NHUNG GIA TRI TRONG LICH SU"
TU TUdNG CHINH TRI HY LAP - LA MA CO DAI
NGUYEN X U A N PHONG "
Tom tdb Nhdn Um budc via Mi 1^ d dgi dd xuit hifn nhiiu nin vdn minh rue ra ci gid tri idn inh hudng din edc,hdi dai sau a. d phumg Tdy, sa vdi phUdng Bing. mde du ra ddi mudn, nhung nin vdn minh By Leg, - La Md dd ei bude phdt triin vdi nhing thinh Ulu quan trgng trin edc tinh vue:
Triet hge, y hge. thien vdn hoc, todn hoe... Bde biii trang do. nhing gid iri vi ,u tudng chinh tri idea nhing iing gop ldn eho budc tiin eua khaa hge chinh tri sau niy.
Ti khda: Hyhgp-La Md diai; tu Mdng ehinh Iri; phuang Tiy, phuang Bing.
thinh, cua cai l i m r a n g i y c i n g nhilu vft 1. D i l u k i j n k i n h t e xa h d i Hy L a p
La Mfi co d a i
Vio t h i ky K-VII TCN, n i n s i n xufit chilm hfiu nd le d Hy Lgp vft La Mft cfi sif phat triln manh me. Life lugng san xuft't phftt trien, vdi vijc ra ddi dd s i t thay t h i cho dd ddng da gdp p h i n lftm cho nftng s u i t lao ddng tftng cao, eua cai xft hdi lftm ra nhilu. San xuft't hang hda dfi ra ddi, d i n d i n vijc chuydn mdn hda trong s i n xufft, thuc dft'y cho hftng hda phfit teiln nhanh chdng.
Ne'u trude kia quan hJ b-ao dd'i lft hftng - hing, thi bfiy gid ddng t i l n da ra ddi, lam vjt ngang gia chung eho mgi thfi hftng hda; quan hJ tien - h i n g dfi xufi't hidn.
Dfiy chinh lft dieu kijn t h u J n lgi d l cho vijc xuft't hijn mjt nghe mdi, cfing vdi ti^ng trot vft ehftn nudi, dd lft thuang mgi.
Cu dfin d dfiy d i cd t h i ddng duge nhfing cWSb thuyin ldn vUdt Dja Trung Hai d l d i n miln dfi't mdi; Ifinh tho vft thudc dia dudc md rjng. Chinh dieu nfty dft tao dilu kijn cho su giao luu vftn hda vft tu tudng gifia cftc dfin tdc. Qua dfiy, tao cho cfic chu nhfin cua vfing dft't nfty thuc d i y k h i nfing tu duy, nhftn thfic.
Tft't ca nhfing nguySn nhftn trdn lftm cho kinh te' b thdi kJ nfty cifc k J phdn O NHlNLVCKWMHgCXlHtl
phftn hda giftu - nghdo trong xfi hgi tfi't ylu nay sinh. Su p h i n hda nfty n g i y cftng gay gftt, l i m eho mfiu thuftn xa hgi nay sinh.
Xft hdi p h i n chia t h a n h cftc giai cfi'p cd ldi ich ddi Ifip vdi nhau. XS hdi xuft't hijn mdt bd phftn ngudi chuyen sdiig bftng lao ddng tri dc. Chinh ddi ngu lao ddng tri dc nfty lft nhfing ngudi sftng tao, phftt minh ra nhiing thftnh tuu cua khoa hgc. 6 thdi kJ cftc khoa hgc rfft phfit t r i l n vdi nhilu thftnh tuu, vi'n cdn J nghia d i n ngfty nay nhu: Toin hgc, thidn vftn hgc, y hpc, trilt hpc, n g h j thujt..,
Ben egnh dd, d Hy Lap xuft't hien hai thftnh bang vdi hai e h l dd chinh tri ddi Iftp nhau: Thftnh bang Aten d i l n hinh vdi nin d i n ehu chu nd phftt t r i l n . Nhflng gia tri d i n chu Sd khai, mfie dfi chi bd hgp trong t i n g Idp chu nd da xufft hijn, lft cd sd cho sif ra ddi cua cftc n i n dftn chu v i gifi trj dfin ehu^sau nfty; ngflpc lai, thftnh bang Spac d i l n hinh vdi e h l dp qufin ehu chuydn che. Vdi t h i c h i chinh tri nfty vd cfing cd J nghia cho vide xfty difng mjt Nhft nudc mang tinh quftn su.
" TS Khon Chinh trj h(ic, Hgc vijn Bao chi va TuyBn truyen Ha Nfi.
slS«-2gu
NGUYEN X U A N PHONG Trdn co sd dd, cic n i n chinh tri vft Nha
nudc ehu nd r a dcS, n h i m duy tri t r j t ttf xa hdi. Ddi s i n g chinh tri - xa hdi d Hy '^W' La Ma vd cfing sdi ddng, lft cd sd de de r a cfic quan nidm, quan diem, tU tudng ehinh tri, cfic nhft tfi tudng chinh tri xufft WJn. Cfic tfie p h i m cua cic nhft t u tudng b i n v l n h i l u Hnh vuc cua ddi sfiig xa hdi, trong dd ed nhflng IJ thuyet v l chinh tri.
Lieh sfl tfl tudng chinh tri Hy Lgp, La Ma C l dgi g i n bd hiiu cd vdi qua trinh hmh t h i n h , phat trien cua xa hdi vft N h i nudc chilm hfiu nd IJ. D i n g thdi', nd cung chiu stf tftc ddng nhfft dinh cua vftn hda phUdng Ddng. Trong su phftt t r i l n cua minh, tu tudng chinh tri d d i y trai qua ba giaidoan cd ban: ThU nhat, giai dogn phftt
^ ^ • " q u a n nidm v l Nhft nudc v i phftp l u j t ( t h i k J VIH-VI TCN) g i n h f a vdi vide hinh thftnh t h i e h l nhft nude; Thi hai, giai dogn phfit t r i l n cao vft td'ng k i t nhfing hgc t h u y l t nhft nude • p h i p l u j t ( t h i ky V- VI TCN), trfing vdi thdi k J hung thinh vft suy vong cua n i n dfin chu chilm hfiu nd IJ (chfl y l u b Aten); ThU ba, giai dogn khung hoang hpc thuyet chinh tri (nfla sau t h i ky IV-n TCN) n h u lft phan ftnh stf suy vong cua h J thd'ng qudc gia - thftnh thi vfto thdi k J vfin minh c l Hy Lap.
Tfft ea nhfing y l u td, nhfin t l , d i l u kijn trJn lft cd sd quan trpng cho vijc phftt t r i l n manh me nhfing t u tudng chinh tri tidu bilu 6 thdi kJ n i y . Chinh nhfing gii tij t u tudng chinh tri quan trpng b thdi k J c l dai nfty dft ddng vai trd quan trpng, lftm n i n tang eho su hinh thftnh ndn mjt n f a chi'nh tri hijn dai b chftu Au thdi c j n dgi.
2. Nhiiing g i i t r i ttf ttfcing c h i n h t r i tidu b i l u
Thdi k J C l dgi Hy Lgp . La M i , da xufft hijn cie n h i tu tudng chinh tri vdi nhfing ddng gdp ldn lao cho ljch sfl n h i n logi nhfi- Hdrddit (480 - 625 TCN); Xdndphdn (427 - slli4-in«
355 TCN); Platdn (427 - 347 TCN); Arixtoi (384 - 322 TCN); Polybe (201 - 120 TCN) va Xixerdn (106 - 43 TCN). D i y lft thdi k J nd rd cfic trfto luu ttf tudng trong dd cd tU tudng chinh tri. NhQng t u tudng chinh tri nay dfi tao dumg ndn n f a tang d i u tien, quan trpng cho cic g i i tri chinh tri sau nay. 0 thdi ky nay, cftc t u tudng ehinh tri noi len cae g i i tri tiiu bieu nhu sau:
Thii nhdt. khdi niim chinh tri, bdn chdt chinh tri
Md dau phai k l d i n Platon khi quan nidm: "Chinh tri la stf h i l u bilt tfi eao, ehi dao tong t h i xa hdi"<>i. 6 n g cho r i n g , chinh tti phai lft stf h i l u bilt b trinh dd eao, t u duy cao nhfft mdi cd t h i lftm dupc chinh tri. Theo dng, "Chinh b i 14 stf thdiig tri tri t u J tfil cao... chinh tri lft stf cai trj con ngudi vdi su bftng ldng cua hg. Cai trj b i n g sflc mgnh l i djc t i i , cai tri b i n g t h u y l t phuc mdi dich thtfc lft chinh tri.
Chinh toi 14 d i n dftt eon ngudi bftng t h u y l t phifc"». Nhin chung, Platon d l cao chinh tri vft t u duy chinh tri, n i n chinh tri tiln bd lft phai Iffy gifio dgc, thuylt phuci v j n djng l i chinh, hgn c h i t i t da bgo life, dftn i p . 6 Platon, chinh trj lft tilnh dJ bJc cao toong quan IJ, d i l u h i n h . Chinh trj l i l i m sao d l ngudi bi cai tri thfty mtoh vui ve, bftng long vdi stf cai tr; ffy. Chinh trj phai l i n g h j t h u j t cai tri dfin chfing dudi sif bftng ldng eua hg.
Chinh vi t h i , Platon mong ude cd m j t n i n chinh trj mdi trong md hinh Nhd niidc ly tudng cua dng, Nhft nUdc ffy dupc c i m quyfa bdi stf thdng t h i i . Mdt mjt, d l cao n g h j t h u j t cai tri eua ehinh trj, dng cho r i n g : "Chinh tri phai lft stf chuyen chi. Tfft ca cic e i n h i n phai phyc
"I Phin viln Bao chi va Tuyen tniyin: Lieh si Ul tuing chinh ui. Nxb. Chinh trj quS; gia. Ha N«i
2001, Tr.97. '
" a i d . T r . 9 7 .
NUN M^ KHM HQC U Hfl Q
N H U N G GlA Tta TRONG LICH SfifTUTUdNG CHINH TEI...
tfing quyin uy"™. 6 d i y , dng da nhffii mgnh d i n uy quyin trong chinh trj.
Bftn v l ban chfft ^>ttT^h trj Arixtit eho r i n g : Chinh trj lft khoa hpc lanh dao con ngudi, lft khoa h ^ k i l n trfic cua mpi cdng dfin. O day, dng d l cao vai trd cda rht-nh trj, xfic dinh dfi tfidng cua chinh t r i lft con ngudi, vai trd cua chinh tri nhtf lft khoa hpc xfiy dtfng mft cd sd lft tfl cic cong d i n de xiy dtfng nen nhiing t h i che chinh tri khic nhau.
Nhflng quan nijm v l chinh trj mac dfi mang tinh sd khai, gian ddn, nhfing ed mjt vai trd ctfc k J quan topng, lftm n f a tang cho cfic n h i t u tudng chinh trj v l sau, de xfty dtfng vft hoftn thijn cftc khai nijm n&y. Dfty lft nhflng ed sd d i u tien dftt n i n mdng cho khoa hgc chinh trj b i n g nhflng vien gach nfty.
Hoi Id, tu tudng chinh tri Hy Lgp, La Md Cddgi dd tdp trung di cdp din thi chi chinh tin
Cac dng chi ra efte loai hinh t h i e h l chinh tri, hinh thfic cua Chinh phii dfldng thdi, tiu dilm vft hgn e h l eua tflng loai hinh; trdn cd sd dd, ehi r a nhfing loai hinh chinh trj tidu bilu, flu vijt. Cac che dd, the c h i x i hji dfidng thdi dft trd ndn lae h i u .
Hdrddit, l i ngfidi d i u tidn d i d l ra cftc logi hinh t h i e h l ehinh trj: Qudn chu tri:
Quy tdc tri vft Ddn chu. 6 n g da chi ra dftc dilm cila tiing logi hinh cai trj vdi nhiing Uu dilm vft han c h i khac nhau. Trdn cd sd dd, Hdrddd't mong muon xfty dung mdt t h i e h l hdn hop (ggt bd di nhfing hgn c h i vft gia lai nhflng Uu dilm cua ba loai hinh t h i c h i dft dua ra). Tuy nhien, dfiy chi lft mong muln, cdn thfic t l dng v i n phai bao vJ the c h i qudn chu. Sd di, trong ttf tudng cua dng cd mfiu t h u i n nfty; bdi vi, dng dang sing dudi c h i dd q u i n chii. D i y thuc chfft l i m i u t h u i n gifia t u duy khoa hgc vdi IJp toudng giai cffp. Mjc dfl, t h i che E ] NHlNLWSKHMHOCXiHtl
ehinh tri hdn hap khdng thtic hijn dupc, nhtfng t u ttfdng v l ba loai thfi' e h l trSn da gdp p h i n quan trgng cho vijc d j t n i n mdng cho cac n h i t u tudng sau dd v l Enh vtfc nay.
Khi ban v l t h i che ehinh trj, Arixtit de cap ky ludng hdn tftp t r u n g 6 cfic hinh thfic c i m quyfa eua chinh phu. Ong cho rang: "Chinh phu qudn chu thudng do mjt dng vua h i l n cd cdng Iftp qulc, vi nudc vi dfin m i c i m quyin. Dd l i hinh thfic chinh phu sd khai... Chinh phu quy tdc chi dupc xfiy dtfng trdn cd sd mfit nhdm nhfing ngudi ttu t u v l tri t u J vft p h i m chfft, tidu bidu cho ea qud'c gia d l c i m quyfa vi lgi ich qudc gia vft cdng dfin ctia nd... N i n ddn chu chinh trj (hay cdng hda dfin chu) dupc hinh thftnh todn cd sd stf tham gia cua cfing dfin vfto b i u efl vft ting cfi. Stf cai trj dugc thtfc hidn b i n g phftp lujt""'. Ong da chi r a dupc cftc logi hinh chinh phu, Uu diem vft h a n e h l eua tiing loai hinh. Theo Arixtit, c h i dd dfin chu chinh tri cd t h i sfi chuyin thftnh c h i dd mj dfin vft ttt dd ehuyfa t h i n h c h i dJ ddc t i i , n l u J chi thtfc h i j n d i l u t i l t b i n g p h i p luftt thay t h i b i n g J chi c i n h i n tfiy tiJn, lpi ich cua da s l hi thay t h i b i n g ldi ich chung il c i nhftn cd quyfa life thao tting. Ong cho r i n g , e h l dJ dfin ehu ehinh tri cfing nhu mpi t h i e h l chinh trj khac d i u ed mim ming cua stf b i l n chfft. Trong c h i dd d i n chu, dng d i khfing quan t i m dfa nguyjn t i c t h a m gia cua nhfin dfin trong vijc quan IJ nhft nudc, mft ehi quan tam din hJ thong cftc bijn phftp n h i m loai trfl vijc tilm quyfa.
Nhto chung, nghiJn ciiu v l cfic loai hinh ehu t h i ehinh trj l i m j t ndi dung ldn trong t u tudng chinh trj cua. Theo dng, cic
•Sdd, Tr.97.
' Sdd, TV.102.
tft-ait
e h l dp chinh trj thudng rfft k h i c vdi c i c binh thfic be ngofti cua nd.
Xixdrfin cflng chu J d i n vide nghien cfiu cie hinh thtic cua Chinh phu. Ong lft ngudi ung hd e h l do qufin chu. Ong cho r i n g , chinh phu quJ tdc lftm gia tfing qua nhieu nhflng k h i e bijt xft hji; ve m i t ca nhftn, nd gfiy n h i l u "dau ddn" cho xa hdi. Cdn v l Chinh phu nhan dfin thi dng cho r i n g : d dfiy cd stf bfft cdng; bdi vi, chinh phu cd nghia lft dem lgi cho mdi ngUdi efti eua minh, mft cfii eua minh d mgi ngudi trong xft hdi lft khdng gidiig nhau. Ong phan dfi e h l dd qufin chu vft cho r i n g : khdng cd gi ghe tdm hdn stf ddc doan cua dfim ddng.
Bftng vijc phfin tich cfic logi t h i chi, cac loai hinh chinh phu cfic n h i t u tudng tfi NBSBSdlt, Arixtdi, Pdlybe, XixJrdn danh gift 'cao vft ung hfi t h i e h l Adn Acp. Dfiy l i t h i e h l chinh tri tiln bd mft cie nhft t u tudng chinh tri dang mong mudii. T h i e h l Adn hop n i y mdi ehi diing lgi d su khftt khao mang tinh khoa hpe. Tuy nhiJn, d i y chi la mong mud'n, edn thtic t l eac n h i t u tudng thdi k J nfty v i n bao vJ t h i che chinh tri dUdng thdi.
Thi ba, cdc nhd tU tiidng chinh tri dd dgt nin ming quan trgng cho thuyet tam quyin phdn lap
Ngudi cd cdng lao khdi xUdng cho t u tudng chinh trj nfty lft Platon. Ong cho r i n g , chinh trj phfin chia thftnh: Phftp IJ;
Hftnh chinh; Tu phftp vft Ngogi giao. Mjc dfi dupc phftn chia nhu vjy, song ti't ca nhfing yfa td dd dupc t h i n g nhi't bdi chinh trj.
Trdn Cd sd dd, Arixtll dfi p h i t t r i l n h i tudng cua Platon vft eho r i n g : d l chong ddc quyin, c i n p h i n chia quyin lUc n h i nudc thftnh ba nhfinh: Lftp phap; Hftnh phfip v i Phftn xfl. Ba bJ phJn nfty phai djc IJp, kilm tra vft giftm sftt nhau. Tu tudng n i y cua Arixtd't l i mpt budc p h i t s l « - a H
NGUYEN XUAN PHONG trien so vdi Uiay cua minh.
M i c du t u tudng vi Nhft nUdc tam quyfa chua dtfdc ban nhieu, ky lUdng, d i y du; song, nhfing quan nijm mang tinh sd khai nay dong vai trd quan trpng cho vide p h i t t r i l n hpc t h u y l t v l N h i nUdc tam quyfa p h a n lap thdi c j n dgi d phUdng Tfiy.
Thi tu, cdc nhd tu tudng chinh tri d thdi ky ndy da xdy dUng mdu Mnh cua thu linh chinh tri vdi nhiing pham chdt quan trgng
C i c n h a t u tudng chinh tri Hy Lgp - La Ma cho r i n g , vai trd cfla ngudi cai tri xft hdi la vd cung quan trpng. Ngudi thu Hnh phai t a p hgp dupc mpi ngudi, cd p h i m chfft v i nftng ltfc hon ngudi, dUde mpi ngudi c h i p n h i n . Thu Hnh chinh tri l i ngudi gidi thuyet phiie, gidi hfing bijn, t i p trting dUdc mpi ngudi, biln sflc manh eua mgi ngudi d l ctlng cdng hudng t i n g ldn gft'p bji.
Xdndphdn cho r i n g , chinh trj cd m j t nghd t h u j t tiiujt thtfc h i n h , mgt n g h j t h u j t cao nhfft - n g h j t h u j t d l vUdng.
Xdndphdn quan nijm: Thfl linh chinh trj
"li ngudi bilt chi huy, gidi k J thujt, gidi t h u y l t phuc, bilt rung cam ngudi nghe toong difa thuylf'W. D i y l i nhflng p h i m chft quan trgng cua thu Hnh ehinh trj.
P h i m chfft cua thfl Bnh chinh trj phai l i n g u a cd k h a n i n g t j p hpp vft chi huy dupc mpi ngudi. Thu Enh ehinh trj lft ngudi cd kha nftng difa thuyet d l t i p hpp dupc mpi ngudi n h i m thtfc hijn nhitog cfing vijc chung. Thu Hnh ehinh tri l i ngudi biet thoi ndn ngpn lfla trong mdi con ngudi bfing chiy. Djc bijt, dng edn eho r i n g , thu Hnh chinh tri "khdng it nhfing p h i m chtft sau s i c vft p h i biln khdng ehi e i n cd b thu Hnh ehinh trj duang thdi mft d mpi thdi dai, nhu bilt vi lpi ich chung, t J n t i m phuc vu q u i n chung v i bao vJ lpi ich cila
"I Sdd, Tr.96.
NNlNUIC KHOA HJC U HOI Q ]
NHCNG GlA TRI TRONG LICH SlJ TU T U O N G CHINH TRI...
n h i n dfin. Thu Hnh chinh trj la ngudi bilt hpp lgi, nhfin len sfic mgnh ctia mgi ngudi;
do vfty, phai lft ngudi bilt nhitog ddng life eua cftc hoat ddng cua con ngudi v i bilt t i c djng len dfin chfing""". Thu Bnh chfah trj pliai i i ngudi b i l t hy sinh c i n h i n , d l cao ldi ich t i p the, t J n tfim vdi nhitog vijc chung, gUdng m i u v i di d i u trong mpi hoat ddng.
Dilm tifa bJ dudc dfinh gia cao trong t u tudng chinh tri cila fing khi bftn v l ngudn gdc hinh t h i n h thu Hnh chinh trj: "Stf thidn tfti cua thu Hnh chinh trj khdng phai tif nhien mft cd, m i nd sinh r a tfi sif kien n h i n Ifiu dfti, tfl kha nftng chiu dtfng ldn v l the chfft, vdi J chi sfiig v i rdn luyjn theo phong cftch thanh Udm, biet kiem ehl, thich lao ddng"". Dfty l i quan dilm h o i n toftn mang tinh khoa hpc tifa bJ trJn IJp toudng duy vjt. Thu Hnh khdng phai ttf nhidn mft ed, khdng phai lft thfl quft tftng cua thupng de, chfia trdi mft do stf rdn luyjn, dfto tgo vft p h i n chinh lft do su t*n luyjn vd cfing nghidm tflc cua ban t h i n m i thftnh. Lujn dilm nfty dupc nhfing nlii chinh trj hpc m i c xit d i n h g i i cao vft dupc coi l i Cd sd cho vijc xfty dtfng ndn nhfing phftm chfft quan trpng cua thu Hnh chinh ttj trdn IJp toudng duy v i t bijn chflng.
Sau Xdndphdn mdt thdi gian, khi bftn v l thu Hnh chinh tei, Xixdrfin (ngudi La Mi) cho ring, ngfldi lftm ehinh tri trudc h i t phai dupc xem xdt tfi nghia TO dao dflc. Diy chinh lft dilm rft't tifa bfi, vft rfft phfi hpp vdi quan nijm phuong Ddng.
Theo Xixdrdn, gifl trftch nhijm toong ddi sing cdng cdng l i chflc n i n g tot dep nhfft nd cin stf thdng thfii, kmh nghijm v i stf cao thugng nhfft cua phft'm hanh. Bdi vi dd lft vijc thudng khdng thich thfl. rfft n j n g nl, d l cd h j u qua xft'u cho b i n thftn.
Vl t h i , chuih lft cfing vide ctia nhflng con ngudi thing nhfft toong minh tfti nftng vft E l NHlNMKKHMHJCUHjl
quyin uy, cd "uy t h i tinh thin", cd "tim hon hudng thupng", b i l t hy sinh vi ldi ich chung, bd qua nhitog lpi fch tifa bac khdng chinh dang"". Theo ong, thfl Hnh chinh tri phai hpi du h a i y l u td quan trpng, dd lft p h i m chft't v i n i n g life, dgo dfic vft k h a nftng. Thil Hnh ehinh tri phai b i l t VUdt ldn nhiing eai c i nhftn, trude m i t , dat lpi ich ctia cdng dong len todn hit.
Quan nijm v l t h u linh chinh trj cua hai dng cd nliilu d i l m tifa lid, lam n f a tang cho cftc nhft ttf tudng sau nfty trong quan nijm v l vffn d l nfty.
Thi ndm, cdc nhd tU tiidng thdi AJ ndy da cddixudt tiin bd, mang tinh khoa hgc vi thi chi, vi md hinh nlid nudc tuang lai Md d i u l i Hdrddd't khi d l eftp cic loai Ifinh chinh t h i bao gdm: qufin chu, quJ tJc vft dfin chu. Trdn co sd chi ra Uu diem vft ban c h i cua titog logi hinh, fing cho ring, the c h i chinh trj Adn A(?) 14 t i t nhfft. Thi c h i Adn Atjp ggt bd di nhflng hgn e h l cua ba logi hinh t h i e h l tofin d l gifi lai nhfing dilm tifa bJ nhft't. T h i e h l hdn hop mft dng dua ra, the hijn m j t tinh t h i n khoa hgc chto ehinh; tuy nhidn, khd cd the dupc xa hji q u i n chu dUdng thdi chfip n h j n khi nd phai hy sinh lpi ich giai cffp cd ban cua minh. Hd rftng, ttf tudng tifa bg, di btfdc nhUng khdng dtfpe xa hdi dudng thdi ehfi'p nhjn.
Cung nhu mong ude v l mftt khoa hgc cua Herddit, Platon xfty dtfng ivAd nudc ly tudng. N h i nudc dupc xfiy dung bdi ba hgng ngudi: cic n h i t r i l t hpc thdng t h i i - dam n h j n vai trd eai quan, Iftnh dgo Nhft nudc; t i n g Idp chiln binh - bao vJ an mnh xa hgi; t i n g Idp ndng d i n , thp thu cdng • l i m r a cua cai v j t chfft, dam bao eujc sing cho xa hji. X i hdi nfty dupc dam bao trfin ed ad cpng ding v l t i i san v i hdn nhftn.
" Sdd, Tr.96.
" S d d , Tr.96.
» S d d , T r . 106.
Sll*-2i1«
NGUY*N XUAN PHONG Ong chu trUdng xda bo sd hito t u nhfin vft
tinh yeu gia dinh. TU t u f a g v l Nhft ntfdc IJ tudng cua dng, cd t h i dupe danh gifi l i khdi nguon cua t u tudng v l ehu nghia xa hdi khdng tudng.
^ Trai qua mdt thdi gian dfti, khoa hoc cfla cftc n h i t u tudng mdi dUde thuc hijn bdi Ph.Polybe (200-120 TCN). Ong da nghifin cflu ky ludng v l the e h l AS"n hop.
Ong cho r i n g : "chinh phu t i t nhfft lft chinh p h i hen k i t duge nhflng kieu hinh thflc t h u i n tfly khftc n h a u toong nhflng ty IJ hfti hda nhft't. The e h l ehinh trj dd dupc t h i hijn ri't rd trong h i l n p h i p La Mft, qua stf phfi hpp khdo ldo gifla cic quyfa life nhft nudc: ed quan chft'p ehinh tdi eao l i q u i n chu, nguydn lfto nghi vijn lft quJ I f l cffc hpi ddng vft cie cd quan bao dftn l i
dftn chu".
Ph.Polybe cdn chi ra r i n g , the e h l chinh trj h f a hpp n i y da ching lai dupc trgng t h i i tri t r j d i n dfa suy doi xa hdi mft mgi e h l dd ehinh tri t h u i n tfly khdng t h i t r i n h khdi.
fJhft nudc La Ma dft sfl dtfng t h i c h i nfty cua Ph.Polybe toong vijc xfiy dtfng hiln phftp. Dfiy chinh lft nguydn nhfin lftm cho La Ma ldn mgnh vft sau dd nd da thdng tri dflpc ca Hy Lgp v i vflng Dia Trung Hai. Eo r i n g , t h i e h l chinh tri h f a hpp eua Polybe ed J nghia vd cfing to ldn, da lftm nfin stf t h i n g ldi cua La Mfi.
Thi sdu, quan niem vi Nhd nudc ldn ddu tiin dugc di c^p dd chia dUng nhiing gid tri tiln bd.
Arixtd't cho r&ng: "nhft nudc, quyfa ltfc nhft nudc xufft hijn ttf nhien, dupe hinh thftnh do ljch sti"". Quan nijm nfty h i t sfic t i l n bJ, dfty l i mjt lujn dilm khoa hpc cd g i i trj to ldn, qua dd giup cho cic n h i ttf tudng chinh trj v l sau cd stf k l thfia.
Arixtit cho r i n g : "Nd (Nhft nUdc-TG) dupc phat t r i l n tfi gia dinh, cdng x i v i l i mpt
hinh thflc t i n g t h e va hoftn thijn nhfft trong quan h J gifla mpi ngtfdi vdi mue dich tm eao l i nhfim Uen k i t mgi ngudi d l dgt tdi mdt cudc sfag t i t dep nhfft"™. Ong cho r i n g , quyfa luc nhft nudc l i tfft yd'u.
Nhijm vu cua quyfa luc n h i nudc lft Ifinh dao cac t j p t h i . cdng d i n ; nghia l i . trudc tien quyin ltfc n h a nudc phai quan t i m tdi cic quyin life chtmg cua cdng d i n . Ong cho r i n g , d i y chinh 14 ban chi't va chfic nang cfla p h i p lujt.
Dilu tifa bd nfla cua Arixtfit khi bftn v l p h i p l u i t : p h i p l u j t lft quy tftc khfteh quan, cd tinh chinh trtfc, vd tfi, xufft phat tfl quyfa life vft phu hpp vdi cac mtJC dich qulc gia.
Nhto chung h i tudng chinh trj b thdi k J CO dai Hy Lgp v i La Ma cd stf phftt t r i l n mgnh me. Cic nhft t u tudng ehinh trj bftn d i n n h i l u v i n dl, n h i l u nJi dtmg, n h i l u khia canh cila ddi s i n g chinh trj. Nhfing g i i trj nfty ddng vai ted quan trpng cho vide phat t r i l n t u ttfdng chinh trj sau nfty.
Nhfing gift trj toong ljch sfi t u tudng ehinh tri Hy Lgp - La Mft C l dgi ddng vai trd quan ttpng eho stf p h i t t r i l n t u tufag ehinh toj thdi k J e i n dai. Chinh vi vjy, d i n h gift v l thdi ky n i y , C.Mac dft tiing ndi: khdng cd Hy Lgp - La Mft C l dgi thi khdng t h i cd chfiu Au hijn dgi.
T A I L i e u THAM KHAO 1. Phfin vijn Bao ehl vft Tuyen t r u y i n (1001). LicA si tu tiidng ehinh tri, Nxb.
Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hft Ndi.
2. Phftn vijn Bfto chi vft Tuydn truyin (2001) ijcA si tu tudng chinh tri, Nxb.
Chinh trj Qudc gia. H i NJi.
" Phan vi|n Bio chi va Tuy6n truyin (2001) lich ai IU Uing chinh tri, Nrf.. Chlhh trj Qu8t gin, Ha Hfi.
" " Sdd. tr.lOO.
NHM IVC KHOA HOC M HOI Q
