TAP CHi GONG THirifNG
LY THUYET PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHIEP TAI CAC VUNG LANH THO VA NHCTNG
NOI DUNG CAN VAN DUNG TRONG PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHIEP 6 CAC VUNG KINH TE TRONG DIEM
CUA VIET NAM
• NGUVlNHUfUTlEP
TOM TAT:
Phat trien cdng nghiep tai mot vung lanh thd' la mdt trong nhu'ng noi dung quan trong khdng chi rieng dd'i vdi si/ phat trien cua vung lanh thd dd, ma con dd'i vdi toan bo nen kinh te qud'c dan.
Phat trien cdng nghiep dia phffdng mot mat lam gia tang gia tri cua dia phffdng do, mat khac la tim each phat huy cac mat manh, tim kiem va tao ra nhffng the manh mdi, gdp phin giai quye't viSc ISm, giam ngheo va giai quye't van de xa hoi, tao ra cac gid tri gia tang tr6n phffdng dien kinh te - xa hoi, van hoa, cds6 ha tang, lai chinh, mdi trffdng, con ngifdi,,., Bai vi6't nghiSn cffu cac ly thuye't va m6 hinh thanh cdng, iit dd nit ra cac hat nhan hdp ly ap dung cho vi6c phat trien cong nghiep trfin dia ban cac vung kinh te trong diem trong tien trinh phat trien kinh ti thi trffdng cua Viet Nam la viec lam cd y nghTa thiTc tiin to Idn hien nay.
Tff khda: Phat trien cdng nghiep, vung lanh thd', vung kinh te' trpng diem.
1. Cac ly thuyS^t phat trien cdng nghiep tai cac viing lanh tho
Tren the' gidi, da cd nhieu ly thuye't khac nhau ve phat trien cdng nghiep tren cac vung lanh tho trong diem va nhieu nUdc da thu difdc thanh cong tif viec ap dung cac ly thuye't nay.
Trong ly thuye't dmh vi cdng nghiep (1909), nhii kinh te hoc A. Weber da de cap nhffng ffu diem va han che' cua viec tap trung cac doanh nghiep tai mot dia diem (md hinh cac khu cdng nghiep) ma trong ngdn ngff kinh le hoc hien dai chiing dffdc goi la cac "Idi ich ngoai iJug" va "chi
phi ngoai ffng" (hay phi kinh te ngoai iJng) cua vung lanh thd trong pham vi quye't dinh dau tiT.
Cac Idi ich ngoai dng xua't hi6n khi cac doanh nghiep cd the chia se ganh nang sff dung chung he tho'ng ke't ca'u ha tang va cd the hd trd ISn nhau trong boat ddng, thirc hien chuyen mon hda, hdp tac hda, lam tang nang sua't lao dpng, ha gia thanh san pham, sff dung tie't kiem cac nguon nguyen nhien lieu, nang Iffdng. Phi kinh te ngoai ffng xua't hien khi cd sff qua tai cua lanh thd va sff canh tranh, chen ep Ian nhau dan de'n han che'sff phat trien cua mdi doanh nghiep.
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KINHTE
Ly thuye't dinh vi cdng nghiep dffdc van dung trong viec Iffa chpn cac lanh thd trpng diem cho phat tnen: nhd cac Idi ich ngoai ffng ma nhffng vung hpi tu dffdc nhilu ye'u td' thuan Idi cho sir phat tnen se trd nen hap dan ddi vdi cac hoat dpng kinh te', dac biet la cdng nghiep; mat khac sif tap trung phat trien cua cdng nghiep lai dan tdi tang cu'dng tiem Iffc kinh te' cho nhffng v&ng nay.
Ly thuye't vi tri trung tam (1933) cua 2 nha bac hoc ngu'di DiJc la W. Christaller va A. Losch la sU kham pha quy luat phan bd' khdng gian, nghien ciJu cac he tho'ng khdng gian cd sd de xac dinh cac niit trpng diem Viec phan chia cac dia diem khong gian cua cac nha san xua't cd quy md thi trffdng khac nhau se tao nen mot trat tif thff bac cua cac vi tri trung tam, Cac trung tam do thi cang Idn se cang cd nhieu loai san pham difdc san xua't va tieu thu, cang cd chffc nang da dang, phong phu va phifc tap hdn so vdi cac trung tam dd thi nho. Theo quan niem cua Christaller, cac thanh pho' la c\ic hiit, la hat nhan cua sff phat triln, la do'i tu'dng de dau tucd trpng diem tren cd sd nghien cffu mffc do thu hiit va mifc do anh hirdng cua cac vi tri trung tam,
N. N. Kdldxopski, nha khoa hoc Nga, trong nhu'ng nam 1950 da dUa ra ly thuye't ve phat tnen tdng hdp san xua't lanh Iho (vie't tat la TPK).
Koloxopski va cac dong nghiep cua dng da de xua't nhieu v3'n de ly luan vdi nhieu khai niem, dinh nghia cd ban cho nghien ciiu to chffc san xua't lanh thd cung nhif nhu'ng giai phap thffc tien ve td chffc san xua't cho cac vung lanh thd giau tai nguyen, trong do co to hdp ndng - cdng nghiep nhu' nhffng te bao hat nhan. Ly thuye't ciia Koloxopski da du'dc phat trien va ffng dung nhieu trong ciic nghien cifu phan bd life lu'dng san xua't noi chung va phan bo' cdng nghiep noi rieng tren toan lanh thd Lien X6 va da dffdc van dung vao Viet Nam, dac biet la trong thdi ky xay du'ng tdng sd do phan bd' life Iffdng san xua't Ian thff nha't.
Vao nam 1950, ly thuye't cifc tang tru'dng du'dc nha kinh te hpc ngifdi Phap Francois Perrous de xffdng va tie'p tuc difpc nghien cu'u bd sung, phat trien bdi Albert Hirshman, Myrdal, Friedman va Harry Richardson, Ly thuye't nay chii trong vao nhifng lanh thd lam phat sinh su" tang trifdng kinh te. Theo ly thuye't nay, sff phat trien kinh te cua mot lanh thd khdng phai la tien hanh mot each can
dd'i, ddng deu theo mot tdc do nhif nhau tren tat ca cac vLing. Trong moi thdi ky khac nhau, cd viing cd mffc tang trifdng cao hdn nhd vao sif phat trien cua cac nganh chu dao, miJi nhon vdi nang life doi mdi va kha nang mang lai Idi nhuan cao. Cac nganh mui nhpn nay thifdng tap trung tai mdt so' thanh phd' Idn va difdc ifu tien phat trien, trd thanh "cifc tang trffdng". Cffc tang tru'dng ihudng lai la cac trung tam san xua't, trung tam thffdng mai, trung tam tai chinh, trung tam thdng tin, trung tam giao thdng hay cac trung tam dich vu quan trpng co tinh chat quyet dinh dd'i vdi lanh thd. Tap trung hda ve lanh thd dat tdi mot mifc nha't dinh va sau do hieu ffng Ian tda se lam cho cac cd hpi phat trien mdi bat dau xua't hien d nhieu dia phffdng khac, Ke't qua la sif phat tridn cua mdt cffc nhff la mot lanh thd trpng diem seed tac dung nhif nhifng "dau tau"
loi keo theo sif phat trien cua cac vCing lanh thd khac, tao dieu kien cho nen kinh te ca nffdc phat trien nhanh va manh hdn.
Tac ddng cua cu'c dffdc xac dinh bdi ca hieu ifng thu hut hay hieu iJng phan cffc va bieu ffng Ian tda.
Hieu iJng phan cffc (hay tap trung hda) Ik nhifng t&c ddng tieu cue cua tang trffdng tai diem cffc tdi cac viing trong pham vi anh hu'dng cua no, the hien d sff gia tang khoang each chSnh ISch GDP binh quan dau ngffdi giffa cac viing va nhffng anh hffdng xa'u tdi SLf tang tnfdng, phat tnen cac vUng xung quanh do sff thu hut cac ngudn life vao viing cifc, Hieu ffng Ian tda dffdc de cap nhif la nhffng tac ddng tich cifc cua sif tang tru'dng tai diem cffc tdi tang trffdng kinh te, thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi va cd ca'u kmh te cua cac vung lanh thd xung quanh no.
Ly thuye't cffc tang trffdng nhan manh: "Idi the cua phat trien khdng can dd'i" theo lanh tho. Cung vdi quan diem phat trien phi can do'i theo lanh tho, ly thuye't cffc tang trifdng dUdc coi la ly thuye't phuc vu triYc tie'p cho viec lifa chon cac lanh thd trpng diem va da difdc ap dung rdng rai d cac nu'dc chau A, nha't la cac qud'c gia ASEAN.
Ly thuye't dia ly kmh te' mdi difdc khdi xifdng bdi P Krugman qua md hinh Trung tam - ngoai vi dffdc dng xay du'ng va phat trien nam 1991. P.
Krugman cho rang, d hau bet cac nffdc, hdn mot nu'a dan sd sd'ng trong cac thanh phd, nhiJng vung vdi mffc dp do thi hoa Idn (trung tam), phan cdn lai vln chij ye'u sd'ng tai cac khu vifc ngoai vi, Md
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U P GHi CONG IHIfdNe
hinh cua p. Krugman da cd'gSngly giai hien tu'dng nay, P. Krugman gia dinh nen san xua't cd 2 khu vifc ndng nghiep va che tao, 2 loai lao dong la ndng dan va cdng nhan. Linh vifc che tao san xua't lien tuc nhieu loai san pham di biet hda theo chieu ngang; mdi loai dffdc san xua't bdi mdt cdng ty riengbiet vdi tinh kinh te'nhd quy md, sff dung lao ddng la d^u vao duy nhS't. LTnh vifc ndng nghiep san xua't mot hang hda ddng nha't dffdi cd che thu nhap deu, su' dung ndng dan la dau vao duy nha't.
Cdng nhan tff do dich chuyen giffa cac khu vffc trong khi ndng dSn d yen tai chd. Cud'i cdng, hang hda ndng nghiep difdc giao thifdng khdng co chi phi giffa 2 khu vffc, trong khi giao thffdng lien khu vu'c ve hang hda cdng nghiSp phai chiu chi phi van chuyen. P. Krugman chi ra rang, nhieu hoat dpng kinh te difdc tap trung theo dja ly mot each ro ret.
Tuy nhien, con ngffdi khdng phai ciing sd'ng trong cilng mot thanh pho' Idn, nen kmh te the gidi ciing khdng tap trung san xua't tffng loai hang hoa d mdt dia diem duy nha't. Theo P. Krugman, luon cd mdt trd keo co giffa nhffng life cd xu hffdng thuc Aiy tap trung dia ly va nhu'ng life khac cd xu hu'dng ddi nghich vdi dieu dd - tiJc la giffa nhffng life ly tam va hifdng tam.
Nam 1990, trong tac phS'm "Idi the canh tranh qudc gia ", M. Porter van dung nhffng cd sd ly luan canh tranh trong mdi qud'c gia cua minh vao ITnh VLfc canh tranh qud'c ti va difa ra ly thuye't ndi tie'ng la md hinh vien kim cffdng. Cac ye'u to'quye't dinh cua md hinh la dieu kien ve cac ye'u to san xua't, dieu kien ve clu, cac nganh hd trd va bd'i canh canh tranh, chien Iffdc va cd ca'u doanh nghiep. Ngoai ra, cdn cd 2 bie'n so'bo sung la vai trd ciia Nha nifdc va yeu to' thdi cd. S\i thanh cong cua cac qudc gia d nganh kinh doanh nao do phu thupc vao 3 ye'u td' cd ban: Idi the canh tranh qudc gia, nang sua't lao dong ben vffng va s\i lien ke't hdp tac cd hieu qua dffdc the hien d mdi trffdng phat tnen dia phu'dng. Phat trien cdng nghiep tai mot viing lanh thd gdp phan quan trpng vao kie'n tao nang Iffc canh tranh cua viing tr6n cd sd dap ffng cac yeu c^u, gia tang cac yeu td' canh tranh theo quan diem cua M, Porter,
Trong md hinh kim cffdng cua Porter, 4 yeu td quye't dinh kha nang canh tranh cdng nghiep dUdc ket hdp sang tao de gia tang sffc canh tranh cd cong nghiep, bao gom: cac dieu kien nha may; nhu
cau trong nu'dc, cac nganh cong nghiep hd trd va cdng nghiep lien quan; chien lufdc cdng nghiep, cd ca'u va kha nang canh tranh. Doanh nghiep cong nghiep se cd xu hifdng canh tranh bang viec tang nang sua't, thuc day cai ti6'n cdng nghe thdng qua hieu ffng Ian toa ve tri thifc hay thong tin.
Thu'c te trong thffc thi phat trien cdng nghiep tai cac viang lanh tho, mdt sd' qud'c gia da ffng dung thanh cdng cac ly thuye't tren va da dem lai nhffng thanh cdng cho viing va ca cac qud'c gia do, nhff:
Vung Emillie - Romagne (Italia) la viing cd ngudn life da dang va chu yeu du'dc dac trifng bdi sff can bang giila cac khu vffc cong nghiep, ndng nghiep va dich vu. Sffc manh cua viing nam trong su' da dang. Da dang la dac tnfng ma ngffdi ta tim tha'y trong ITnh vifc trdng trot, san xua't, nha't la mot nen nong nghiep dac trffng bdi sff cd mat cua nhffng cum cdng nghifip thifc thu. He qua cua hien tifdng nay la mdt khd'i Iffdng Idn ngudn lu'c da dang dffdc san sang su" dung va lam tang manh kha nang thich nghi, do linh hoat, cho phep thifc hien nhffng dif an ma cd sd cua no la tinh tif chu, stf nang ddng va ke't qua cu the.
Sff xua't hien cua cac doanh nghiep tam trung, doanh nghiep muo'n khang dinh kha nang canh tranh cua minh la chia khda cho phep ly giai dieu lam cho viing Emillie - Romagne trd thanh hien tifdng neng biet trong the' gidi doanh nghiep.
Md hinh phat trien doanh nghiep ma viing Emillie - Romagne da theo duoi khong chi thuan tiiy dffa vao mot he thd'ng cac doanh nghiep nhd va vita. "Mat khac, dd cdn la sff thd'ng nhS't giffa chinh phu tien bd, lien ke't xa hoi va thanh cdng doanh nghiep". Dac biet, sang tao - y6'u to' da quyet dinh sU thanh cdng cija viing, nam trong sff thd'ng nha't nay, Noi mot each cu the, cac yeu td' nen tang cua md hinh Emillie - Romagne la: td chu'c san xua't du'dc phan cdng lao ddng ra't cao va hdp tac hen ke't cao xac dinh theo khu vffc;
ke't hdp can dd'i giffa nong nghiep, cdng nghiep va san xua't che'bie'n; cd cau cong nghiep cd xu hifdng xua't khau manh; mot tinh than doanh nhan nang dong va chia se; khdng cd trung tam do thi Idn, ngifdc lai, cd hang loat khu dd thi rai rac trong vung; sU dn dinh cua cac quan he cdng nghiep da lam giam thieu tac ddng cua nhffng sif xung khac va cang thang trong qua trinh hien dai hda; sif cd mat cua cac cd quan chinh quyen dia
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KINH TE
phffdng hieu qua va nang dpng, hd trd phat trien kinh te' va chat lu'dng ddi so'ng cung nhit sang kie'n cua cac dia phffdng trong pho'i hdp thffc hien chinh sach cdng nghiep viing.
Dd'i vdi thanh pho' cong nghiep Worcester, Masachusett (My): Cach day khoang ba thap nien, thanh pho cd xu hffdng giam cac nganh cong nghiep che tao nhff mai, due va cac dungcu cd khi, Vao nam 1982, lo lang ve mat viec lam, mdt nhdm cac nha boat dong cdng ddng da de cao chie'n lifdc cd ca'u tai cac nganh kinh te, Nhdm nay da dat hy vpng vao nganh Vi sinh. De phat trien, nhiJng ngifdi ling hd ke hoach phai giai quye't 2 v3'n di khac nhau, dd la: siJ lo lang cua nhan dan ve nhu'ng rui ro sffc khde va cua cac chu doanh nghiep ve sif thay ddi cac quye't dinh.
Chinh quyen thanh phd da ban hanh hang loat cac quy djnh trong nifdc lien quan de'n cdng nghe vi sinh. De thu hiit sff dSu tu* cua cac cdng ty cdng nghe sinh hpc, thanh phd' da hinh thanh cac khu cdng nghe vi sinh chuyen nghiep, trang bi phdng thi nghiem, d^u tif cd sd ha tang va dao tao cac nha ky thuat va ky thuat vien cac phdng thi nghiem. Sff chuyen hifdng cua Worcester la ra't thanh cdng. D^'n nay, thanh phd' nay cd 20 cdng ty vi sinh va cd tru sd cua cac cdng ty cdng nghe vi sinh Idn nha't the'gidi
2. van dung trong phat trig'n cdng nghigp d cac viing kinh te trpng diem Viet Nam
Nghien cifu cac ly thuye't va cac mo hinh thu'c tien ve phat trien cong nghiep tai cac vung lanh thd trong diem tren the gidi, chiing toi cho rang, trong viec phat tnen cdng nghiep tai cac vung kinh te trong diem d Viet Nam hien nay can nhan manh cac noi dung sau:
Mot Id, phat trien cdng nghiep cua mdt viing lanh thd khdng the tach rdi vdi phat tnen cdng nghiep cua quo'c gia va the'gidi.
Hai la, phat trien cdng nghiep cua mot dia phifdng, vung lanh thd phai dffa tren Idi the so sanh cua dia phffdng, lanh tho dd so vdi cac dia phffdng va viing lanh thd khac, Trong dd, Idi the ve vi tri dia ly dffdc danh gia cao. Dd'i vdi cac nffdc dang phat trien, viec phat trien cdng nghiep van la chinh sach inj tien trong phat trien kinh te viing, dia phifdng,
Ba Id, phat tnen cong nghiep mot v&ng lanh thd phai dua tren cd sd khai thac difdc ngudn life cua dia phifdng ddng thdi phai thu hiit dffdc ngudn life cua cac vung va dia phu'dng khac (trong va ngoai nifdc), trong dd dac biet chii y tdi ngudn nhan lu'c, vd'n, cong nghe va thi tru'dng.
Bon Id, mdi viing, dia phifdng c^n cd chinh sach phat tridn cdng nghiep phil hdp vdi dac thu ciia minh. Phat trien cdng nghigp ciia dia phffdng, viing lanh thd di sau can tranh trd thanh ndi thu hut
"cdng nghfi rac thai" cua cac do thi hoac khu vffc kinh te' Idn gan dd. Ddng thdi, nganh cdng nghiep cua dia phffdng, viing lanh thd', dac bifet la cac lanh thd trpng diem muon di trffdc va di nhanh hdn so vdi cac viing khac khac, can phai cd nhffng chinh sach dac thu thdng thoang, phil hdp vdi didu kien cua vung, nhat la chinh sach thu hut dau tff.
Ndm Id, phat trifi'n cdng nghiep cua dia phu'dng, viing lanh thd khong chi tap trung thu hiit cac nha dau tutff ben ngoai ma cdn la sukhuyenkhichdau tff, phat trien kinh doanh cua dan cif trong viing.
Sdu Id, phat tnen cdng nghiep cua dia phifdng, viing lanh thd khdng the khdng quan tam tdi giai quye't cac va'n de ve mdi trurdng, cac va'n de xa hoi, dao tao va phat trien ngudn nhan lu'c •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Rycichiro inouse (1997), Mot kieu chinh sdch cong nghiep d Dong A, Nxb Khoa hpc xa Iwi. Hd Npi.
2 Rhys Jenkins (1999). NhSng quan diem ly thuye't ve cdng nghiep hoa, Nxb The gidi, Hd Noi.
3 Man Pangestu (2004), Chinh sdch cong nghiep vd cdc nUdc dang phdt trien. Nxb Chinh iri Qudc gia. Hd Npi.
4 Michael E Porter (2008), Lai the canh tranh, Nxb Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh
5. To Hien Thd (2013), Kinh nghiem phdt tnen cong nghiep theo hudng bin vQng ciia mot sdnudc vd hdm v chinh sdch cho Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Chau Phi vd Trung Ddng so 06 (94).
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TAP CHi CONG THiniNG
6. NguySn Hong LTnh (2007), phdt Irien cdng nghiep che hien nong lam sdn Iren dia hdn cdc iinh vung Bdc Trung bp, Luan dn tien si kinh te, Dgi hpc Kinh te qudc ddn Hd Ndi.
7. Peter Sedlacek (1996). "Chinh sdch kinh te viing", Chinh sdch cacdu vung. kinh nghiem qudc ti'va sU vdn dung vdo Viet Nam. Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hd Noi.
Ngay nhan bai: 3/3/2019
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va suTa chffa: 13/3/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 23/3/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. NGUYfeN H0U TIE?
Trffotng Cao dang Nghe so' 1 - Bp Quoc phong
THEORIES OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERRITORIES AND NECESSARY CONTENTS FOR DEVELOPING INDUSTRIES IN KEY ECONOMIC
REGIONS OF VIETNAM
• Moster, NGUYEN HUU TIEP No, 1 Vocational College - Ministry of Defence ABSTRACT:
Developing mdustries in a territory is one of important contents not only for that territory's economy but also for the entire national economy. Local industry development not only increases the value of that locality but also promotes local strengths, create new strengths, create more jobs, reduce poverty and social issues and create added values in terms of economy - society, culture, infrastructure, finance, environment and people for that locality. This article reviews theones and successful development models, thereby figuring out most necessary factors for industrial development in key economic regions m the context of Vietnam's developing market economy process.
Keywords: Industnal development, temtones, key economic regions.
36 So 5 - T h d n g 4/2019
