dp chim phu thudc vao cac kenh thdng tin den ba con ndng dan sdm hay mudn, dp chinh xic tren dffdng di de'n ndng din dim bao tdi mffc nao. De phit huy t i c dung cua cd ci'u gidng thich hdp, va cua bien phip "gieo sa ddng loat"
de ne ray, can Iffu ^ thffc te tren;
ddng thdi, khdng de lu md c i c bien p h i p ky thuat khic.
Chat Iffdng hat gid'ng lila ngiy cing dffdc quan tim, vi cd anh hffdng n i o dd den nang suat va c h i t Iffdng lua gao sau thu hoach. Chung ta da cd tieu chuan qudc gia ve chat Iffdng hat gid'ng Wa, da cd phan cap rd rang ve cic cap gidng: gidng t i c gii hay gidng gdc, gidng nguyen chung, gidng xic nhan.
Trong thffc te boat dpng sin xuat gidng cd nay sinh mpt sd van de va da dffdc dieu chinh de cd bffdc di thich hdp. Dieu nay chi cd trong trffdng hdp gidng xic nhin, cdn gidng nguyen chung ndi chung van dam bao diing. Vi ri't khd khan trong sin xua't du gidng xic nhan cho san xuat dai tra, nen tieu chi cd giam thi'p hdn chut it, cd ndi gpi la gidng xic nhan 2, cd ndi gpi la gidng sin xua't, cd ndi van cff gpi la gidng xic nhan, tit ca deu dam bao chat Iffdng hdn han tip quin lay lua thit lam gidng. He thdng san xua't hat gidng lua d cic dia phffdng ngay mdt hoan chinh. An Giang dffdc coi la dan dau.
Trong thdi gian qua chung ta cd nhffng tie'n bd Uen tuc ve d i m bao chat Iffdng hat gidng lua cho san xua't, the hien bang ty le hat gid'ng chi't Iffdng cao ngiy mdt tang. Cho nen, can thie't gpi dung pham cap hat gid'ng da cd tieu chuan Viet Nam, khdng n e n
"nang cap" khi chffa dat du tieu chuan. Hing thap ky qua cd "sff venh" trong cdng bd' sd lieu ve
(Xem tie'p trang 10)
C
dng nghe cao (high tech) dffdc hieu la cdng nghe cd ham Iffdng cao ve nghien cffu khoa hpc va phit trien cdng nghe; dffdc tich hdp tff thanh tffu khoa hpc va cdng nghe (KH&CN) hien dai; tao ra sin pham cd chat Iffdng, tinh nang vffdt trdi, gii tri gia tang cao, thin thien vdi mdi trffdng;cd vai tro quan trpng ddi vdi viec hinh thanh nganh sin xuat, dich vu mdi hoac hien dai hda nganh sin xui't, dich vu hien cd (Luit Cdng nghe cao, 2008).
Theo do, viec ffng dung cdng nghe cao (CNC) vio san xuat ndng nghiep chii ye'u d cic ITnh vffe cdng nghe sinh hpc, cdng nghe vat Ueu mdi, cdng nghe tin hpc va cdng nghe tff dpng.
Viec ffng dung CNC da gdp phan quan trpng de phit trien nen ndng nghiep hien dai, tang nhanh dffdc nang suat cay trdng, vat nudi vdi chat Iffdng cao, ddng deu va dn dinh. Hien tai, cd hdn 23 qudc gia tren the gidi canh tic gidng ciy trdng mdi (chuyen gen, bien ddi gen,..^), nhieu nhi't la My, Achentina, Braxin, Canada, An Dp va Trung Qudc vdi dien tich khoang
150 trieu ha. Trung Qud'c da tao ra gid'ng lua cao sin (nang suit 12 ti'n/ha) cd mang gen khing sau benh, cic gid'ng ci chua nang suit 140 tan/ha, rau cai dd ngpt nang sua't 60 tan/ha,...
Hien nay, vung Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long (DBSCL) sin xua't hdn 1/2 Iffdng lua (chie'm tren 90%
sin Iffdng gao xui't khau hang nam), cung cap khoang
lEIVI NANG
LTNO D U N O
CONCS N<3HE CAO
VAO SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP d DONG BANG SONG cCfU LONG
Wit
• Pham Danh TUdng
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TRONG RAU TRONG NHA LUdl
B
2/3 Iffdng trii ciy, 1/3 Iffdng thuy sin dinh bat v i 2/3 Iffdng thuy sin nudi trdng cua ca nffdc. Day khdng nhffng l i viing trpng diem sin xuat Iffdng thffc, thffc pham cua ca nffdc ma cdn gdp phan quan trpng dam bao an ninh Iffdng thffc qud'c gia. Do ddng gdp gan Ifl trong GDP nen nganh ndng nghiep hoin toan cd the chi phdi nen kinh te cua toin viing. Ndi cich khic, neu nganh ndng nghiep cua viing chuyen bien theo hffdng tich cffc thi bd mat kinh te - xa hpi d diy cung se trd nen sing sua hdn. Cng dung CNC vao sin xuat ndng nghiep d DBSCL la hffdng di dung va can thiet, tuy nhien can cd nhffng bffdc tie'p can phii hdp.
Danh gia tiem nang u'ng dung CNC vao san xua't nong nghiep of DBSCL
a) Thudn lgi
Vung DBSCL cd vi tri dia ly, dieu kien tff nhien v i kinh te xa hpi ra't thuan ldi de ffng dung CNC vao sin xui't ndng nghiep.
DBSCL cd phia Ddng Bac giip vung Ddng Nam bp (tdc dp phit trien kinh te cao nhat ca nffdc), phia l a y Bac giip Campuchia (thi trffdng tieu thu ndng sin day trien vpng), phia Tay Nam va Ddng Nam giip bien (giao thffdng hing hai rat thuin ldi) l i dieu kien rat tdt de cd the vffdn ra cic thi trffdng tieu thu rpng ldn.
Vdi gan 4 trieu ha dat canh t i c bang phang (trong dd phan ldn la da't phu sa dffdc sdng Cihi Long bdi dap hang nam), mang Iffdi sdng ngdi day dac, khi hau dn hda,... ndi day thich hdp cho san xuat ndng nghiep dac biet la trdng trpt va thuy sin.
Ndng d i n trong vffng da hinh thinh tap quin sin xui't ndng nghiep trong nhieu nam. Hien tai, phan ldn ndng dan d diy la nhffng ngffdi nhay ben, chiu khd hpc hoi, i p dung ky thuat mdi vao s i n xuat, tiinh dp canh t i c tffdng ddi cao hdn so vdi mat bang chung cua ca nffdc.
C i c vien, trffdng, ddn vi boat ddng trong Hnh vffe ndng nghiep trong vung da cung cap ngudn nhan Iffc d i m b i o ve cha't Iffdng va so' Iffdng, cffng vdi ha tang ky thuat tffdng dd'i hien dai. Ngudn chat x i m nay san sing tham gia nghien cffu khoa hpc, tff van cho cic nganh ehffc nang trong viec hoach dinh chinh sach va hd trd ky thuat cho ndng dan trong san xuat.
Mang Iffdi doanh nghiep boat ddng trong nganh ndng nghiep phin bd' rpng khap vung. Doanh nhan ra't nhay ben vdi bien ddng ciia thi trffdng, cd nhieu y tffdng mdi trong kinh doanh. Mdt sd doanh nghiep bffdc dau da tao dffdc tieng vang trong v i ngoai nffdc.
Cic nhi ehffc trich ludn coi trpng va dat ldi ich cua ndng dan len hang dau trong chie'n Iffdc phit trien kinh te xa hpi cua minh. Nhd dd, he thdng phip luit va cic chu trffdng cua nhi nffdc ngiy cang dffdc thffc
thi sit vdi thffc te, dffdc ddng dao ngffdi dan iing hd.
b) Khd khdn
Da^t canh t i c rdng va bang phang nhffng do dan sd ddng nen dien tich dat canh t i c tren dau ngffdi nhd, manh mun. Dffng trffdc sff bien ddi khi hau va nffdc bien dang, vung dffdc dff doan se trd thanh mdt trong nhffng ddng bang hi anh hffdng nhieu nhat tren the gidi.
Ldp ndng din cu cd trinh dp hpc van thap, trong khi ldp ndng din mdi cQng chffa cai thien dffdc nhieu.
Dieu nay trffc tiep lam ban che kha nang tiep can cic tien bp KH&CN hien dai cua nha ndng trong sin xuat.
Dpi ngu lam khoa hpc d cic vien trffdng dang ddi mat vdi nguy cd lao hda va mai mdt do chffa dffdc bd sung kip ihdi. Nguyen nhan chinh la ngudn nhan Iffc tre chffa dffdc chu trpng dao tao ve dao dffc nghe nghiep, chffa ren luyen ky nang thffc hinh tdt va ludn hi hap dan ve phia khu vffe tff nhan, dau tff nffdc ngoai.
Khi cd bien dpng cua thi trffdng thi doanh nghiep cd the bd qua ldi ich cua ndng dan de bao ve ldi ich cua minh v i ngffdc lai. Trong thdi gian dai, mau thuan ve ldi ich cua doanh nghiep va ndng dan van tdn tai v i chffa cd dau hieu chuyen bien tich cffc, ma ndng d i n da phan la chiu thiet.
Mat dff cd nhieu cd gang, tuy nhien nha nffdc van chffa hoach dinh mdt cich can cd, cd he thdng, cic giii phip phit trien chffa dam bao dffdc tinh ben vffng. Trong giai quyet tranh chap khi cd sff cd xay ra, quyen ldi cua ndng dan van chffa dffdc dam bao hoac bien phip che tai dd'i vdi doanh nghiep chffa du manh de ran de.
Ben canh dd, mpt sd thupc tinh cua ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC van chffa dffdc giai quyet thoa ding.
Viec i p dung CNC chffa tao ra dffdc cac cdng nghe mdi tien tien phu hdp, ddng bp. Nguyen nhan vi bd tieu chi chffa dffdc xay dffng nhat quin, ddi tffdng i p dung cdn d i n trai, cd sd vat chat cua chffng ta chffa d i p ffng dffdc yeu cau dat ra, chi phi sin xuat cao, thie^u n h i n Iffc CNC trong san xua^t ndng nghiep,... Va, quan trpng nhat la ndng dan van chffa that sff san sang de tie^p thu va trien khai phffdng phip sin xuat hien dai nay.
Da so ndng pham dffdc s i n xuat theo hffdng ffng dung CNC dffdc tieu thu tai c i c sieu thi va chd trung tim, phuc vu cho tang ldp trung liTu trd len d thanh thi. Cdn lai phan ldn ngffdi tieu dffng d ndng thdn van chffa that sff man m i vi nhieu ly do khic nhau, mac du chung da dffdc chffng nhan ban hoi.
c) Ca hpi
Hien tai, chung ta da cd nhffng can cff phip 1^ rat cu the de nhanh chdng dffa s i n xuat ndng nghiep
8
ffng dung CNC di vio thffc tien. Dieu nay dffdc the hien thdng qua mdt loat cic van bin: Luat KH&CN (09/6/2000); Chi thi 50 -CT/TW cua Ban Bi thff Tmng ffdng Ding (04/3/2005); Nghi quyet Hdi nghi lan thff 7 Ban chap hinh Trung ffdng khda X (09 -17/7/2008);
va gan diy nha't l i Luat Cdng nghe cao (cd hieu Iffc ngiy 01/7/2009).
Nham hd trd v i tao dieu kien cho viec phit trien, ffng dung Cdng nghe sinh hpc (CNSH) v i dffa CNC vio sin xui't ndng nghiep, Thii tffdng Chinh phu da phe duyet "Chffdng tiinh trpng diem phit trien va ffng dung CNSH tiong linh vffe ndng nghiep va phat tiien ndng thdn den nam 2020" va de i n tdng the
"Phit trien ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC tff nay den nam 2020". Theo do, Nha nffdc se ffu dai, hd trd phit trien nghien cffu CNC tiong ndng nghiep vdi mffc cao nhat nhff vdn, thue sff dung dat, phi nhap khau mpt sd CNC, m i y mdc, thiet bi CNC trong ndng nghiep de thffc hien mpt sd dff i n nghien cffu ffng dung. Day dffdc xem la ngudn dpng Iffc manh de cac td ehffc, doanh nghiep, c i nhan phit trien ndng nghiep CNC mdt cich phd bien trong thdi gian tdi.
Khi dffdc trien khai, md hinh ffng dung CNC vao sin xuat ndng nghiep se tao ra mdi trffdng thich hdp cho nhffng sing tao KH&CN, dao tao nhan Iffc (dac biet la ldp cdng nhin ky thuat ndng nghiep), thuan tien cho sff chuyen hda tri thffc thanh sffc san xuat, ffu the thi trffdng va dem lai ldi ich tich cffc cho nganh san xuat ndng nghiep.
im
NHAN HIEU RAU DA LAT
d) Thdch thdc
Thffc te cho tha'y, neu khdng ffng dung CNC thi ndng nghiep nffdc ta khd de phit trien vi cd sin phi'm du sffc canh tranh tren tiii trffdng tiie gidi. Gan diy, viec ffng dung CNC trong sin xui't ndng nghiep d nffdc ta da va dang hien khai tai mdt sd doanh nghiep, dia phffdng nhff Ha Ndi, Lim Dong, Thffa Thien Hue, TP Hd Chi Mmh,... bffdc dau mang lai hieu qua.
Mdt sd cdng nghe tien tien da dffdc phit trien de phuc vu tdt cho sin xuat nhff cdng ngbe san xua't rau an toan theo tieu chuan VietGAP, Global GAP cho doanh thu rat cao (dt ngpt dat 1 ty ddng/ha/vu, rau gia vi dat 120 - 150 trieu ddng/ha/vu,...). Tuy nhien, viec ffng dung CNC vao sin xua't ndng nghiep d nffdc la cdn ra't ban che' ve quy md vi chffa du sffc de dip ffng nhu cau trong nffdc chff chffa ndi den xuat khau.
Hien nay, mdt loat cic van de mang tinh toan cau nhff bie'n ddi khi hau, thien tai dich benh, d nhiem mdi trffdng, quan he cung - cau trong kinh te hpi nhap,... da dat nganh ndng nghiep nffdc nha dffng trffdc nhffng thach thffc mdi, va DBSCL cung khdng nam ngoii bdi cinh dd. Dien tich da't canh tic ddi mat vdi nguy cd bi thu hep, nhiem man, tii nguyen Iffc nffdc ngay mdt can kiet, d nhiem mdi trffdng ngay cang tram tipng do he luy tff sin xua't ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep hda, thi trffdng trong va ngoai nffdc canh tranh khde Uet, khu vffe cd vd'n dau tff nffdc ngoai ngay mpt chiem ti trpng nang trong nen kinh te,... Tat ca nhffng rao can nay bupc chiing ta phii nhanh chdng de ra cic giai phip tdng the de thich ffng vdi mdi trffdng mdi sdm nhit cd the.
De xua't hffdng tie'p can
De CNC thffc sff la ddn bay cho phit trien ndng nghiep thdi gian tdi, dng Nguyen Ta^n Hinh (Bp NN&PTNT) de nghi can phai xay dffng quy hoach tdng the khu ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC va vffng s i n xui't nong nghiep ffng dung CNC, day manh nghien cffu tao mdi CNC trong ndng nghiep phiJ hdp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam. Trong do, viec dao tao ngudn nhin Iffc CNC nham dip ffng dii nhu cau cua cac td ehffc KH&CN, cic doanh nghiep va khu ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC bet sffc quan trpng.
Theo Bp trffdng Cao Dffc Phit, Chinh phu chi dao tiep tuc thffc hien "Chffdng trinh trpng diem phat trien va ffng dung CNSH trong linh vffe ndng nghiep va phit trien ndng thdn den nam 2020" va de i n tdng the "Phit trien ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC tff nay de'n nam 2020" la bet sffc can thie't, nhffng phai cd bffdc di va each lam phu hdp. De cac thanh tffu nghien cffu sdm ffng dung thanh cdng vao ddng rudng, Bp NN&PTNT khuyen khich sff tham gia cua cic td ehffc, ca nhin thupc mpi thinh phan kinh te, dia phffdng tham gia vio chffdng tnnh; phdi hdp vdi cic ddn vi quan ly tff Trung ffdng de'n dia phffdng va doanh nghiep td ehffc kiem tra, giim sat, dinh gii cac ke't qua nghien cffu va ffng dung vao sin xuat,...
O cap dp dia phffdng, cac nha quan 1^ phai thffc hien td't khau quy hoacb va quan ly quy hoach vffng sin xui't ndng nghiep ffng dung CNC de khing dinh
B
sff lu'a chpn cua minh trong cd ca'u phit trien kinh te ndi chung. Dau tff cd trpng tim, trpng diem ve vd'n, hd trd phip ly, cd cbinh sich khuyen khich diing thinh phan tham gia, dd'i tffdng i p dung va sit thffc te tren dia bin. Khdng dffdc chay theo phong trio, nang ve binb thffc, chay dua thinh tich giy Iang phi.
Nha nffdc phai bao ve quyen ldi chinh ding cho ndng din khi cd tranh chip vdi doanh nghiep, ddng thdi phii cd bien phip che tii manh dii sffc ran de dd'i vdi hinh vi vi pham phip luit. C i c nhi ehffc trich can chu trpng hdn nffa trong viec dau tff phit trien ngudn
7 " V . \ 'f
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CONG TY EN VANG SAN XUAT DUA LEO GIONG TAI KHU NONG NGHIEP CNC TP. HO CHI MINH
nhan lu'c boat ddng trong linh vffe ndng nghiep, cin dd'i ty le giffa "thay" v i "thd", dac biet li ldp cdng nhin ndng nghiep vi ndng d i n mdi.
Ciing vdi nhi nffdc, doanh nghiep KH&CN v i / hoac doanh nghiep thffdng mai bffdc dau can phii dau tff vd'n va ha tang ky thuat de tiep nhin nhffng cdng nghe mdi cung nhff xiy dffng cac md hinh trinh dien ffng dung CNC vao sin xui't ndng nghiep, ddng thdi xiy dffng thffdng hieu cho minh. Sau dd la chuyen
giao, hd trd va hdp t i c vdi ndng d i n (hdp t i c x i , td lien ke't s i n xui't,...) de sin xui't dai tra. Khi da cd vung nguyen lieu vdi s i n Iffdng ldn va chit Iffdng cao ddng deu thi thffdng hieu ciia doanh nghiep cung tffng bffdc dffdc gia cd' v i phit trien. Dieu n i y cd the thffc hien dffdc khi ldi ich ciia doanh nghiep v i ndng dan dffdc chia se cdng bang dffdi sff giam s i t cua nhi ehffc trich hoac trong mdt chffng mffc n i o dd, trinh dp nhin thffc ciia doanh nhin v i ndng d i n li tffdng xffng vdi nhau.
Thffc te cho thi'y, n h i ndng la dd'i tffdng de bi tdn thffdng nhi't trong md'i lien ke't "4 nha". Ndng din (dac biet li ldp ndng din mdi) can tranh thii c i c chffdng trinh trpng diem ciia nhi nffdc de tff ning cao trinh dp hpc vi'n v i chuyen mdn de tie'p can vdi tien bd KH&CN trong sin xui't; tff giic thao bd ldp vd cd chip, dd ky cd hffu de lien ke't, hdp t i c vdi nhau v i vdi ddi t i c chat che hdn. Ngoii ra, ndng din cdn phii hpc t i p cich thffc lim i n mdi vi chuyen nghiep de cd cd hdi md rdng quy md sin xui't, tff trang bi kien thffc ve phip luit de b i o ve minh trong tranh chip quyen ldi vdi doanh nghiep.
Gdp sffc vdi N h i nffdc, c i c vien, trffdng, trung tim can bie't tff l i m mdi trong phffdng phap giing day de d i o tao va cung cap ngudn nhin lu'c cd dao dffc nghe nghiep, trinh dp td ehffc nghien cffu v i trien khai thffc nghiem td't de l i m hat nhin cho c i c cac de tai, dff i n , chffdng trinh v i md hinh ffng dung CNC vao sin xui't ndng nghiep d dia phffdng. Ben canh dd, c i c vien, trffdng, trung tam (nhi khoa hpc) cd the lien ke^t vdi doanh nghiep va td ehffc chinh tri - xa hdi hay hdi nghe nghiep de md ldp day nghe, tap huin ky thuat ngan v i dai ban cho cdng nhin vi ndng d i n trong sin xui't ndng nghiep./.
LOAI GIONG... (Tieptheo pham chat hat gid'ng lua. Nhieu ndi cdng bd' ty le dat gid'ng x i c nhin trong sin xui't tdi 20%, 30%, c i 40% tdng sd' hat gid'ng da dung trong sin xui't dai t r i . Nhieu cd quan ehffc nang va chuyen gia cho bie't gid'ng x i c nhan diing tieu chuan dffdc dung trong s i n xui't mdi dat khoing tren 10%. Se de dang bdn viec de xuit va thffc bien cac giai phip tang chit Iffdng hat gid'ng liia, neu chung ta dinh gia dung dffdc tbffc trang.
trang 7)
Cd nhieu bien phip ky thuat de giff gin va tang cffdng "Sffc khde hat gid'ng" m i c i c nhi khoa hpc va cd quan chuyen mdn da khuye^n cao, vi: "Td't gid'ng, Td't m i , Td't ma, Td't lua". Tuy nhien, khi "chi'm" gid'ng liia n i o de sin xui't thi lai can nhd: gid'ng lua n i o nhiem benh, khing ray n i u ye'u kem, thi dil hat gid'ng, ciy ma, ciy lua cd khde den diu thi vin nhidm ray, nhiem benh neu cd ngudn sau benh tren ddng rudng./.
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