van t i i cd the dam b i o so an toan trong van tai hang hda vdi khach hang cua minh va khach hang ludn ed nhOng thdng tin dope cap nhat mdt each nhanh n h i t ve hang hda cua hp.
Thdng tin dien tQ nay da rut n g i n mdt each dang ke khoang thdi gian can thiet de thOe hien cae thu tgc hanh ehinh va djch vu cung nhO giam bdt mpt sb IQpng Idn eac logi g i i y td ma trodc day la khdng the thieu dope trong qua trinh trao dbi hang hda. Nd giup eho ngodi eung cap djch vu cd them nhieu thdi gian hdn de tap trung vao viee nang cao chat IQdng phue vu khach hang. TrOde sQ cgnh tranh khde liet ve djch vg thdng qua k h i nang lOu thdng hang hda, thQdng mgi dien tO hay cdn dope biet den vdi cai ten la "E -
Commerce" da trd thanh mdt cbng cu vb cung ldi hai va khdng nhQng vay nd cdn giam bdt gia thanh van tai, tham chi tdi 40%. Day la ly do tai sao thOdng mai dien tQ da dope Qng dung mdt each rat triet de va trd thanh mdt trong nhOng yeu tb khbng the thieu dope tai nhQng cang bien Idn tren the gidi.
Cung vdi so phat trien eua cbng nghe IT, "E - Commerce" da trd nen vb cung phb bien va hoat dpng rat hieu qua tai nhQng cang bien Idn va nbi tieng tren the gidi. Kinh nghiem tQ Singapore cho t h i y , qua trinh chuyen giao eac giay td dope rut ngan tO 35 trang xubng edn 1 trang va thdi gian tO 1 t u i n xubng chi cdn 10 phut. Mdt container thay vi phai chd dpi mdt t u i n de cd the xuat hoac nhap cang thi gid day ehl mat chQa d i y mdt ngay. Khdng nhOng vgy, "E - Commerce" da hgn che mdt each dang ke nhOng sai sdt do con ngOdi cd the gay ra vdi ty le tQ 40% xubng cbn 5% cho mpt giay td. Con sb nay da dope kiem chOng tgi e i n g Dagang eua Malaysia. Vay thi thuc chat E - Commerce la gi? Khdng cd mdt djnh nghTa chfnh xac ve E - Commerce. Neu chung ta nhin nd tii khia cgnh ky thuat thi dd la mdt qua trinh trao doi thdng tin dope thQe hien tren mpt mgng lodi may tinh dope k i t nbi vdi Internet hoac cung cd the dope thUc hien tren dien thoai hoac bang bat ky mdt phQdng tien v i l n thbng nao nham muc dich nang cao dp an toan cung nho day nhanh qua trinh van chuyen cua
"E-COMMERCE V
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DIEN DAN PHAT TRIEN GTVT Tap Chf GTVT 1+2/2011
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hang hda tdi ngodi nhan. T h i nhong chQc nang cua E - Commerce khdng ehi dQng lai d dd ma nd edn cd the ddng vai trd nho mdt san thOPng mai, nPi ed the giao dich b i n g viec trao dbi hang hda, thanh toan cung nho trao dbi thdng tin.
Cd the ndi, E - Commerce chinh la c h i t keo lien k i t cac m i t xich va la y i u tb quan trpng tgo nen sQ nhip nhang eua mgng IQdi Logistics. Cae hang van t i i bien Idn tren the gidi d i u cd nhOng cbng E - Commerce rieng cua minh. d hau h i t cac cang bien Idn, cbng nghe IT da dope Qng dgng mdt each triet de va d i i u dd la eP sd vQng c h i c eho sQ phat trien cua E - Commerce. Khdng nhQng vay, Qng dung eua eac cdng nghe IT tien t i i n vao q u i n ly hanh chfnh tai eac c i n g bien ngay mdt trd nen phb bien va hieu qua.
TrOdc sQ phattrien dd, UNCTAD da khuyen khfch cae cang bien k i t nbi vdi nhau bang hai he thbng q u i n ly la Advanced Cargo Information System (ACIS) va Automatem System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA).
TrOdc khi hang nhap e i n g , hai he thbng nay se giup cae ben cb lien quan giai quyet trodc eae thu tgc ve h i i quan, dat trodc eae phQPng tien de chuyen chd hang hda, bao hiem va thanh tra ky thugt.
Xay dQng mdt he thbng E - Commerce eho mdt c i n g bien vdi mdt quy md cua mdt trgm trung chuyen hang hda la mdt dieu khdng the thieu. C i u true cua E - Commerce cd the dope chia ra lam ba phan.
P h i n mdt bao gbm phan m i m (software) va cae djch vg eung c i p (service - providing). P h i n hai bao gbm cac chOc nang lien quan tdi edng nghe vi du nhO edng nghe b i o mat (security), eac tieu chuan (standards) va cd sd hg t i n g (infrastructures). Phan ba ddng vai trd quan trpng vdi chOc nang dam b i o lou thdng hiang hda (logistics), chien lope (strategy) va cac nguyen t i c (regulations). Cac nhdm nay se dope xay dQng eOng mdt lue va hogt ddng dQa tren mdt nguyen t i e ehung. De he thbng E - Commerce dOde d i m bao hoat ddng mdt each hieu q u i va an toan n h i t , nd c i n cd so tham gia hb trp eua mdt sb cae cd quan chOc nang nhO:
+ Bd Giao thdng van tai -I- Hiep hpi Cang bien
-I- Hiep hdi Chu tau „ + C i n g vu
-I- Cdng ty Van tai bien -I- H i i quan
+ Thanh tra ,:
+ Hiep hdi Van tai Oodng bd -I- Cdng ty Bao hiem
-I- Ngan hang va cac tb chQc xuat nhap khau.
Tbng hpp tQ nhQng c i u true E - Commerce tgi 5 c i n g bien cd hieu s u i t lam hang cao n h i t eua nam 2010 la Hong Kong, Singapore, ThOdng H i i , Shenzhen, Busan va 3 dgi dien Idn n h i t cua chau Au la Rotterdam, Hamburg va Antwerp thi c i u true cP b i n n h i t cua mdt E - Commerce (Basic Model) se bao gdm 5 nhdm chfnh, tuy thudc vao dbi topng sQ dung va nhu cau IQa chpn dich vg. Mpi thdng tin trong 5 nhdm nay se dope cap nhat lien tgc va nhanh n h i t . T i t c i nhQng thdng tin lien quan d i n hang hda se dope gOi qua dodng e-mail tO tau tdi cae cd quan cd lien quan va nd dope cap nhat tren cbng dien tQ nay trodc khi tau cap cang. Cae nhdm dd bao gbm:
+ Van t i i dodng bien (Shipping)
-I- Van t i i dodng bd (Inland Transportation) -I- H i i quan (Customs) ;;
-I-Tai chinh (Finances) -•
+ Thdng tin (Informatioii')
Trong mdi nhdm tren se bao gbm cac dich vg ehinh nhO:
Shipping: Ship Electronic Reception; Manifest and Bayplan; Interchange; Dangerous Goods Specifications; Ship's Loading and Discharging Order.
Inland Transport: Packing and Staffing for Transportation; Certificate of Origin; Request of Commodity Transportation (Rail & Road or Inland Waterway).
Customs: Goods Inspection Demand; Send or Receive Electronic Manifest; Custom Tax and Tariff Payment; Certify Goods Import and Export; Work Flow Management of Custom Clearance Documents.
Finances: Electronic Insurance; Long term Credit Commitment; E - payment.
Information: Port Climate Forecasting; Entry or Departure of Vessels; Container Tracing and History;
Port Statistic; Port Performance.
Trong E - Commerce, cac quy ehuan ludn dope ap dung va tuan thu mdt each rat nghiem nggt, dgc biet la E - Commerce trong van t i i bien. Cac quy chuan nay se giup cho sQ van hanh eua E - Commerce trd nen trdi c h i y va an toan. Mpt sb nhQng quy chuan dang dope Qng dung tren the gidi la:
- Quy ehuan v i trao dbi thdng tin dien tO (Electronic data interchange Standards)
- Quy chuan ve an toan va bao mat (Security Standards)
- Quy ehuan ve kinh doanh (Business Standards) - Quy chuan ve eae dich vg dien tO (E - services Standards)
E - Commerce ehfnh la mdt trong nhOng s i n pham eua sg phat trien khdng ngOng va Qng dung eua edng nghe IT va dieu dd lam ehung ta khdng the khdng nhac tdi nhQng riji ro ma ehinh cdng nghe IT ludn ed the gap p h i i . Rui ro trong bao mat (Security Risk) la yeu tb quan trpng n h i t e i n p h i i dope d i m b i o trong E - Commerce. Security Risk se ed tae ddng mdt each trQc t i i p va cd i n h hodng nang nhat den nhQng ngodi sQ dgng djch vg. Ngoai viee danh c i p nhOng thdng tin ea nhan nho sb the tin dgng, sb tai k h o i n ngan hang hay nhQng thdng tin lien quan den cargo manifest (ban ke khai hang hda), hacker cdn ed the thay dbi nhQng thdng tin hoae quy ehuan gay ra nhQng sai leeh trong he thbng. Day la mdt trong nhQng rui ro ma nhOng ngodi eung c i p dich vg se p h i i can nhac nhieu n h i t trong qua trinh xay dong he thbng b i o ve. Ngoai ra edn cd nhung rui ro khac nho rui ro trong qua trinh thanh toan {Payment Risk), rui ro thQe hien dung thda thuan {Fulfillment Risk) va rui ro trong quan ly eung nhO quy t i e (Regularity and Management Risk). Payment Risk6\Jac lien todng tdi t i t c i nhQng rui ro ed the x i y trong qua trinh giao djch b i n g the tin dgng hoae chuyen khoan ngan hang thdng qua djch vg E - banking. Khdng chi t i t c i nhQng thdng tin ca nhan nho ID cua tai k h o i n hay sb PIN tgi ngan hang eua ngOdi sQ dgng cd the bi danh c i p ma thgm ehi c i nhOng thdng tin ve nha cung c i p
"XudK ^dti "TfCdry 2011
DIEN DAN PHAT TRIEN GTVT
djch vg eung se dQng trOde nguy ed bj mat. Fulfillment Risk duqc hieu rd hdn nho la nhQng rui ro cd the xay ra trong qua trinh van chuyen hang hda. NhOng rui ro nay se ed i n h hodng tdi viee lam g i i m chat IQdng, bien dbi hinh thQe so vdi ban d i u eua hang hda va lam chgm thdi gian giao nhan hang so vdi ke hoach.
Regularity and Management Risk la nhQng rui ro x i y ra trong qua trinh q u i n ly va nhOng rui ro x i y ra do sQ thieu sdt trong qua trinh xay dQng nhQng nguyen tac ve luat phap trong hoat ddng cua he thbng. Nd cb the xay ra vi nhOng nguyen nhan nhO thieu mpt ke hoach dbi phd vdi nhQng rui ro b i t ngd xay ra, ngheo nan va thieu ehi tiet trong ke hogch phat trien cua tQng hgng muc, thieu tinh nhat quan trong luat phap va cae nguyen t i e , khdng cap nhat mdt each kjp thdi nhQng thay dbi trong he thbng luat phap Qng dung trong he thbng. Tat nhien, day chOa phai la t i t e i nhOng rui ro eb the xay ra trong qua trinh khai thac ma nb ehi la nhOng lOu y Idn nhat ed the nhin thay dope tai thdi diem hien tai.
Nho da ndi d tren, viec xay dQng mpt he thbng E - Commerce eho mdt cang bien vdi quy md eua mpt cang trung chuyen container la dieu rat can thiet. Nd khdng chi giam bdt nhOng chi phi trong cdng tac quan ly, tiet kiem thdi gian trong lOu thdng hang hda va xO ly thdng tin, tang sQ an toan cho hang hda d mOc tbi da, giam mdt each dang ke nhOng sai lam do con ngodi gay ra va tang kha nang canh tranh ve gia ca va djch vu ma nd cbn la mdt yeu tb c i n thiet giup cho sQ hba nhgp vdi nhQng e i n g bien Idn khac tren the gidi trd nen d l dang hdn. Dd la ly do ma hau h i t eae cang bien Idn va nbi tieng tren the gidi deu xay dQng mdt he thbng thOdng mgi dien tQ rat edng phu nham eung cap cho khach hang eua hp nhQng djch vu nhanh n h i t , tbt n h i t , an toan n h i t , tien ldi nhat va gia thanh cgnh tranh n h i t . Day la mdt trong nhQng chiee chia khda quan trpng cho sO thanh cdng trong mdt mbi trodng cgnh tranh vd cung khde liet cua van tai bien. T i t nhien, nhQng ldi fch ma E - Commerce cd the dem lai khdng chi dOng lai d nhOng gi vQa neu tren. Nd ed the mang lai ldi fch nhieu hdn the va Ong dgng thanh edng eua E - Commerce trong eae lien minh hang h i i Idn tren the gidi la mdt vi du. Bay trong sb nhOng hang tau bien Idn nhat tren the gidi (APL, Hanjin, Hyundai, K - Lines, MOL, Yang Ming, Zim Israel Navigation Co.) da eung nhau khai thac he thbng Tradiant n h i m ddn g i i n hda qua trinh lOu thdng va trung chuyen container giQa eae hang tau nay dat hieu qua eao n h i t ve thdi gian va chi phi. He thbng nay da giup eho eae edng viee trOde day thodng keo dai to 2 t u i n den 2 tuan rOdi nay cd the dope hoan thanh trong mdt bubi chieu.
Sb lOdng nha eung cap eac djch vu E - commerce tren toan c i u khdng p h i i la nhd. Mdt sb nhQng nha eung c i p cd danh tieng va dope biet den nhieu nhat dd la Arena & SpecTec (eung c i p djch vu eho hdn 20000 tau va hdn 900 e i n g tren the gidi), LevelSeas (eung c i p djch vu cho BP Amoco, Cargill, Chevron Transport, Maersk, Mitsubishi, Pan Ocean Shipping, Royal Dutch/Shell), trong khi dd Maersk Sealand, Hamburg Sud, Hapag - Lloyd, Columbus Lines, Safmarine, Alianea va Crowley American Transport dang sQ dung he thdng mang ten INTTRA dQpc thiet
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ke dae biet danh eho van t i i container.
Ngay nay, ben eanh sQ phat trien eua thOdng mai truyen thbng, E - Commerce da ngay mpt trd nen thdng dung hdn va ngay cang khang djnh dope su thuan tien eung nho lpi ich cua nd. Trpng mpt moi trodng kinh doanh ma thdi gian quyet djnh hieu qua kinh te cung nho thanh cbng thi E - Commerce la mpt cdng eg dang dQdc sQ dung ngay mdt rdng rai hPn va d nhieu cap dp khac nhau. Vdi nhQng gi ma nd ed the mang lai thi viee xay dOng va khai thac mpt cbng thOdng mgi dien tQ tai mpt cang bien dang dQdc hinh thanh vdi quy md cua mpt cang trung chuyen tam cP the gidi la dieu thQe so c i n thiet. Tat nhien, viee xay dung mdt he thbng E - Commerce cho mpt cang bien khdng phai la khd, the nhong de khai thac nd sao cho that hieu qua la van de can dope can nhac ky lodng.
So chinh xac eung la mpt van de cung khbng kem phan quan trpng bdi cbng thOdng mgi dien tQ nay se dope k i t nbi vdi mang IQdi cua cac cang bien Idn tren the gidi vi vay nd can cd dope mpt sQ phbi hpp nhjp nhang va chinh xac mdt each tuyet dbi. Do dd, tfnh hieu qua cua E - Commerce se phu thudc r i t nhieu vao nhQng ngOdi khai thac nd. Khach hang sQ dung E - Commerce se cd dope nhOng s i n pham td't nhat chf khi ma nhQng ngOdi cung cap djch vu dope dao tgo mdt each bai ban va cd kinh nghiem trong ITnh VQC nay. Cung vdi sQ phat trien cua cdng nghe IT, day s§ ehl la nhQng bOdc khdi dau eho mpt ky nguyen ma trong dd thOdng mgi dien tQ se ddng vai trd chu dgo. Chae chan E - Commerce se cdn phat trien hPn nQa va se d dodi nhieu hinh thQe khac nhau. Chung ta hay cung nhau chd dpi va kham pha dieu dd. •
Tai lieu tham khao
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[3]. Gunasekaran, A., Marri, H. B., McCaughey, R. E. and Nebhwani, M. D, 2002 E - Commerce and its impacts on op- erations management. Int. J. Production Economics.
[4]. Hesse, M., 2002, Shipping news: The Implication of electronic commerce for logistic and freight transport. Re- sources, Conversation and Recycling.
[5]. Mostafa J., Mohammad T. T., Saeed R., Morteza M.,
"World's leading container ports and offering a model for Shahid Rajaee Port", 2010.
[6]. Power, Thomas." E - Business Tricks", Ocean Voice, December 2000.
[7]. Schlender, Brent." E - Business According to Gates", Fortune, April 1999.
[8]. Schlennder, Carsten. "E - Business for Shipping", Digital Ship, December 2000 - January 2001.
[9]. Reynold, J., 2000, E + Commerce - A critical Review, International Journal of Detail and Distribution Management.
[10]. United nation Conferences on Trade Development 2001, Study on the use of information technology in small port.
[11]. United nation Conferences on Trade Development.
2006, UNCTAD Technical Asistant in Trade Facilitation.
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