KIEU NHAN VAT Tir Y THUC
TRONG TRUYEN NGAN PHAN THI VANG ANH
Nguyen Thj Thuy Nga*
TOM TAT
Nhdn vql luy thuc Id kiiu nhdn vdt xudt hiin khd phd biin trong truyen ngdn ctia Phan Thi Vdng Anh.
Trong sdng tdc cua nU nhd vdn ndy, dqc diem cua kiiu nhdn vdt tuy thirc dugc bpc lp qua nhu cdu vd y thiec chiem nghiim, khdm phd bdn thdn vd cugc song; qua khd ndng tu nhin nhdn, phdn xie ve hdnh dgng, viec ldm, thdi dp cua minh edng nhu thudng xuyen day diet, dan vqt hodc tu thu vi nhieng ldm Iqe.
Tiie khda: Phan Thi Ving Anh, nhan vat tu y thiie, chiem nghiem, ty thii.
THE CHARACTERS WITH SELF-AWARENESS IN SHORT STORIES BY PHAN THI VANG ANH
ABSTRACT
Characters with self-awareness are very common in the short stories written by Phan Thi Vang Anh. In her works, the self-awareness of such characters was realized through their self- perception of their personality, including thoughts, belief, atitudes; self-discovery; self-judgement about their behaviour and actions; as well as the torment or self-confession oftheir wrongdoings.
Keywords: Phan Thi Vang Anh, short stories, self-awareness, characters, self-perception, self-confession.
i.MdfiAu
Trong biie tranh da sac cua van hpe duang dai Viet Nam, tir nhiing nam diu ciia thap niln 90 thi ki XX, Phan Thi Vang Anh dupe biit din nhu mgt ciy biit nii tai hoa, cd ban sic riing.
Dii ehua phii la rapt hien tuang gay xdn xao du luin, eihig khong phii la eai ten ehiim vi tri diu mdc quan trpng tren con dudng chuyin minh cua van xudi hien d?i Viet Nam euii thi ki XX song ngay tir khi xuit hien vdi tip tmyen diu tay Khi ngudi ta tre (1993), Phan Thi Vang Anh da tao
dupe an tupng dep vdi edng ehung vl mdt cay biit tmyen ngan dde dio. Cd the ndi, din nay, chi vdi sd lupng tmyen ngan khiem tdn (45 truyen), Phan Thi Vang Anh eung dii tgo nen rapt the gidi ngh| thuit im anh vdi he thdng nhan vat phong phii, an tupng. Qua nghien eiru, chung tdi thay, nhin vat dupe xay dyng trong tmy^n ngin Phan Thi Ving Anh tip trung d mpt sd kilu chinh:
nhan vit cd don, nhan vit tu y thiic vi nhan vit giau trai nghiem. Tuy nhien, ehung toi cho rang, kiiu nhan vat ty y thirc la kiiu nhin vat the hi?n
* 7:^5, Khoa Ngir van - Dia li
16 I TRUONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
ro nhat nhiing tran trd, suy tu vi ci niera tin vl con ngudi eiia nha van, ddng thdi day ciing la kieu nhan vat mang dupe nhiing phim chit eua con ngudi thdi dai.
2. NOI DUNG
Khic vdi nhin vit tinh each thudng dupe ehii trpng bdi dap ve mat ca tinh, nhin vat ty y thiic thudng dua ra rapt each nhin, each hieu, each dinh gia ddi sdng mang dara chinh kiln vi suy ngam ci nhan. Nhin vit ty y thiic la san phim ciia cira hiing nghien ciiu, eua tinh thin di sau nghien ngam, khim pha cac vin dl cua ddi sdng vi ci nhin con ngudi. Ndi mdt each de hieu ban,
"nhdn vdt tuy thirc Id kieu nhdn vat tuphdn xet hdnh dgng cua minh, tu ddi thoqi, luc vdn vd cdnh tinh chinh minh vai nhiing xung dgng cua npi ldm tneac su ddn ddy dm thdm md quyet Hit cua lucmg tdm, cua nhdn cdch con ngugi". [4]
Nhin vit ty y thirc li kieu loai nhan vat xuat hi?n kha phd bien trong van xudi sau 1975, nhit li trong cic sing tac thdi ki ddi mdi. Neu trong sing tic eiia Nguyen Minh Chau, nhan vat ty nhan thirc ludn sdng trong nhiing ban khoin, din vat, ty thu ve l&i lira hay rapt quan ni$m, mgt ldi nghi vdi nhung khac khoii npi tira thi nhan vat ty nh^n thiie cita Nguyen Khai lai nghiing vl cic trang thii y thiic ciia con ngudi trude cae "trqng thdi dai sdng'\ li nhiing eon ngudi dang trong qua trinh van ddng tu tudng, kiem tim ehan li di ty hoan thien minh. Trong sang tie cua Ta Duy Anh, kiiu nhan vat nay lai dupe khai thae chu yiu d khia eanh ehilm nghiem lai, nhltn thuc lai.
Y thiie tu vin trd thinh am anh nghe thuat trong sang tic cua nhi van niy, nd khien ngudi dpc khd long thd a trude nhiing vin de vl con ngudi vi edi nhan sinh.
Khao sat cuon Truyin ngdn Phan Thf Vdng Anh [1], chiing tdi nhan thay, kilu nhan vat ty y thiie xuat hien kha nhiiu. Trong tdng sd 45
truyen thi ed den 21 tmy|n trong dd nha van de nhan vit tu nhin nhin, phan xu ve hanh ddng, cich cu xu ciia bin thin ho^c sdng trong nhiing day diit, dan v|it hay ty van, tu thu ve nhiing ldi lara, sai trai eiia minh. Chiing tdi cho rang, sy nhan thirc siu sac vl ban than, ludn y thiic ve nhiing gi rainh lim vi phan tinh ngay ca khi da mudn li mgt d^c diem ea ban trong nhan each, ca tinh eua nhan vat trayin ngan Vang Anh. Diy la pham ehat cua eon ngudi hien d^i bdi le, di lien vdi kha nang hoan thien nhan each bao gid ciing li khi nang tu dilu ehinh nhung hinh vi, dao dire ciia moi ci nhin.
Cd the thay, trudc hit, kha nang ty nhin thirc eua cae nhan vat trong truyen ngan Phan Thi Ving Anh dupe bdc lp qua nhu eiu vi y thiic chiem nghiim, kham pha ban than vi cupe sdng.
Nhan vat "/di" trong tmyen Nghi he khdng chi dim rainh trong nhirng rung dpng va cam xiic ctia tinh ylu ma cdn cd nhiing giay phiit tinh tdo de ty quan sat, kham phi, soi xet ve rainh Cling nhu chiira nghiem ve tinh yeu ay: "J?d/ tdi buon cuoi mdi khi toi ve, ngoi ben cdi bdn biea bgn, toi ghi Iqi tinh cdm cua minh, ciing ehdm, phay, cdng xuong hdng, chiea cdi ndy, chUa cdi no. Vdy Id, hda ra, toi hodn todn li tri trong truyen ndy. Tdi quan sdt toi yeu chic ddu phdi toiyiu^ Cuoi cung nhieng tinh cdm vui buon din may cdng chi cd the tro thdnh id niem chd khdng the tro thdnh kinh nghiim".
Ty y thirc ve cara xiic va tinh ylu, cd gii da cd mdt phat hien li thu. Hda ra, khi bat dau ylu, ngudi ta thudng ddi dien vdi nhirng mau thuan khd li giai vi ciing thit khd hoa giai trong tara hdn.
Trong tmyen Hoa muQn, ty nhin nhan ve cupe sdng moi radn, lap di lap lai tl nhat, dan dilu trudc raat vi nera trai hien thuc "cay ddng"
li each nhi van giiip nhin vit Hac chilm nghiim can nguyen din din bi kich "vd duyen". Cd da TAPCHiKHOAH0C,Sd21,thAng03/2017 j 17
hiiu dupe ring: thi ra sy kieu hanh va ngao man eua tuii tre da khiin ed dinh mit nhirng ca hdi quy gii, lam toot mit hanh phiic trong euge ddi, di gid day phii chip nhin su ed dan ding die eua euge sdng qui liia lo thi- "Miing mpt, miing hai Tit, Ididng cd mai, Hac thdy Tit chiiong mpt ngdy Chu nhqt. vdi nhd ai gidu cd ldm ddm cudi dot phdo that nhieu "; "Hac vdo nhd trong ndm, ldi mdy tdbdo xudn ra xem md thdy budn rd ruoi.
"Ndm nay minh bao nhiiu tuoi? Vi sao nhimg ngdy le Tit minh ludn phdi ndm nhd?".
CJ MuM ngdy, nhan vat tdi cd nhung thire nhan siu sic vi bin thin, nhd vay, cii tdi ei tinh eiia nhan vat dupe kham pha ro net, du day: "Toi thich mgi thie khong phdi nhd minh, an com nhd khdc, ngu a nhd khdc, treo len mpt cdy di nhd khdc vqt qud... diu thich hon ldm tqi nhd minh.
thich hon, bai vi no la vd toi chi cdn la".
Khim pha vi minh de phit hien ra minh la ngudi ylu thieh tu do, yeu thich sy giin dan, chan thinh va khao kbit nhiing diiu radi me, nhiing suy to, khac khoai eua co gai tre giiip ngudi dpc hieu dugc rang: hanh phiic eiia ngudi phu nii khdng thi den tii nhiing ring budc thudng nhit mi nd chi den khi ngudi ta bilt vupt thoat khdi nhiing cinh sdng radi mdn, nhara chin.
Cdn day la mgt do^n trong truyin Bi thdm cha: "Chieu nay. tdi lin chua Vinh Nghiem thdm cha. Mpt ndm tro lang le. Trai ai, toi nghi, ngudi ta khong the chit Id hit duac... Toi sue link.
O, loi dd chai rdt nhieu, chd yeu Id la va ngoi a qudn, ddu trong khdng, ve din nhd Id vqt ra ngd. Toi dd hai muai hai, di hit mdt phdn ba doi nguai (neu trdi cho toi sdng den sdu muai)".
Chiem nghiera ve quy luat sinh tir, quy luit ddi sdng, ngudi con da thye sy tile nudi ve nhirng ngay thing da trdi qua vd oghia, vd ich ciia minh. Phiit giay sye tinh ciia nhin vit khdng chi dan giin la sy nhan thirc vl nhung sai lira tren eon dudng da qua raa quan trpng la ki tir
giiy phut iy, nhan vit da hiiu ve gia tri sy sdng, vi y thirc, trach nhiem eua mdt con ngudi voi bin than va cugc ddi.
Khai thie nhin vat trong ddng tam li - y thirc, nhiing Hoin trong Truyen tre con, nhiing "em"
trong Si tinh, nhiing "ldi'" trong Sau nhieng hfn ho, nhiing Khanh trong Nhqt ki,... diu li nhung nhan vit khdng ngirag suy to, chiem nghiem di cd thi hiiu vi minh, vl ngucri, ve tinh ylu, ve khat vgng cua tooi tre,... tir dd ma kiem tim chan li, hoin thien bin than.
Ben canh vile thiic nh§n nhiing gia tri ciia ban thin va ddi sdng, nhin vit trong tie pham ciia ciy but nii nay edn dupe xay dyng nhir nhiing eon ngudi cd kha nang ty nhin nh?n, danh gii, phan xu vi nhirng hinh ddng, vile lim, thai dp cua rainh ciing nhu thudng xuyln day diit, din vat hay ty thii ve nhiing lira lac.
Ki nghi he nam nay, nhin vat "tdi" (Con trgm) da cd mgt ki niem nhd ddi d que ngoai. Sy viec eanh ciia nha kho hi bung ra, rai xudng do sy hau diu cua nhan vat "tdi" da khien ei nha duac phen lo ling, hoang hit vi hp nghi den viec chic chin cd trdm dot nhap vao nhi. Trong khi do, cd be l^i khdng noi ra sy that:
"Ddi luc toi muon bdo: "Ngoai, con da eua xudng ddy ", rdi lai thoi... Tdi dinh ki Hodn, My nghe nhung cdng khong kip nUa... toi sgphdi nghe nhimg loi odn trdch ddnh cdm miin^\
Chimg kiin ndi au lo vi vile phdng bi sin sing di dii phd voi ten trpm (trong tudng topng) ciia ngudi ba vin tinh can thin, ngudi chau khdng khdi bii rii. Trong long ed gii tre iy gid day de nang ndi day dut, an hin. Hai tiing "tqi minh"
vang len "cd chyc ldn" trong ddng dpc thoai noi tam cua c6 cho thiy nhan vat di y thiie duoc hinh ddng ehua dung ciia rainh cung nhu da biit ty phin xet minh trudc nhirng ldi lira. Hanh dgng ean dam ciia ed gai d euii truyen khien ngudi ta thiy nhin vat that trong treo, ding ylu:
18 I TRUONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
"Tdi xdch mpt tui to, ndng, vut vedi xieu veo tren con dudng ddt ddy co dqi ra dudng cdi. Troi dm u, mua byi Idt phdt, di dugc nua duong, toi quay lai ggi cua... Hai bd chdu dimg duoi tdn man, tdi bdo: "Hom no khong phdi trgm ddu, con do cua xuong do! Con vi, nghi ngoai con Iqi mpt minh, ngoai sg, nin con khai thqt cho rdil"
Dgc Nhqt ki, earn giic triu n ^ g , khic khoii Cli deo bam lay dpc gii. Ngudi ta ii ngsii cho cupe sdng cua Khanh, mdt sinh viln d^i hpe, phai trii qua nhiing ngiy thing "khdng co gi vuf, "khong cd gi mdi Iq". Mdt nhip sdng eu lap lai, quin quanh den miic ding thuang: "O gidng duong, toi den vd chip bdi, rdi ra choi, rdi chip, rdicdphe, chiiu Iqi cd phi, toi ve hgc mpt chiit...
cd gi ddng ghi nhdn ddu".
Nhung rat may, nhan vat da khong bi nhan chim vao eude ddi vd nghia, radi mdn ay. Du chua thoit ra khdi sy sdng diy ehan ngan kia nhung Khanh y thiie ro ring ve sy te nhat cua no. Khanh ciing cd nhiing giiy phiit ty danh gia, nhin n h ^ vl thai dp gia tao va vd cam eua ban than mgt cich trung thuc, nghiim ttic: "Toi nho din trua nay. Loan hdt hodng bdo: "Con Thiiy dung xe ngodi nga ba, gay chdn roi! ". Tdi viea mg cua, hoi' "Hoi ndo? Xe gi dung? Ndng khong? " viea tuphdn tich cdm gidc that su cua minh Toi hcri ngugng vi ddng sau nhihig led don ddp do, toi hodn todn dimg dimg, su dimg dimg md toi cd day ra md khong dugc".
Hoae cd nhiing giay phiit day dirt, m§c cim,
"hd then" vi sy md nhat trong ldi sdng, trong hpc hinh vi cic radi quan he eiia chinh rainh:
"Tdi di dgc theo con dudng vdng, trong trdi tdi, mat lem nhem nuac mdt vi hd then",...
Nhiing ni lye iy eho thiy nhan vat la ngudi khdng chip nhin chet mdn, la ngudi cd y thirc vuot qua nhiing gidi ban tim thudng, nhd be ciia su sdng va ciing li ngudi cd kha nang thiic tinh de kilm tun nhiing dieu ean cdt, tdt dep, tu dd rai dung dudng gia tri va nhan cich cho minh.
Trong truyen Con nuoi, ndi an hin, dan vat da khien Khue lya chpn mpt quyet dinh the hien chiit xdt thuang vi tinh nghia dinh cho cha rae nudi; "Mdt trua cudi ndm, ndng nhu cham vdo da thit. Khui nghi den mien Bdc mua ndy gid bdc, den hai ong bd gid, din cdn nhd xua dd bdn, den Nai ho phdi a lai Sdi Gdn, vd viet mpt cdi thu mupn mdng: "Ba me than yeu..."
Cdn trong truyen Kick cdm, nhan vat "nd"
khd sd, eay dang va hi giay vd bdi thai dp va each ddi xir khong phai cua minh vdi ngudi bd:
"Nd dec, phdi nhu khong nhdt dugc td gidy quy qudi dy. Nhqt dugc, tudng chimg tie day se cd gan nhin thdng vdo mdt bd khi no cdn thiet, hda ra cdng ngdy cdng it ddm nhin, nhin nhau, mdi bo con dqi di, vd no ngugng".
(3 trudng hgp Ngudi co hgc, nhin vit "/di"
da dupe eanh tinh sau mgt trin cai va (dl doi lai eai chd ngdi trong ldp hgc) vi binh tiiih nhin ra
"nua hudng thien" vi "niea hudng dc" trong con ngudi rainh. Sy hdi hin eua nhin vat tmyen cho chiing ta nilm tin, nhat dinh diy se la mot ngudi ding hoing, eu xu cd hpc thirc vi giau long nhin ii trong tocmg lai: "Dii mgi viec da dn, toi vdn cdm thdy dau ddn vi nhan ra minh la mpt diea hen, chi gioi a nhd bdt nat m^ vd bd, dau ddn vi ngugng vd ngugng vi tdc phong bqm trgn hdng ngdy cua minh rot cugc chi Id mpt cdi vo rdng".
Dat nhin vat vio nhiing thii thich, nhiing lya chgn hay nhiing tinh huong cd van de, Phan Thi Vang Anh cd chu y rat ro trong viec tao nen cac nhan vat tu y thiie, tu nhan thirc dl hoin thi?n nhin cich, gii tri. Diy li mot bang chiing sinh ddng ve tinh than nhan ban trong quan nilra nghe thuat ve con ngudi eiia cay biit nii niy ndi riing vi nen van hpc thdi ki ddi radi ndi chung.
3. K^T LUAN
Co thi thay, tinh than dan chii, sy doi mdi vl tu duy nghe thuit, su thay ddi trong quan TAP CHi KHOA HOC, Sd 21, thdi^ 03/2017 | 19
nilm nghe thuat ve eon ngudi da dem din cho van xudi ddi mdi nhieu kieu lo^i nhan vit phong phii, in tupng. Nhin vat ty y thiic la mdt trong so nhiing kilu loai tiiu biiu trong tmyen ngan Phan Thi Vang Anh, nd cho thay tinh phiic dilu vi da di|n trong cich nhin ve con ngudi cua tic gii. Day ciing li kilu nhin vat giiip nha van dua din mpt thdng diep nhan van: con ngudi ta chi trd thinh Con Ngudi (vdi hai chii viet hoa) niu ngudi ta ludn trong hinh trinh khara phi ddi sdng, ehilm nghiim ban than, khira pha ehinh minh, ty thiic nhan ragi vin dl dl vucm Iln hoan thien nhin
each. Vdi kiiu nhan vat nay, Vang Anh khdng chi phan inh chin thyc hire chin dung tinh thin ciia nhiing ngudi tri tudi mi cdn gdp phin phoi trai ve rapt hi|n thyc day bien dgng vi phiie t£ip cua cudc sdng duang d^i. Xay dung nhiing nhan vat ty y thiic, cay biit nu nay da hoan thanh sir menh thieng lieng cua mdt nhi van chin ehinh nhu each ndi ciia Nguyen Minh Chiu, rang mdi nhi van sing tic tic phim thuc ra Ii "ste sdn dudi nhan cdch cua chinh minh" [2; 216 ], ciing li "susdn duoi nhdn cdch con nguoi" [2; 216].
TAI LlEU THAM KHAO
1. Phan Thi Vang Anh (2011), Truyen ngdn, NXB Tre, TP Hd Chi Minh.
2. Nguyin Minh Chau toan tip (2001) (T5), (Trang gidy tneac den), NXB Van hpc. Hi Ngi.
3. Ha Minh Diic (2003), Li luqn vdn hgc, NXB Giio due, Hi Ndi.
4. Duong Thi Huang (2013), Nhdn vqt tyy thuc trong vdn xudi sau 1975, http://vannghequandoi.com.
5. Nguyin Van Long (2003), Vdn hgc Viet Nam trong thai dqi mai, NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi.
6. Trin Dinh Su (2001), Ddn ludn thi phdp hgc, DH Hui.
Ngdy nhqn bdi: 17/01/2017 Ngdy PB ddnh gid: 07/02/2017 Ng^ duyet ddng: 11/2/2017
20 I TRU6NG DAI HOC H A I PHONG
