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1. Ve khai niem toi pham
Trong khoa hgc luat binh su, khai niem toi pham ndi ebung ludn duge coi la khai niem co ban, llm co sd cho viec quy dinb cac toi pham cu the,
O Hoa Ky. do cd bai be thdng phap luat tdn tai song song va ed tinh doe lap tuong ddi la phap luat hinh su lien bang va phap luat binh sy cac bang, phap luat binh su cac bang cting dpc lap vdi nhau nen khai niem tdi pham dirge quy dinb kha da dang va khac nhau.
Phlp luat hinb su Hoa Ky d elp lien bang khdng xay dung khai niem tgi pham noi chung. Khai quit ve tdi pham neu cd cung chi dimg d khai niem ebung ve nhom tdi pham, nhu tgi pham cd tinh bao luc la tgi pham da sir dung, cd y djnh sir dung hoac de doa sir dung sire manh vat chat xlm bai nhan thin hoac tii san ciia ngudi khac; hoac bit ki toi pham khlc bi coi la trgng tgi va ban chit nguy hiem ciia tgi pham cho thly rang trong khi thuc bien tdi pham dd cd the se sir dung sirc manh vat chat xam bai nhan than hoac tai san ciia ngudi khac.'" Cac nhl lam luat tap trung xay dung khai niem ve d c tgi pham cu the. Hien phap lien bang quy djnh ve toi phan quoc chdng lai Hoa Ky bao gdm d c hinh vi tien hinh chien tranh chong lai Hoa Ky hoac lien ket vdi nhting ke thii ciia
TS. NGUYEN TUYET MAI * Hoa Ky, giiip do, phuc vu chung.*"* Tieu muc 18 Bg tdng luat cua Hoa Ky (Title 18 United State Code) duge coi la Bg luat binh sy lien bang, trong dd dinb nghia cac tgi pham cu the (tgi pham lien bang) nhu tgi pham chien tranh,* * tgi diet chung,'"" tgi pham lam dung tinbdue'^'...
O cap do cae bang, bau bet bd luat binh su cac bang deu chu y xly dirng khai niem tdi pham noi chung, lam co sd cho vice quy dinb cac banh vi pham tdi cu the.
Bg luat hinb sy bang California dinb nghTa: Toi pham la banh vi dirge thirc hien bang banh ddng hoac khdng hinh ddng vi pham cae quy dinb ciia phap luat ve viec cam thye bien hoac buoc phai thye hien hinb vi va hinb phat duge ap dyng cd the la tir hinb, tu giam, phat tien, bude thdi viec d d c CO quan hoac d m dam nhiem cle cdng viec hoac thu Igi d bang nay.*^*
Bg luat binh sy bang Colorado djnh nghTa: Tgi pham la sy vi pham bit ki luat nao cua lien bang hoac la xir sy duge md ta bdi chinh luat dd ma bang viec pham toi cd the bi phat tien hay phat tii.*^'
Bg luat hinh su bang New York djnh nghTa: Tgi pham la banh vi giiy thiet hai
* Giang vien Khoa luat hinh sy Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
NHA Ni;6C VA PHAP LUAT tilSdC NGPAl m l binh phat ddi vdi ngudi thuc bien 11 tii giam CO thdi ban hoac phat tien duge quy dinb trong elc van ban luat hoac van ban dudi luat cua bang hoac duge thua nhan trong cac van ban cua co quan nhl nude cd tblni quyen.'**'
Net dac trung la nha llm luat rlt coi trpng yeu to binh thire va hlu qui phlp li ciia tgi pham. DIu bieu ve "tinh chit duge quy dinh trong phap luat hinh su"' va "pbli bi xu phat ve binh su ddi vdi ngudi thuc hien nd"
11 cac diu hieu phlp Ii chu yeu cua tdi pham.
Trong khoa hgc luat hinh su, cle hgc gia cung phan tich nhieu ve yeu td hinb thuc eiia tgi pham. Tgi pham II binh vi ed cbii dinh (binh ddng hoac khdng binh dpng) vi pham cle quy dinb cua luat binh sir (dao luat hoac pbIn quyet cua toa In) ma khdng CO li do de bien bg bay tha thir va bi phlp luat cua bang trirng phat nhu mot trgng toi hoac khinh tgi.' '
Cung cd hgc gil md rdng kbii niem toi pham, giai thicb Ii do tgi pham bi elm va phai chiu hinb phat, nbu: Tgi pham 11 hinb vi vi pham phap luat xam bai tdi Igi ich cdng ddng hoac 11 sir vi pham d e nghTa vy ddi vdi toln the cpng ddng va eIn thiet phai chiu binh phat.'"^' Tuy nhien, binh ddng khong ty ddng duge coi la tgi pham vi nd gay tdn bai hay sai trii. Hinb ddng ehi d u tbimb tgi pham thuc su khi hinb ddng dd vi pham mdt cleh cy the dao luat hinh su do Qude boi, ca quan lap phap bang bay mpt sd CO quan cdng quyen khlc ban banh. Kbi dd. tgi pbani II hinh vi chdng lai bang ma cd the bi phat tien, ngdi tii hoac tir hinb.' '
Li do de cac luat gia Hoa Ky nhan manh tinh trai phlp luat hinh su cua tdi pham duge cho la xuat phat tir phia ngudi dan.
Ngudi din can biet ve phap luat va biet mpt each rd ring nhat, de dang nhat. Nhan dien elc dieu elm trong luat va hinb phat duge quy dinb duge cho 11 cleh thuc rd ring va de ding nhlt de qua dd nhan biet biet ve toi pham. Ben canh do, cle quan diem cho rang vln de bin chat cua tgi pham thuge ve li luan phap luat v l mang tinh hgc thuat chi nen danh cho gidi luat hgc. Dd la chua ke trong nhieu trudng hgp, cai ggi 11 "di ngugc lai Igi ich chung" bay "chdng lai bang" rlt khd tim duge su ddng thuln, nbu hinh vi chiri rua trude mat tre em, chai bingo trong btra tdi d nhl thd, bit trong quan bar, say xin tai cuoc hgp..." '
Nbu vay, each hieu don gian nhlt ve toi pham la banh ddng hoac khdng hinb dpng bi dao luat binh su elm va xir phat. Trong cle phan tich cua cac hgc gil Hoa Ky ve khai niem tgi pham, sy xam hai "Igi ich cdng ddng" bay "chdng lai bang" - ea sd de banh vi bi coi 11 tgi pham, cting chi duge de cap mot cleh binh thirc va chung ebung.
Ban chat thue sy cua tgi pham vln chua duge lot ta.
O Viet Nam, cac nhl lam luat va d c luat gia trong ITnh vuc tu phap hinb su rlt ciui trpng den viec xay dyng, phan tich khai niem tdi pham ndi chung cting nbu khai niem elc tgi pham cy the. Ddng thdi, ngudi ta ciing ghi nhan duge su ddng thuan ve quan diem cua nhl lam luat (thdng qua quy dinh ciia
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT Nl/dC NGPAl phap luat) va cac quan diim, phan tich li luan ciia cac luat gia binh su vi khIi niem tgi pham. Do be thdng phlp luat duge xly dyng va Ip dyng la thdng nhlt va ngudn duy nhat ciia luat hinh sy la Bg luat hinh su nen khai niem tdi pham ndi chung cung nhu khai niem cac toi pham cy the cung duy nhlt duge quy dinb trong Bg luat binh sy, Dieu 8 Bp luat binh sy - dieu luat dau tien trong chuong Tdi pham quy dinb chung ve khai niem tdi pham. "Tdi pheim la hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hdi, dicae quy dinh trong Bp lugl hinh su. do ngue'ri cd ndng luc treich nhiem hinh sic thuc hien mpt each ed y hoac v6 y, xdm phgm doe lap, chu quyen, thdng nhdt vd loan ven Idnh thd cua Td qude, xdm phgm che dp chinh tri, che dp kinh te, nen vdn hod, quoc phdng, an ninh, trdi tu an todn xd hoi. xdm phgm quyen. Igi ich hap phdp ciia te') chiec, xdm phgm tinh mgng, sirc khde. danh du, nhdn pham, tu do, tdi san, quyen, leri ich herp phdp cua cdng ddn vd cdc linh vuc khdc cua trdi tie phdp ludt xd hoi chu nghTa".''^^^ KhIi niem cac tdi pham cu the duge quy dinh trong d c dieu luiit phan cac tdi pham cu the, bang viec nio tci cac dau bieu phlp li dac trirng ciia toi pham. Dii lii khai niem ebung ve tgi pham hay khai niem ve cle tgi pham cu the thi diu bieu co bin, quan trgng nhat ludn duge nhan manh la dau bieu phan Inh npi dung phap li ciia tdi pham: tinh nguy hiem cho xa hoi va tinh cd Idi. Cac dau hieu nly Uiln giai eo sd de quy dinh banh vi 11 tgi pham trong Bg luat hinb sy.
2. Ve phan loai toi pham
0 Hoa Ky va Viet Nam, viec phan loai tgi pham trong luat ciing nbu trong nghien cim li luan deu khdng bi gidi ban bdi y nghTa hay tieu chi pbIn loai. Dieu nay cd nghTa la ed nhieu each phan loai tgi pham khac nhau tren co sd cac tieu chi phan loai khac nhau, vdi cac muc dich, y nghTa phan loai khac nhau. Ddi vdi be thdng phap luat cua ca hai nude, each phan loai tgi pham quan trgng nhat deu vdi y nghTa la co sd de phan boa trlch nhiem binh sy trong luat cung nbu trong thuc tien ap dyng. Kbi quy dinb ve pbIn loai toi pham, cac nha liim luat hai nude deu chu y xac dinb rd rang co sd va npi dung pbIn loai tgi pham. Tuy nhien, ciing vdi y nghTa 11 su phIn boi trach nhiem hinh su, CO sd pbIn loai va ndi dung phan loai tdi pham theo quy dinb cua phap luat binh sir bai nude cung rat khlc nhau, the hien ro net sir khlc biet ve truyen thdng phap luat.
0 Hoa Ky, phan loai tdi pham trong phlp luat hinb sir lien bang va phap luat hinb sir cac bang tuong ddi ddng nhlt va la sir phIn loai tgi pham theo truyen thdng phap luat common law. Vdi quan niem cho rang mirc do (degree) tgi pham bieu bien mirc do dang len an nhieu bay it nen tieu chi phIn loai tgi pham duge xac dinh la mirc hinh phat cd the duge Ip dyng. Tgi pham thirong duge phIn thanh 3 loai la trgng tdi. khinb tgi va toi vi canh tren co sd mirc binh phat cao nhat cd the duge ap dyng. Cy the la:
- Trgng tgi (felony) la tgi pham ma hinb phat cao nhlt ddi vdi tgi dd 11 tir binh (d nhtmg bang cho phep dieu dd) hay tii co thdi
NHA Nl/dC VA PHAP LUAT Nl/dC NGPAl ban tren 1 nam tai nhl tii lien bang hoac bang. Trgng tgi thudng la giet ngudi, ham hiep bang vii luc vl cudp ed vii khi.
- Kliinh tgi (misdemeanor) la d c tgi pham ed mire hinh phat den 1 nam tu (trong nha tu ciia thanh phd bay dia bat). Say rugu noi cdng cdng, danh bac lat vat va sdng lang thang la nbtrng vi du chung ve khinh tdi.
- Tdi vi canh (Infaction) cd mirc phat tu khdng qua 5 ngay hoac khdng bi phat tu.
Hinb phat thudng la nop khoan tien phat khdng qui Idn. Thdng thudng loai nay bao gdm nbtrng vi pham giao thdng nhd, nhu vi pham noi dd xe.
Trgng tgi va kbinh tgi lai tiep tyc duge phan boa eiing tren ca sd mirc hinh phat tdi da theo luat dinb.
Theo phlp luat lien bang, trgng tgi duge chia thinh 5 loai nhd duge dat ten theo ki tu cbir d i tir A den E. Kbinh tdi duge chia thinh 3 loai nhd duge dat ten theo ki ty chir cli tir A den C. Cu the II:
+ Trgng tgi loai A ed hinb phat cao nhlt la tu chung thin hoac tir hinh;
+ Trgng tgi loai B cd mirc hinh phat cao nhlt la tir 20 nam tii trd len;
+ Trgng tgi loai C cd mirc binh phat cao nhlt la tir 10 nam den dudi 20 nam tii;
+ Trgng tgi loai D ed miic binh phat cao nhat II tir 5 nam den dudi 10 nam tu;
+ Trgng tgi loai E cd mirc binh phat cao nhlt la tir tren 1 nam den dudi 5 nam tii;
+ Kbinh tgi loai A cd mirc hinh phat cao nhat 11 tir tren 6 thing den 1 nam tii;
+ Kbinh tgi loai B ed miie hinh phat cao nhlt 11 tir tren 30 ngay den 6 thing tii;
+ Khinb tgi loai C ed miic binh phat cao nhlt 11 tu tren 5 ngay tii den 30 ngay tii."'"
Da sd cac bang ciing thira nhan each phan loai tgi pham tren ca sd mirc binh phat tdi da. Tuy nhien, mire binh phat tdi da cho moi loai tgi duge quy djnh khlc nhau theo phlp luat mdi bang va lien bang.
Mot sd bang ehi phIn chia tgi pham thanh hai loai trgng tgi va kbinh tgi nhu bang New York, Massachusetts, Florida, Vuginia"'''...
Dinh nghTa va phan loai tiep theo cac toi pham cung rlt khac nhau. ''••
Bg luat binh su bang New York quy dinb: Kbinli tgi 11 tgi pham ma hinh phat c6 the duge Ip dung ddi vdi ngudi pham toi la til tir tren 15 ngly den mot nam. Trgng tgi la tgi pham m l hinb phat cd the duge Ip dyng ddi vdi ngudi pham tgi la tren 1 nam tii. Toi pham bao gdm khinh tgi v l trgng tgi.
Bg luat binh su bang Massachusetts dinh nghTa: Trgng tgi 11 tgi pham ma binh phat ddi vdi tgi ly la tu hinh hoac tu giam trong nha til eiia bang. Tat e l cac tgi pham khac la kbinh tgi. Nhu vay, khlc vdi cleh xle dinh cua da sd cac bang, bang Massachusetts khdng can cu vao muc phat tii (tren 1 nam til), ma can cir vao loai hinh phat duge quy dinb ddi vdi tgi pham de xac dinh trgng toi hay khinh tdi.
Bg luat hinh su bang Florida chia trpng tdi thanh 5 loai: trgng tgi bi ap dyng tir hinh.
trgng tgi bi ap dung tu ebung than, trgng toi d p do mot, trgng tgi elp do hai va trgng toi d p do ba; kbinh tgi duge phan thanh khinli tgi elp dd mot va khinb tgi cip do bai.
NHA Nt/dC VA PHAP LUAT Nl/6C NGPAl
Bd luat binh su bang Virginia chia trgng toi thanh d e d p do tir mot din sau, khinb toi cd d c d p dp tir mot den bdn.
Cleh phIn tgi pham thanh cac elp do 11 md binh ciia Bg luat binh sy mlu (The Modal Penal Code) do Vien nghien cim phap luat Hoa Ky soan thao. Trong he thdng phap luat binh sy Hoa Ky, Bg luat binh su mau khong CO tinh chit bat bude chinh thirc nhung tren thuc te nd da va dang ddng vai tro quyet dinb vdi tinh chat la md hinb phap li trong viec cai each phap luat binh sy cua cle bang duge khdi ddng tir cudi the ki XX.
Trong luat binh sy Viet Nam, cd nhieu each phIn loai tgi pham vdi cac tieu chi phan loai khac nhau, dang ehu y la each phan loai toi pham theo tinh chit va mirc dp nguy hiem cho xa bdi cua banh vi duge quy dinb trong Bp luat hinb sir. Cach pbIn loai tgi pham nly duge nha lam luat dac biet cbii trpng, the bien d chd nd duge quy djnh tryc tiep tai kholn 2 va kholn 3 Dieu 8 Bd luat binh su, la ndi dung thir bai duge quy dinb trong chuong Tgi pham (chi sau quy dinb ve khai niem toi pham) vl la mdt trong cac npi dung sira ddi cua Bp luat binh su nam 1999 so vdi Bp luat hinb su nam 1985. Cach phan loai toi pham nly ciing duge d c nhl nghien ciru luat bpc dinh gil II cleh phan loai toi pham CO ban, quan trgng va ed y ngliTa nhat.'"'' Theo quy dinb cua Bg luat binh sy Viet Nam hien hinh, tgi pham duge phan thinh bon loai II tgi pham it nghiem trgng, toi pham nghiem trgng, tgi pham rat nghiem trpng va tdi pham dac biet nghiem trgng.'''''
Cu the la:
1) Tgi pham it nghiem trgng la tgi pham gay nguy bai khdng Idn cho xa bdi va mirc cao nhlt cua khung hinh phat ddi vdi tdi ay la den 3 nam tu.
2) Tdi pham nghiem trpng la tdi pham gly nguy hai Idn cho xa hdi va mirc cao nhat ciia khung hinb phat ddi vdi tdi ay la den 7 nam tu.
3) Tgi pham rat nghiem trgng la tgi pham gly nguy bai rlt Idn cho xa hdi va muc cao nhlt cua khung binh phat ddi vdi tdi ly 11 den 15 nam tu.
4) Tgi pham dac biet nghiem trgng la toi pham gly nguy hai dac biet Idn cho xa bdi vl mirc cao nhlt cua khung hinh phat ddi vdi tdi ay la tren 15 nam tii, tu chung than hoac tir binh.
Nbu vay, nha lam luat can cir vao mirc do cua tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi ciia toi pham de phIn loai tgi pham. De xac dinh loai tgi theo sy phan loai toi pham nay, nbtrng ngudi ap dyng phap luat can dya vao muc cao nhat eiia khung binh phat quy djnh cho tdi pham can xac dinb. Muc cao nhat cua khung binh phat la bau qua phap li cua loai tgi pham duge nha lam luat quy dinb tren co sd va tuong img vdi cac mirc do gay bai (nguy hiem) cho xa hdi cua tgi pham.
Tdm lai, quy dinh ve khai niem toi pham va pbIn loai tgi pham the hien ro quan diem cua cac nha lam luat Viet Nam va Hoa Ky ve tgi pham. CIc nha llm luat Viet Nam rat coi trgng tinh li luan phap luat va nhlt quIn trong viec xac dinb tgi pham
NHA Nl/dC VA PHAP LUAT NadC NGPAl
ciing nbu phIn boa tdi pham theo yeu td ndi dung cua tgi pham (tinh chat va mire do nguy hiem ciia tgi pham). Ngugc lai, cae nhl lam luat Hoa Ky lai ehu trgng den tinh thye te trong Ip dyng d c quy dinh, yeu td hinb thirc va hlu qua phap li ludn duge nhan manh bang diu. Dly eiing la khac biet chung cua bai truyen thdng civil law va common law vdn anh hirdng ding ke den qua trinh hinb thanh va phat trien he thdng phap luat cua bai nude./.
(l).Xem: Dieul6 Bo long luat Hoa Ky, ban tieng Anh http://www.law.cornell,edu/uscode/18/usc_sup_01_l 8 10 1,html
(2),Xem: Dieu III, khoan 3 Hien phap lien bang ban tieng Anh http://vyww,usconstitution,net/const,html#
A3Sec3
(3),Xem: Diiu 2441 Bo long luat Hoa Ky, ban tieng Anh da dan http://wvvw.law,cornell.edu/uscode/18/
u s c s u p O l I S J O L h t m l
(4),Xem: Diiu 1091 Bo long luat Hoa Ky, ban tieng Anh da dan
(5),Xem: Diiu 2241 - Dieu 2244 Bo t6ng luat Hoa Ky, ban tieng Anh da dan
(6),Xem: Diiu 15 Bo luat hinh sy bang California, ban tiing Anh http://www,leginfo,ca,gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?
section=pen&group=00001 -01000&file=2-24
(7),Xem: Diiu 18-1-104 Bp luat hinh sy bang Colorado, ban tiing Anh http://www,michie,com/
colorado/lpext,dll?f=templates&fn=main-h,htm&cp=
(8).Xem: Diiu 10.00 BLHS bang New York ban tiing Anh http://wings.buffalo,edu/law/bclc/web/New York/nyl-2,htm# 10.00
(9),Xem: Tappan. Paul. 2001. "Who is the Criminal?"
In Stuart Henry and Mark Lanier (eds.), What is Crime? New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., pp. 31,
(10).Xem: http://wvvw,duhaime,org/LegalDictionary/C/
Crime,aspx
(11).Xem: Ban chat va can nguyen ciia toi pham http://vietnamese. Vietnam, usembassy,gov/doc_uslegal system_v,html
(12), Luat cua bang Michigan nam 1897 coi viec chCri rua truoc mat tre em la pham phap; Luat cua bang Nebraska cam ehoi bingo trong bua toi o nha tha:
Luat cua bang Wisconsin coi viec hat trong quan bar la pham phap va o bang Louisiana, viec xuat hien trong tinh trang say xin tai cuoc hop ciia mot hoi van hoc la dieu bi cam. Xem Ban chat va can nguyen ciia toi pham http://vietnamese,Vietnam,usem bassy,gov/doc_
uslegalsystem_v.html
(13),Xem: Diiu 8 Bo luat hinh sy Viet Nam
(14),Xem: Dieu 3559 Bo long luat Hoa Ky, ban tieng Anh da dan
(15).Xem: Diiu 1 Chuong 274 Bo long luat bang MassachuseUs, Dieu 10.00 BLHS bang New York.
Diiu 775.08 BLHS bang Florida, Diiu 18.2,8 BLHS bang Virginia
http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/Par tlV/Titlel/Chapter274/Sectionl
http://wings,buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/NewYork/ny 1- 2.htm# 10.00
http://www, leg,state,fl,us/statutes/index,cfm?Appjno de=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0700- 0799/0775/Sections/0775,08,html
http://legl.state, va,us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+l 8,2-8 (16),Xem: GS.TS, Nguyen Ngoc Hoa (2008), Toi phgm vd cau ihdnh loi phgm, Nxb CAND, tr, 27,
(17), Trong Bo luat hinh sy nam 1985, toi pham duge phan thanh 2 loai la toi pham nghiem trong va toi pham it nghiem trong, Trong do, toi pham nghiem trong la toi pham gay nguy hai Ion cho xa hoi ma mirc cao nhat cua khung hinh phat doi vai toi ay la tren 5 nam tii, tii chung than hoac tii' hinh; toi pham it nghiem trong la toi pham gay nguy hai khong Ion cho xa hoi ma muc cao nhSt ciia khung hinh phat doi voi toi ay la den 5 nam tii, Sy plian loai toi pham nay chua dap irng duge yeu cSu phan hoa trach nhiem hinh sy doi vai thye tien da dang va phire tap cua tgi pham.
