TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*25a)i°g°
TU- TU'DNG CANH TAN & VIET NAM CU6l TH^ KY XIX D A U T H ^ KY XX
T R A N TH! HOA"
Tw twang canh tin la mot trio lwu noi bat a Viet Nam giai doan cuoi thi kf' XiX dau the ky XX. No dwoc hinh thinh, ton tai va phit trien tw nhu'ng diiu kien vi yeu cau ciia Ijch sir - xa hoi Vi$t Nam giai doan cuoi thi ky XIX diiu the ky XX.
Bii viet trinh biy khii quit diiu kien lich s y - xa hpi cung nhw nhCrng nqi dung ea bin ciia tw twang canh tan nhw kinh te, ehinh tri, van hoa va giao due, quin sw va ngoai giao giai doan nay.
Tw khoa: canh tan, kinh t l , chinh tri, van hoa, giao dye, quan sy, ngoai giao Nhin bii ngay: 5/10/2019; dwa via bien tip: 10/10/2019; phin bien: 28/10/2019;
duyet dang: 10/2/2020
1. DAT VAN D ^
Cuoi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX, canh tan da trd thanh xu hudng t i t y l u n h i m dap irng yeu c l u khach quan eua Ijch sii- dan tdc Viet Nam trude sy xam lygc va thong trj eiia thye dan Phap. Dai dien tieu bilu cua xu hudng canh tan thdi ky nay la nhOng tri thirc nhe hoc d p tiln nhy Dang Huy Trir, Nguyin Trudng To, Nguyin Ld Traeh, Pham Phu Thir, Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh. Ndi dung eua tu tudng canh tan giai doan nay kha phong phu, toan dien va tugng d l i he thing, d l cap d i n nhilu v l n d l khae nhau nhu kinh t l , ehinh trj, van hoa, giao dye...
Mac dti tu tydng canh tan t i n tai trong xa hdi Viet Nam thdi gian ngln va edn nhiJ-ng han e h l de dilu kien Ijch sii- - xa hpi va quan d i l m , lap trudng giai e l p e h l djnh, nhung da gdp phIn giai
quylt nhD-ng yeu e l u bire thiet ma Ijch sir dat ra cudi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX g Viet Nam.
2. TiNH HINH THg G i a i VA BI^U KIEN LICH SCf - XA HOI VIET NAM CU6l T H t K V XIX B A U THE K t XX 2.1. Bdi canh t h i gidi
C u l i t h i ky XIX d l u the ky XX la giai doan CO nhilu sy kien mang tinh thdi dai, cd anh hydng r l t Idn ddi vdi qua trinh phat triln ciia Ijch sir xa hdi loai ngudi va cd tac dpng manh me din ddi sdng xa hoi Viet Nam. Chii nghTa t u ban da tien hanh xam lygc va ap dung phugng thirc san xult t y ban chu nghTa vao eae nygc phu-gng Dong, trong deed Viet Nam, iam biln del sau sac cae mat cua ddi . hdi nhu kinh t l , chinh tri hgi
I song xa
"Sn hda, xa
• Trugng Dpi hgc Tran Bai NghTa,
, cua cae dan tpc thuoc aia Cac nude Nhat Ban, Thai Lan va T Q u l c da tien hanh canh tan ns. ™"^
tao ra sy phat trien manh t I nuij-c,
^ "6 kinh
TRAN TH! HOA - TUTUONG CANH T A N Q'VI^T NAM,,
te - xa hdi, lam thay ddi can ban e h l dp chinh trj. Thye t i l n l y dat eau hdi eho dan tdc Vi$t Nam la phai bang con dygng each mang nao d l bap ve dgc Ipp eho dan tpe va phat triln d l t nude, cau hei nay da dya d i n s y hinh thanh nhu'ng t y tudng canh tan g Vipt Nam c u l l t h i ky XIX dau t h i kyXX.
2.2. D i l u kien kinh t l - xa hoi Viet Nam audi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX Cull t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX, sy xam luge, thing trj va khal thac thupc dia eiia thye dan Phap da iam cho xa hpi Viet Nam ed nhilu thay del ea v l elu triic kinh t l va xa hpi. Vi kinh te, dudi tae dpng ciia phygng thirc san xult t y ban chij nghTa de thye dan Phap ap dat, n l n kinh t l Vipt Nam cd sy ehuyin biln tir n l n kinh t l phong kiln lac hau, khep kin sang n l n kinh t l thupc dja - t y ban chii nghTa. Seng, tinh c h i t va trinh dp phat triln ciia nen kinh t l t y ban chu nghTa d Viet Nam cull t h i ky XIX d l u the ky XX edn yeu dt va cham chap; "met thir t u ban chu nghTa thude dja, phy thuoc hoan toan vao chlnh quoc" (Nguyin Van Hda, 2006: 10). Ve chinh tri - xa hoi, de phuc vy d i e \\xc eho edng cuoc "bao hp" va "khai hda van minh", thye dan Phap thiet lap mpt che dp ehuyen e h l v l chinh trj mang tinh e h l t thye dan vdi bd may cai trj va tay sai de dan ap va bdc lot nhan dan Viet Nam. Vi van hoa, giao due, dudi chieu bai "khai hda", thye dan Phap thye hien chinh saeh "ngu dan" v l giao due, "no djch"
ve van hda va " d l u dpc" v l t y tygng
d l i vdi toan the dan tpc Viet Nam de d l dang cai trj. Ve eo eau giai cap, chygng trinh khai thac thupc dja ciia thye dan Phap da lam eho xa hpi Vi$t Nam cuoi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX tdn t^i dan xen giu-a nhtrng giai e l p cu (dja chii phong k i l n , ndng dan) vdi nhtrng giai d p mdi (tu san, tilu t y san va cdng nhan). Song, giai d p ndng dan v l n la lye lygng ddng dae c h i l m hgn 90% dan so. Xa hpi Vipt Nam noi len hai mau thuln eg ban dd la mau thuln giu-a ndng dan va giai d p dja chii - phong kiln (mau thuln von cd ciia xa hpi phpng kiln); mau thuln mdi x u l t hien la mau thuln giu-a dan tdc Vipt Nam vdi thye dan Phap. Trong dd, mau thuln eg ban nhlt la giu-a dan tpc Viet Nam vgi thye dan Phap xam lygc. Treng boi canh l y , dan tdc Viet Nam dirng trudc hai nhiem vy: mgt la, tiln hanh canh tan d l t nyde ve mpi mat; hai la, danh dual thye dan Phap xam luge, gianh dpe lap ehg dan tdc. Trong dd, chdng d l quoc, giai phdng dan tpe la nhiem vy hang d l u ; "dlt nude va dan tpe Viet Nam dirng tryge hai nhiem vy Ijch sii- r l t trpng dai, r l t khan elp: met la nhiem vy duy tan, nghTa la ttr bo sy dinh tre phong kiln Chau A d l phat trien theo hydng t u ban chu nghTa nhu Au My; hai la bao ve nen dpc lap dan tdc chdng thye dan xam luge; hai nhiem vy cd lien quan mat thilt vdi nhau" (TrIn Van Giau, tap 1, 1993:
54). Trude yeu d u d p thilt cua Ijch SU-, cac nha t u tydng nhu Dang Huy Trir, Nguyen Trygng Td, Nguyen Ld
58 TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI sg 1+2 (257*2j8) 2020 Trach, Pham Phii Thir, Phan Bdi
Chau, Phan Chau Trinh vdi t u tudng canh tan d l t nude v l mpi mat kinh t l , chinh trj, van hda, giac due,,, vdi mye dich lam che d l t nude phu cudng, d l dii sire chdng lai s y xam luge eiia thye dan Phap gianh lai dgc lap eho dan tpe.
B l i canh t h i gidi va Viet Nam c u l l t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX la t i l n d l khach quan hinh thanh nen t u tudng canh tan d Viet Nam.
3. NHU'NG NOI DUNG CO B A N CUA TLf TUiifNG CANH TAN 6 VIET NAM CU6l THt K^ XIX D A U T H £ K'i'XX
Thir nhat, canh tan ve kinh te Cl phygng dien nay, eae nha canh tan ma tieu b i l u la Nguyin Trygng To, Dang Huy Trir, Nguyin Lp Traeh, Pham Phu Thir, Phan Bpi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh da khIng djnh vai trd quan trpng ciia kinh t l treng chIng ngoai xam, bao ve dpe lap dan tpc, xay dyng va phat trien d l t nude. Ttr dd, hp dua ra nhieu bien phap d l phat trien kinh t l nhu phat t r i l n ndng nghiep, eong nghiep, thii edng nghiep, md mang thugng nghiep, eo dong hang npi hda, ap dung khpa hpc ky thuat ciia cac nude phygng Tay.,,
Nguyin Trudng To da d l ra nhung bien phap cy t h i d l tiln hanh khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen kheang san nhu; thir nhlt, cho eac hdi nude ngoai t y khai thac roi ta thu Igi mdt phIn va ong gpi do la; "ban thdi han eho hp"
(Trugng Ba Can, 2002: 332); thir hai, lien doanh vdi nude ngoai, "hai ben lam ehung va khoan thue mudn cdng nhan, n l u thugng lygng on thoa, thi lam cDng khdng cd gi dang ngai"
(Trygng Ba C l n , 2002; 332); thir ba, n l u ta t u iam l l y thi "phai ngudi dl hoe tap g I p , . , iam ttr de d i n khd...
tuy nhu t h i khd thu lgi Idn ngay, nhung co d i l u hay la ngydi minh t y iam l l y khdi sinh nghi ngai" (Trygng sa C l n , 2002: 332). Dang Huy Trir nhln manh vai trd ciia san xult va kinh doanh trong viec iam ra eua cai:
"khai pha d l t hoang vu, ed ram khdng the noi cd thu'a tam sire, vugt song gio tdi dau t i l e tdc da. Khai thac mo mull, md s i t thi dii la t h i n ddng eung tiln eir Quan Trpng, khan rudng vugn thi ngai xirng dang la t i l u Phan Tu.
Tuy nhien, iam chin viee tich luy kiem them viee buon ban lai g I p ba, hpa Chang kheo chye nam mdi diet dygc giac Chang?" (Dang Hung Dzoanh, Btii van Con va Pham T u I n Khanh, 1990: 394), Nguyin Lp Trach dya vac dieu kien thye t l nude ta thieh hgp eho viee san xult ndng nghiep, chu trugng lam d i n d i l n va md rgng thdng thugng tren eg sg ty lye, ty cudng: "phai mpt thygng tygng d i n vai van quan, chpn ngi alt phi nhieu khai khan canh tac, nhlt ajnh ce thanh qua" (Mai Cap Chugng va Ooan Le Giang, 1995: 113), Pham Ph^i j h i r ehii trugng khuyen nong; "vj . .
Cong doanh dien khuyen ndng, a6 |a viec e l n kip. Trong dd eong v\^^ . d i l n thuy Igi, ed phygng phap n] h ^
TRAN THI HOA - TUTUO-NG CANH TAN (j'VIgT NAM,, thong thygng, tang gia tai san, c6 k l
saeh gi tdt, xin cho trii bien" (Pham Nge Minh, Chugng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Phpm Phu Viet va TrIn Phudc TuIn, tap 2,2014: 32). Phan Bpi Chau chu trygng "ho hao qude dan" m g mang thygng d i l m , lap ngan hang;
"Lly t i l n eua minh da tich trO' de hd hao quoc dan hoae mg thygng d i l m hoae lap ngan hang. Hen hiep nhilu ngydi gdp v l n lam cdng lgi" (Phan Bdi Chau, 2015: 119). TCr dd, dng d l cap vai trd eua thugng nghiep va xem viee md mang thugng nghiep, co dpng hang npi hda la mpt treng nhu-ng bien phap iam eho dan giau:
"Ngudi dong, d l t rpng, dan b i n Mat dugng budn ban mudn phIn phu nhieu" (Phan Bdi Chau, tap 2, 1990;
248).
Cung gidng nhu Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh cho ring mudn phat triln kinh t l thi phai chu trpng phat triln thugng nghiep, kinh doanh, lap eae hieu bupn, d l y manh cae nganh san xuat cdng thygng nghiep, khuyin khieh ngudi dan hpe nghi, ehung v l n iam an, m d rpng glaa luu kinh t l vdi eac nude khae..,.
"Vay nen eua luu theng dao da, Nghi ban budn khIp ea ddng tay.
Lgi quyIn n I m h i t vag tay.
Lam eho giau eo cang ngay cang hgn"
(Phan Chau Trinh, tap 1, 2005: 350).
06 the ndi, t y tudng canh tdn trong ITnh vyc kinh t l tygng ddi he thong, de cap den nhilu v l n d l , dap irng dygc yeu e l u phat trien kinh t l g Viet Nam giai doan nay.
Thir hai, canh tin ve chlnh tri - xa hoi
Ben canh t y tygng canh tan v l kinh t l , t y tygng canh tan v l chlnh trj - xa hgi ciia eae nha canh tan cung da d l cap va budc d l u giai quylt dugc met sd van d l dat ra liic bay gig. Nguyin Trygng To ehu trygng thilt lap va eung e l t u tydng chinh danh, djnh phan trong xa hdi theo thir ty d i n g e l p n h i m duy tri e h l dp quan ehu tap quyIn hien thdi, vdi quyIn lye tuyet ddi thuoc v l nha vua: "Vua c6 ben phan ciia vua, quan c6 b i n phan eiia quan, dan c6 bdn phan cua dan. Danh phan mdi ngugi d l u cd eai quy trpng rieng... mei b i n phan ed mpt cai eao quy rieng, khdng dygc ed eai y tydng duac vol ddi tien" (Trygng Ba C l n , 2002: 176). De dd, dng ehi dua ra mpt sd bien phap cai each bd may hanh chinh nhy hgp tinh, huyen d l tinh gian bien e h l , gian luge thu tuc gily td; bo sung, dao tao lai ddi ngu quan lai cd thye tai; lap them bp Ndng nghiep, bp Ngoai giae... Dang Huy Trir eung chu trugng trung vua, do dd dng khdng d l cap d i n v l n d l thay doi t h i e h l chinh trj. Tuy nhien, dng lai dua ra quan diem l l y dan iam gdc va d l cao vai tro ciia nhan dan "Khi mach cua nygc la l l y dan iam glc",
"Dan ta v l n dii sire xoay trdi lai"
(Dang Hung Dzoanh, Bui Van Cdn va Pham T u I n Khanh, 1990; 284). Cdn Nguyen Lp Trach eho ring v l chinh trj phai kjp thdi sira sang "ehinh - giao"
(ehinh trj - giao dye); "Sy edn m I t eiia q u l c gia la de chinh trj - giae dye, chir
60 TAP CHl KHQA HOC XA HQI so 1+2 (257*2562203^
khong phai do manh - y l u , Idn - nho (b). Chinh trj giao dye dugc sii-a sang c l t cir thi d l u nho y l u cung chua the mat dugc" (Mai Cao Chugng va Dean Le Giang, 1995: 138). Tir dd, dng nhln manh ve vai tr6 eiia ngydi d m quyIn treng vipe d l ra nhu-ng ehii trugng, dudng III dung d i n va phii hgp d l bao vp, xay dyng va phat triln d l t nyde.
Phan Bpi Chau chii trugng xay dyng mpt md hinh nha nude Viet Nam kilu mdi, treng dd nhan dan la ngudi n I m giti- van menh d l t nude: "Sau khi da duy tan r l i , thi dan tri se mg mang, dan khi se Idn manh, dan quyIn se phat dat; van mpnh nude ta do nhan dan n I m giu-. Giu-a do thanh nude ta dat mpt tpa Nghj vien. Bao nhieu viec ehinh tri d l u do edng ehung quylt djnh... Pham nhan dan nude ta, khdng cir sang hen, giau ngheo, idn be d l u cd quyIn bo philu b l u cir"
(Phan Bdi Chau, tap 2, 2000: 179).
Phan Bpi Chau ehp ring met nude co ba d i l u quan trqng la nhan dan, d l t dai, va ehu quyIn, trong dd nhan dan dirng d vj tri thir nhlt: "...dugc gpi la mdt nygc thi phai cd nhan dan, eo d l t dai, ed ehii quyln. Thilu mpt trong ba eai dd d l u khdng du t u each iam mpt nude. Treng ba eai do thi nhan dan la quan trong nhlt" (Phan Bpi Chau, tap 3, 1990: 68). Trong t u tudng ciia minh, Phan Bdi Chau khdng ehi d l cap d i n vj tri, vai trd cua nhan dan ma dng cdn dua ra quan diem nhan dan c6 quyen va nghTa vy giam sat eae heat ddng ciia nha nude
thdng qua nghj vipn theo quy djnh eua Hiln phap: "hinh phap, ehinh l^nh, t h u l khda, tieu diing d l u do nghj vien quylt djnh, ma nghi vipn thi deu dp nhan dan to chirc nen" (Phan Bdi Chau, tap 3, 1990:387).
Phan Chau Trinh ehu truong xay dyng md hinh nha nude dygc tc chirc va d i l u hanh theo nguydn t i e eg ban la "tam quyen phan lap". Trong dd, lap phap giao cho Nghj vi^n, Hanh phap dirng d l u la Giam q u l c do Nghj vipn b l u ra edn t u phap giao eho cac eg quan xet xir dpe lap. Vien t y phap cung hai vien kia; "cd q u y l n dpc lap nhu nhau" (Nguyen Van Dugng, 1995;
817). Nggai ra, d l dam baa e h l dp dan ehu, dng cho r i n g e l n thiet phai cd nhilu dang phai chinh trj nhung tren nguyen t i c : "giao quyln cho eai dang nao c h i l m sd hhieu trong hai vien l y thi mdi dugc to chirc Qude vu vien.,," (Nguyen Van Dugng, 1995:
817).
Tu tudng canh tan v l ehinh tri - xa hpi thdi ky nay cho t h l y cac nha canh tan nhy Nguyin Trudng To, Dang Huy Trir, Nguyin Lp Trpch va Pham Phil Thir chii trugng eai each treng khuon kho cua e h l dp phpng kiln; con eac nha canh tan d l u t h i ky XX nhy Phan Bpi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh da dirng tren lap trygng ciia y thu-c he dan chu t u san, chii trypng x6a bd e h l do quan chu phong kiln xay dung e h l do dan chii ty san, mac du thdi ky nay Viet Nam dang thupc Phap
\ir/\ r h p rtn Han r h n tu. n i _ "
vai che do dan chu tu- san
dan. va thye
T R A N T H I HOA - TU T U O N G C A N H TAN 6-VIET NAM.,
r h i i - ba, canh tin ve van hoa va giio due
X u l t phat tir nhu c l u thye tiSn, cac nha t y tygng canh tan khang djnh vai trd va tinh d p thilt eua viee eai each giao dye. Nguyin Trudng Tg xac djnh;
"vi#c chinh don hpe thuat la eai g l c Idn eiia quoc gia" (Trygng Ba C l n , 2002; 277) va dat nd trong Tam viee cin lim gap. O ngay d l u bai Vi viee hpc thwc dung (Di thao so 18, ' 1/9/1866), Nguyen Trygng Tg da khlng djnh; "Hgc tap boi dudng nhan tai tire la eon dudng dua den giau mpnh" (Trygng Ba C l n , 2002: 221).
Phan Bpi Chau eung khlng djnh vai trd quan trpng cua giao due trong vipe iam eho d l t nude giau manh: "Pham ngydi trong mpt nyde ma giau manh dygc cd t h i cting t h i gidi tranh dua, gianh sy song edn, t i t phai l l y giao due iam eg sg" (Phan Bdi Chau, tap 5, 1990; 279). Phan Chau Trinh xem giao due la phygng tien de giai phdng dan tpe: "kheng m d mang dan tri, khang d l dan giau thi khdng ed eon dudng nao de dat dugc muc dich t y trj" (Nguyen Q. Thing, 1992: 145).
Tren eg sd do, eae nha canh tan da dua ra nhieu bipn phap de phat triln giao dye. Nguyen Trygng Td d l xygng vipe hpe thuat theo hydng thye dyng; " C l n phai tim eai hpe thuc dyng" (Trygng Ba C l n , 2002: 251).
Pham Phu Thir chii trpng dao tao ngydi tai va cung khang djnh t i m quan trpng ciia viec hpe thye dung:
"Xin ban hanh saeh vg nygc nha de tim k i l m thye hpc" (Pham Ngd Minh,
Chygng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Pham Phu V i l t va TrIn Phudc TuIn, tap 2, 2014: 32). Cdn Dang Huy Trir eho r i n g , c l n phai dao tao nhu-ng een ngydi ed nhu-ng hilu bilt sau rong tren nhieu ITnh vyc: "Lap eye day nghi, tuyen t h i l u nien thdng minh, rude ngygi mdi phygng Tay d i n day ngdn ngtr, van ty, tgan phap, da hpa d l iam eg sd cho viec e h l tao eg khi ddng tay thuyin" (Phpm Ngd Minh, Chugng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Pham Phu V i l t va TrIn Phudc T u I n , tap 2, 2014:
436). Nguyen Ld Traeh nhln mpnh vai trd ciia viec hpc tap khoa hpe ky thuat phygng Tay: "nhlpm vy d p bach hipn nay, ed nhien khdng t h i cham t r i vipe hpe ky thuat dygc" (Mai Cap Chugng va Dpan Le Giang, 1995: 133). Phan Bdi Chau ehii trugng phat trien eac trygng day n g h i : "Cae trudng hpc bach ecng d l y khIp nygc, thg tim mc, thg n l u vang, thg due sung, thg e h l tao may mdc, thg san x u l t hang h6a d l budn ban, thg tdi ren dyng ey de cay cay; thg ve kheo, thg may gioi, cho den tram vat gi cung ed thg ca"
(Phan Bdi Chau, tap 2, 2000; 188).
Ddng thdi, phai e6 ehinh saeh khuyin khieh viee hpc tap a nygc ngeai: " d p hgc bong x u l t dygng du hpe that hau de giiip dao tao ngydi tai eho d l t nygc thanh cdng" (Phan Bpi Chau, tap 1, 2000: 99). Doi vdi Phan Chau Trinh de m d mang dan tri, ong ehii trygng "khai dan tri", t i l n hanh l l i hpc thye dung nhu hge chu- quoc ngu-, hpc eae mon khoa hpe ky thuat, khoa hpc t y nhien "each vat tri tri";,'
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1*2 (257*258)j°jS
"Cong thugng, ky nghe ehuyen khoa, Tri tri, each vat cho ta theo eiing"
(Phan Chau Trinh, tap 1, 2005: 271).
Ngoai vipe thye hoc, Phan Chau Trinh edn r l t eel trpng viee hpc "thye nghiep". 6ng t h l y ring c l n phai ed sy k i t hgp giira giang day ly thuylt vdi cae hoat dpng kinh dpanh, ndng nghiep, thu edng nghiep, khai md,., Ben canh dd, eac nha canh tan cdn dua ra nhieu bien phap de nang cae trinh dp van hda ciia ngydi dan nhy lap nha in, t y do xult ban bae chi, sii'a del phong tue tap quan,,, Phan Bpi Chau cho ring ty do ngdn luan, t u de xult ban bao chi, hpi hpp la mpt yeu c l u bire thilt treng phong trao dan chii thdi bIy gid: "Cira ty do rpng md, bap chi tran dudng, tan thy day ngd, dgn tir kien eae, but lydi hung dam, luan ban dii vipe npi trj ngpai giap" (Phan Bdi Chau, tap 2, 1990:
257). Can Phan Chau Trinh cho ring viee t i l p thu van hda c l n co sy chpn Ipc, tranh iam m I t di ban sac van hda truyin thing eiia dan tpc, chang han nhu vipe hpe tilng Phap: "Sir dung ngdn ngtr eiia nude khac da lam dung sire manh ciia hp thi hg se b i t eac anh phai quy goi eiii d l u dudi cai ach cua hp. Xua ngydi ta b i t ehiing ta hpc ehu- Nhe thi nay ngudi ta b i t Chung ta hge chu- Phap!" (Phan Chau Trinh, tap 3, 2005: 191), Ong ehu trygng t i l p thu ed chpn Ipc tren eg sg giu- gin nhung gia trj truyin thing ciJa dng cha d l lai; "Pham da la dan too sinh toan tren hoan vu, da c6 mpt cai Ijch sir cua dan tpc minh nghTa Id giu-
gln l l y nhiJ-ng dire tinh t i t m l y "'^'^
ngan nam cha eng d l lai, khiln ehp nude nao, dan tpe nao d l i vdi mi"*!
eung dem Idng kinh trpng" (P^an Chau Trinh, tap 3, 2005: 243), Nhin Chung, eac nha canh tan ViSt Nam cuoi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX d l u khang djnh t i m quan trong, tinh d p thilt cua viec canh tan v l van hda, giao dye va da dua ra dugc nhilu bien phap gdp phIn nang cac trinh dp dan tri che nhan dan.
T/io- tw, canh tan ve quan sw va ngoai giao
Trong hoan canh Viet Nam c u l l t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX, eae nha canh tan nhan t h l y rd s y y l u kem eiia quan dpi nude ta trude sire manh ve vu khi ciia Phap. De dd, hp eho r i n g nhiem vu c l n kip trudc m I t la phai g I p rut chinh tu vd bj, dau t u trang thiet bj quan sy, e h l tao vu khi... Trong bai Te cap bat dieu (1867) ed tam dieu eln iam g I p thi d i l u thii- n h l t Nguyin Trygng To d l cap la: "xin g I p rut sira dpi viee VO bj" (Trugng Ba C l n , 2002;
266). Nhan thirc ro t i m quan trpng cua binh lye, Nguyin Trudng Td da d l xult nhilu y kiln v l viec xay dyng ehinh saeh quan su nhy; scan binh thy, blnh phap mdi, eoi treng ngydi linh, CO k l hoach dae tap can be chi huy,., Nguyen Ld Trpch cho ring
xay chon nen van de trudc tien la phji dyng lai quan ddi blng each quan binh mpt each nghiem cc met ngydi ma dting s^a, ngygi edn hgn c6 mudi
"gat: "tha c mdt hgyfri
TRAN THI HOA - TU TUONG CANH TAN 6- VIET NAM,, khong diing dugc mdt" (Mai Cag Chygng va Dean Le Giang, 1995:
118). D i n g quan d i l m vdi Nguyin Trygng To, Oang Huy Trir, Nguyin Ld Traeh, Pham Phu Thir cung khlng djnh vai trd tien quylt eua binh bj nhu sau: "Cai y l u quylt lam che qude gia dugc manh me khdng gi Idn b l n g d l y dii binh bj" (Pham Ngd Minh, Chygng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Pham Phil V i l t va TrIn P h y d o T u I n , tap 2, 2014:
31). Xuat phat ttr quan diem tren, Pham Pho Thir da dua ra nhilu giai phap cu t h i n h i m cung co va tang cudng sire manh quan dpi nhu eoi trpng ngudi linh, tang lygng bong eho ngydi quan vd va linh:"... them bong Ipc dugng nudi d l khuyin khieh ke sT, ehuyen traeh tudng d l lam manh binh.
Bdi Ide khdng dii thi hai dan, tudng khong c6 quyln thi binh tan ra" (Pham Ngo Minh, Chygng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Pham Phii Viet va TrIn Phudc Tuan, tap 2, 2014; 74). Dong thdi, phai mua vQ khi mdi, dat them Cyc eg gidi, to chirc hpi thao, tang cudng to chire luypn tap ban sting, dat lp thygng phat de khuyin khich binh linh luyen tap. Can Phan Bdi Chau sdm nhan thly vai tro quan trpng eiia lye lygng vu trang d l i vdi sy t i n vgng ciia dan tpe, do dd ong quylt djnh thanh lap Quang phuc quin. Dae biet, nhilu quan diem v l xay dyng lye lygng vu trang ciia dng duge the hipn tap trung treng tae pham Viet Nam Quang phuc quan phwang Iwoc nhu:
" 1 . Tdn ehi ciia ban quan. 2. NghTa vy ciia ban quan. 3. Ky luat ciia ban quan.
4. K l hoach ciia ban quan" (Phan Bpi
Chau, tap 3, 2000: 366). Ciing vdi heat dpng nghien ciru, e h l tao vu khi, Phan Bpi Chau edn van dpng nhan dan trong ea nude gdp t i l n mua khi gidi, van ddng sy giiip dd eiia ca nhan va eae to chire each mang Trung QuIe, phat hanh Quin dung phieu va Thong dung ngan phieu d l huy dpng s y giiip d d v l tai ehinh eiia nhilu ngygi.
Ben canh dd, v l n de ngoai giao ehii y l u la v l n d l doi phd vdi cupe xam lygc ciJa Phap, von la moi ban tam Idn eiia eac nha canh tan giai dean c u l l t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX. Sau khi phan tich tinh hinh t h i gidi va tugng quan lye lugng giu-a ta va djch, Nguyin Trygng Td khlng djnh khdng ed con dygng nag khac la phai tam thdi thoa hiep vdi Phap d l tranh thu thdi gian canh tan d l t nude, tim k l dai lau de danh duoi Phap. De dd, Nguyen Trudng Tp da dp trinh len trilu dinh eae saeh luge ngeai giao:
Thir nhlt, khai thac triet de mau thuln giCi-a Phap va eae nude khae; thir hai, khai thac mau thuln trong ndi bo ngygi Phap; thir ba, khai thac sy d l ky, ganh ghet nhau giu-a cac nude Idn.
Ciing vdi Nguyin Trudng Tp, lap trydng ngaai giag eiia Pham Phu Thir tam thdi "hda" vgi Phap ehi la mgt each d l ed thdi gian canh tan d l t nygc, m d eira bang giae vgi nude ngeai, hpe tap khoa hpc ky thuat eua phygng Tay, ciing eo lye lygng va tinh k l khoi phye d l t nygc. Ddng thdi, Pham Phii Thir cdn che ring e l n phai khai thac mau thuln giCJ-a Phap va eae
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258)j020 nude khac ma d day la mau thuln Idn
giu-a Phap va Anh va khai thac mau thuln trong ndi bd ngudi Phap. Cdn Phan Bpi Chau ehii trpng xay dyng mat tran dean k i t q u l c t l vdi myc dieh tranh thu s y iing hp va giiip d d q u l c t l de danh duel thye dan Phap, gianh lai dpc lap ehc dan tpc. Nam 1908, Phan Bdi Chau cung cac ehi sT yeu nude va each mang ngudi Trung Quoc, Trilu Tien, An 05... thanh lap ta chire Bong A dong minh hoi, vdi tdn chi: "lien hiep toan Chau A, dpan k i t vgi cae ehi sT eae nude bi mlt, d l t dlu cac dan tdc cung nhau budc len san khIu each mang d l giao dye nhan dan treng thdi gian nude bj mlt"
(Phan Bdi Chau, 1957; 119). Ben canh fldng A dong minh hoi, dng cdn dii'ng ra thanh lap hdi Chan Hoa hwng A de lien hipp nhung ngydi each mang Trung Quoc va each m?ing Viet Nam, danh dual thye dan Phap gianh dec lap dan tpe: "...chin chinh nyde Trung Hoa iam cho Chau A hung thjnh, danh d l ke thti trude mat la thye dan Phap da xam luge Viet Nam, ma k l hoach la: bude mpt, vipn trg Viet Nam; budc hai, vien trg An Dp va Miln Oien; bydc ba, vipn trg T r i l u Tien" (Phan Bdi Chau, 1957:
153).
Can Phan Chau Trinh ehu trygng thye hien dudng Idi ngoai giao dya vao Phap d l nang cao dan tri, c h i n dan khi...; ddng thdi tranh thii sy iing hg ciia d u luan t i l n bp Phap va gay ap lye de ddi hdi chinh phii Phap phai
thye hipn nhu-ng cai each v l chinh tri, giao dye, kinh t l . . . ttrng bude doi Ipi quyen lgi cho dan tpe: "Vilt len bao chugng, trinh bay nguyen vpng, kdu gpi cae ly tudng nhan daa eiia nude Phap... dya vac nhu-ng ngudi Phap Cdng hda chan thanh" (Phan Chau Trinh, tap 3, 2005; 226).
Nhy vay, trong ITnh vyc quan sy va ngoai giao, eac nha t y tudng canh tan da dya ra n h i l u bien phap nhim xay dyng quan dpi dii manh, va thoa hiep n h i m m d rgng quan he ngoai giae, khai thac sire mpnh va sy Ong hd quoc t l , tham chi ea lye lygng
"tiln bp" cOa Phap de khang Phap.
4. K^T LUAN
Sy xult hien cOa t y tudng canh tan d Viet Nam giai dpan eudi t h i ky XIX d l u t h i ky XX la mpt t i t y l u khach quan. Npi dung cOa t y tudng canh tan giai dean nay r l t da dang, d l cap d i n nhilu ITnh vyc eua ddi song xa hpi. Ben canh t u tugng canh tan v l ehinh trj cai lygng chua triet de nhy mo hinh nha nyde k i l u mdi cua Phan Bpi Chau, hay md hinh nha nude theo tam quyln phan lap eua Phan Chu Trinh; hay quan d i l m thoa hiep treng ngoai giao, dya vao Nhat, Phap d l eOng c l d l t nygc, thi chu trygng eua eac nha canh tan la phat triln thygng nghiep, chu trpng ,hyc hpe thye nghiep, phat huy dan ehO gop phan neu cao truyin thing van hda tot dep va tinh t h i n y#u nuiyc eOa dan tpe Viet Nam... •
TRAN THI HOA - TU TUONG CANH TAN 0 VIET NAM,, T A I L I E U TRiCH D A N
1. Dang Hung Dzoanh, Bui Van Cdn va Pham Tuan Khanh. 1990. Ding Huy Trir- Con ngwdi vi tic pham. TPHCM: Nxb. TPHCM.
2. Nguyin Q. Thing. 1992. Phan Chiu Trinh cudc d&i va tic pham 1872 - 1926. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Van hgc.
3. Nguyin Van Dygng. 1995. Tuyen tap Phan Chiu Thnh. Da Nlng: Nxb. Da Ning.
4. Mai Cao Chygng va Doan Le Giang. 1995. Nguyen L6 Trach dieu tran va tha van. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hpi.
5. Nguyen Van Hoa. 2006. Tw twdng triet hoc va chinh tri cua Phan Bgi Chiu. Ha Ngi:
Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia.
6. Phpm Ng6 Minh, Chygng Thau, Nguyin Kim Nhj, Pham PhO Viet va Tran Phudc TuIn. 2014. Pham PhO Thw toan tap. Tap 2. Da Nlng: Nxb. Ba Nlng.
7. Phan Bpi Chau. 1957. Phan Bdi Chiu niin biiu. Ban djch cua Phpm Trgng Dilm va T6n Quang Phi^t. Ha NOi; Nxb. Van - SO- - Dja.
8. Phan Bgi Chau. 1990. Toan tip - tap 2, 3, 5. Hul: Nxb. Thuan Hda - Trung tam Van hda Ngdn ngO- Ddng Tay.
9. Phan BOI Chau. 2000. Toan tap - tap 1, 2, 3. Hue: Nxb. ThuSn Hda - Trung tSm VSn h6a Ngdn ngO Dong Tay.
10. Phan Bgi Chau. 2015. Viit Nam qu6c sir khio. Chygng Thau djch va chii thich. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Van h6a - Thong tin.
11. Phan Chau Trinh. 2005. Toan tip. 3 tap. Da Nlng: Nxb. Ba Nlng.
12. TrIn van Giau. 1993. Swphit trien cua tw twang d Viet Nam tw the ky XIX din Cich mang thing Tim. H$ y thirc phong kien vi sw that bai cua nd trwdc eic nhiem vu itch sir. Tap 1. Ha Ndi: Nxb. Chinh tri Qulc gia.
13. Truong Ba Cln. 2002. Nguyen Tnrdng Td - con nguvi vi di thio. TPHCM: Nxb.
TPHCM.
