JOURNAL OF S C I P : N C E OF HNUE
Natural Sci., 2011, \ ol. 50, No. 3, pp. 1 12-150
Cd sd K H O A H O C DE XAC DINH HE T H O N G NQI D U N G BAN D O MOI T R U d N G DAT CAP TINH
Nguyen Ngoc Anh
Tritdng D(ii fioc Su pfiam Hd Noi E-mail; anhhnue7G«.'gmaiI,c()ni
M d d a u
Thanh lap ban do mdi trfldng dat cua mpt tinh la viec lam can thiet cd y nghia thiet thi.rc trong \iec khai thac. sfl di.mg va bao ve mdi trfldng hieu ciua va ben
\flng. Ban dd moi trudng dlt la mpt trong nhflng cong cu the hien rd vi chit lflpng dia ban sdng. Day la cong cu hflu hieu trong ciuan If. qui hoach va sfl dung ngudn tai nguygn dlt cua mdi dia phudng. Hien nay, hlu hit cac tinh chua tien hanh nghign cflu thinh lap cac liln dd mdi trirdng, dac biet la mdi trfldng dat phuc vu cdng tac quan li. khai thac va bao ve lanh thd. Di thanh lap ban do mdi trudng dat cho mdi dia phUdiig cin nghien cflu ki ve cd sd li luan va cd sd thflc tiin d i xic dinh he thong npi dung ban dd, cac phfldng phap biiu hien, xay dflng qui trinh thanh lap hoan chinh, bgn canh dd cin tim hiiu Id ve dia ban nghign cflu cung nhfl cdng cu thanh lap ban dd cd sir flng dung ciia he thdng tin dia li.
2. Noi d u n g n g h i e n cvtu
2.1. Cac can cu* khoa khpc di xac dinh he thong npi dung ban d6 moi trtfdng dat ckp tinh
2.1.1. Cd sd li luan ve b a n do moi triTdng d§t
Can hieu dupc khai niem ban dd mdi trUdng d l t , y\ tii ciia nd trong he thdng phan loai ban dd. nguyen tic thanh laj), kha nang ma hda cac npi dung cua ngdn ngfl ban dd, cac phfldng phap biiu hien npi dung \-a tdng quit hda npi dung ban dd mdi trudng dia phUiJng.
Ban dd mdi trirdng d l t cap tinh hay cdn gpi la ban dd moi trudng d l t dia phUdng la md hinh thu nhd ciia b i mat lanh thd dia phUdng len mat phlng ban dd thdng qua mdt cd sd toan hpc nhlt dinh, cd sfl lfla chpn khai q u i t hda va sfl dung he thong kf hieu bin dd nhlm biiu hien chit Ifldng mdi trfldng d l t cua dia phfldng.
Ndi dung cua bin dd b i t nguon tfl ndi dung cua thd nhfldng hpc va mdi trudng hpc,
cung nhu cac ygu clu cua cdng tie qui hoach, quan If vl khai thic lanh thd d dia phUdng.
Xac dinh pliudng phap va nguygn tic thanh lap bin dd mdi trudng dlt clp tinh: Hign nay, cd nhieu phUdng phap thinh lap ban do nhu: phUdng phap do ve trflc tiip, bign ve, sfl dung nguon tu lieu Inh hing khdng, sfl dung ngudn tu lieu Inh ve tinh, sfl dung he thdng tin dia If,,.. Mdi phUdng phap cd nhflng flu nhfldc diim rigng, chung sfl dung cic cdng nghg thinh lap khic nhau, ngn cho ra san phim cd chit Ifldng khac nhau. M \-a\-, cin nghign cflu ki cic phfldng phip thanh lap vl cdng nghe xay dflng bin do lam can cfl xac dinh he thdng npi dung ban dd. Bgn canh do cin chu .V tdi cac nguyen tic thanh lap bin dd mdi trudng dlt dia phuPiig nhu:
dam bao tfnh khoa hpc, chfnh xac va phu hdp vdi thflc te; khai quit nhflng net dac trflng cua mdi trudng dlt trgn lanh thd nghign cflu; dam bio nguygn tic ma hda cua ngdn ngfl ban dd, vfla khoa hpc vfla chinh xic, vfla dly du, vfla trflc quan va mang tfnh flng dung cao [3].
Khi nang ma hda cua ngdn ngfl ban do: Ngdn ngfl bin dd cd kha nang ma hda thdng tin khi da dang vl phong phu. Vi \'ay, cin phai nghign cflu ki tflng kf hieu. tflng phfldng phip biiu hien di cd dfldc each thflc thi hien toi uu trgn bin do.
Cac nhdm kf hieu gom: kf hieu dang diim, kf hieu dang dudng, kf hieu dang vung va kf hieu dang chfl. Cic kf higu niy kit hpp vdi cic dac tfnh vi hinh dang, kfch thfldc, man sic. clu true va ddng thii. nhlm lam tang kha nang biiu hien cua ki hieu bin do. Cd the nhan thiy hlu hit cic doi tupng, su vat va hien trupng diu cd thg ma hda dupc blng ngdn ngfl ban do.
Cac phudng phip biiu hien ndi dung ban dd bao gom: phUdng phap kf hieu digm, kl higu dudng tuyin tinh, dudng ding tri, dudng chuyin ddng, chim diim, biiu do dinh vi, vung phan bo, nin chit lupng, nin so lupng, ban dd mat dp (Cartogram), ban dd biiu dd (Cartodiagram). Can cfl vao flu diim cua tflng phudng phap ma ngudi bign tap ban dd cd thi kit hdp cac phUdng phap cho hdp If, nham tao ra ban do cd chat lupng cao nhlt [3, 7].
Tdng quit hda npi dung ban do mdi trudng dlt: can cfl vao muc dfch thanh lap bin do, ti le ban dd, he thdng ndi dung bin dd, khi nang thi hien cua ngdn ngfl ban dd, dac diim lanh thd nghign cflu, diiu kign vi ngudn dfl lieu, diiu kien ve cdng nghe va cdng cu thanh lap, doi tfldng sfl dung ban do, phfldng phap thanh lap,, ma ngfldi thanh lap ban do se cd cich thflc tdng quit hda phu hpp.
2.1.2. Cd sd ll luan v l chuyen de cua b a n d l
* K h a i q u a t v l t h i nhufdng
Chuygn di m l ban dd cin thi hien 11 chit Ifldng mdi trudng dlt, ngn ngudi thanh lap bin dd cin tim hiiu khii nigm chung vi thd nhudng, cic qua trinh phong hda va hinh thinh dlt, thinh phin va cac dac tfnh If hda cua dlt.
Thd nhudng l l mdt thanh phin cua ldp vd dia If, l l ndi tiip xuc, xam nhap
Nguyin Ngpc Anh
va trie ddng (iiia lai cua cac thinh pli'ln tfl nhien, vi the thd nhudng cd thanh phan vat chat, can true phflc tap va da dang nhlt trong ldp vd Trai d l t [5]. Nghien cflu
\v thd nhfldng la cd sd (luan trpng nhlm xac dinh he thong npi dung cua ban dd mdi trirdng dat cap tinh.
Qud trinh phong hda vd hlnh thdnh ddt Qua Irinli pfiong hda:
Phong hda la qua trinh i)lia vd cd hpc vl bien ddi hda hpc cac d l gdc va khoang vat d nhflng ldp tren cung ciia thach qu.ven, xay ra dfldi t i c ddng cua cac nhan to khi ciu.vin nhfl: mfla, gid, dao dpng nhict dp khdng khf trong ngay va theo mua, tac (lon.L!, ciia oxi khf (luyfMi, ciia nfldc mat va nfldc ngam vdi hoat dpng ciia sinh vat
|5|, Ket (lua ciia (jua tiinh i)lioiig hda da da tao ra cac san pham phong hda, trong dd cd cac chat dudi dang hoa tan. Day chfnh la cd ,sd vat chat cho q u i frinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia dat sau nay, Cac hinh thflc phong hda gdm: phong hda If hoc. phong hda hda hoc \a phong hda sinh hoc
Qua ti-inh fiinh thdnh ddi:
Cic nhan to hinh thinh dat: Can nghien cflu ki vi ( ac nhan to hinh thanh dlt lain cd sd di lira chpn cic chi tieu chfnh phan Inh chat Ifldng mdi trudng d l t . Cac nhan td hinh thanh dat gdm: da goc, dia hinh, khf hau. sinh vat, thdi gian va con ngirdi cung tac ddng dong thdi va lign tuc tdi dlt, llm cho chit lUdng mdi trUdng dlt luon bien ddi, anh hUdng tdi mdi trudng song cua dia phUdng.
Cac qua trinh hinh thanh dat: Thfl nhlt la nhdm (pil trinh pha huy va biin doi khoang vat chiim flu thi gdm: qui trinh thinh tao sd ding; qua trinh set hda;
qua trinh feralit. Thfl hai la nhdm (lua trinh biin doi chit hflu cd chiim flu thi gom;
qui trinh hinh thanh mun; q u i trinh hinh thanh than bun,. Thfl ba la nhdm qua trinh do sfl di chuyen \a biin doi vat chit ddng vai trd chu yen gom; q u i trinh giay;
qua trinh man hda; (ina trinh phen hda; qua trinh xdlonet va xdldt; qui trinh rfla troi: qua tiinh pdtdon; qua trinh bdi tii piifi sa [4. oj.
Ve thdnh phdn cua ddt
Tfumh phdn kfiodng vat va fiUu va cua dut:
Khoing vat trong dat la nhflng hpp chit tfl nhien. hoac nguygn to tfl nhign xult hign do ket qua cua cac qua trinh If. hda hoac sinh hpc khac nhau dign ra trong ldp vd Trai dlt. \ e nguon goc cd thi phan ra thanh khoing vat nguygn sinh va khoing vat thfl sinh, cluing da tao ngn nhflng tfnh chit quan trpng cua d l t nhfl:
dhih, deo, kha nang hip thu, trao ddi ion, tfnh trfldng, tfnh co,..
Bdng 1. Sii phdn cdp hgt theo quan diem cua My vd Nga Ten cap hat ( m m )
Cap hat cat Clp hat limon
Clj) hat set
Quan diem cua My 2,0 - 0,06
0,06 - 0,002 - 0,002
Quan d i l m ciia N g a 1,0 0,05 0,05 0,001
^. 0,001
Thinh phin cd gidi cua dat hay cdn gpi l l thinh phin clp hat cua dlt 11 ti le phin tram cua nhflng phin tfl cd gidi cd kfch thfldc khic nhau trong dlt khi doin lap dlt d trang thii bi pha vd.
Can cfl ti lg clp hat cit vat If (clp hat > 0,01 mm), vl set vat If (clp hat <
0,001 mm), de xic dinh tgn gpi d l t theo thinh phin cd gidi.
Chit hflu Cd trong dlt l l nhflng t i n tfch sinh vat (xac thflc vat, ddng vat, vi sinh vat) chfla hoac dang bi phan giii \^. nhflng chit hflu cP da dfldc phan giai tdng hpp (cac chit mun va cic hpp chit khdng phai mun).
Nudc trong ddt:
Nfldc trong d l t cd 4 dang cd bin ll thi rin, the hdi, dang lign kit vl nfldc tfl do. Ngudn cung clp nfldc cho dat chu yiu l l mfla, hdi nfldc ngflng kit tfl khdng khi va nirdc ngim.
Khdng khi trong ddt:
Cac khe hd trong d l t chfla ca nudc va khdng khf do ldp khong khf sit mat dat tham nhap ^•ao ngn cd thanh phin cd ban tUdng tfl khdng khf trong khf quyin.
Khdng khf trong d l t vfla l l nhan to quan trpng trong phong hda, vfla la diiu kien tit yiu cho Sfl ton tai va phit triin cua sinh vat trong dlt, ddng thdi la ngudn dinh dfldng true tiip hoac giin tiip cho thuc vat tdn tai va phat triin.
Nhiet dp trong ddt:
Nhiet dp la nhan td sinh thii quan trpng, gdp phin quyit dinh sfl sinh trfldng cua thflc ^•at, dpng vat va sinh vat trong dlt, do dd da t i c ddng din cudng dp phan giai cac t i n tfch hflu cd vl su tao thanh mun. Nhiet dp dlt cdn tham gia vao qui trinh phong hda d l me va cic khoing vat d dudi ldp phu thd nhudng, do dd tic dpng tdi c l ldp vd phdng hda.
Bdng 2. Phdn loai ddt theo ti le hat cdt vd set cda N.A. Kachinxki
% hat set vat li 0 5 5 - 10 10- 20 2 0 - 30 3 0 - 4 0 40 50 50 65 6 5 - 80
> 80
% hat cat vat li 100 95
9 5 - 9 0 9 0 - 8 0 80 70 70 60 60 50 5 0 - 3 5 3 5 - 2 0
< 20
Ten goi dat theo thanh phan cd gidi
Cit rdi Cit dinh
Cit pha Thit nhe Thit trung binh
Thit nang Set nhe Set trung binh
Set nang Thdnh phdn hda hoc cua ddt
Thu thap mlu d l t vl phan tfch thanh phin mlu dlt;
Nguyin Ngpc Anh
Thu thap mlu d l t l l cdng doan quan trpng, ygu clu ngudi thu m l u phai cd hiiu biet ve cac loai d l t , hiiu rd vi dia bin nghien cflu, giiu kinh nghiem trong linh vi.rc nghign cflu ve tho nhudng. Cic mau d l t dupc thu t h l p dung qui cich tai cic dia diim dac trung cho tflng lo?ii d l t vl dia hinh tflng khu vuc cung nhU cac loai da goc khic nhau,. m i t dp cua cic diim thu man phu hdp vdi muc dich thanh lap, vdi tflng lanh tho nghign cflu v l tflng ti I? cua bin do.
Cac nhin t6 hda hpc chfnh trong dat vl xly dflng chi tieu t h i hien chat Ifldng mdi trfldng:
Cac nhan to hda hpc chfnh vl mflc dp dinh gii chat Ifldng mdi trfldng dlt dupc khii quit trong Blng 3, ngoli ra cdn cd cic nhan td nhu; dung tfch cation trao ddi (CEC); dp no bazd trao ddi (V); lupng hat cat (Cit); lUdng hat set (Set);
hat khoing (Limon) [9]. Ngoli ra, can tim hiiu cic dac tinh cua dat nhu; keo dlt vl khi nang hip thu cua dlt; dung dich dlt; kit clu dlt; ti trpng d l t ; dp xdp; tinh dfnh cua dlt; tfnh deo cua dlt; tfnh trUdng v l co cua d l t d i danh gia mot cich chfnh xic vi chit lupng mdi trudng d l t cua mdi dja phUdng.
* K h a i q u a t v l moi t r i i d n g d a t
Nghign cflu mdi trudng d l t vl sfl d nhiem mdi trfldng d l t l l cd sd de nhan dinh, danh gii chat Ifldng mdi trfldng d l t , tfl dd llm can cfl d i xac dinh he thdng ndi dung bin do mdi trfldng d l t phuc vu cdng t i c thanh lap, cong t i c quan li, khai thic vl bao ve mdi trfldng.
Mdi trudng ddt:
Mdi trudng dat la mdi trudng sinh thii hoan chinh bao gdm vat chit vd sinh sip xip thanh clu true nhlt dinh. Cac thflc vat, dpng vat va \i sinh vat sing trong long dlt, chung cd lign quan mat thiit va chat che vdi nhau. Mdi trfldng d l t dflpc xem nhfl la mdi trfldng thanh phin cua he mdi trfldng bao quanh nd gdm; nfldc, khdng khf, khf hau,.
Thinh phin chu yiu cua mdi trfldng d l t gdm: Thinh phin vd sinh gom cac khoang chit, khdng khf va nfldc cung mpt ti I? nhd chit hflu cd tfl xac dpng, thuc vat cd trong dlt. Chit khoang trong d l t cd dupc tfl sfl phan huy cua da me va sfl di chuygn tfl ndi khac tdi thdng qua ddng cha>', gid va cic hinh thflc di chuyin khac.
Tuy theo kfch thfldc cd hat ngfldi ta chia thanh cat, bui, set, hat keo; Thanh phin hflu sinh gom vi sinh vat, thflc vat vl dpng vat.
Cic qui trinh dac trflng diin ra trong mdi trirdng dat; Q u i trinh feralit (die trflng cho vung nhiet ddi, trgn mdi trfldng hdi chua va chua) - qua trinh rfla trdi va tfch tu Fe^+, Al^+, Fe^"*"; Qua trinh macgalit (dac trflng cho vung cd da me la bazd, sin phim cua q u i trinh giau Ca, Mg phin flng trong mdi trfldng d l t trung tfnh hay kiim); Q u i trinh Feralit-macgalit l l trung gian gifla hai qua trinh trgn trong diiu kien nhigt ddi hoac a nhiet ddi; Qua trinh Alit, xly ra trgn mien nui cao, khf hlu am fldt, d l t giau mun thd.
Mdi trfldng d l t la mdt hg phflc tap, trong dd cic thanh phin sinh vat cd quan hg hflu Cd vdi nhau. Mdi trfldng dlt la thi tfl nhign phan bd trong khdng gian nhlt dinh gdm cd sinh vat, chat vd cd vl chit hflu cd, nd phan hda thanh cic ting khac nhau vi sinh thii, tfnh chit vat If, hda hpc vl dac tfnh sinh vat [8, 9].
Stt 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bdng 3. Cdc chi tieu ddnh gid chdt liidng Chi tieu
Mun trong d l t (OM)
Nitd tdng so (phUdng phip Kjeldahl) (N)
Photpho tdng so (P2O5)
Kali tdng so (K2O)
PHAC/
Nitd thuy phan (phUdng phap Kjeldahl)
Photpho dg tigu (PhUdng phap oniani) (P2O5) Kali dg tigu (Phudng phip Kiecxanop) (K2O)
Miic do d a n h gia Rit ngheo
Ngheo Tning binh Giiu
Ngheo Trung binh Khi giiu Giiu Ngheo Trung binh Giiu
Ngheo Trung binh Giau
Khong chua Chua ft Chua
Chua nhiiu R i t chua Ngheo Trung binh Giau
Ngheo Trung binh Giiu
R i t ngheo Ngheo Trung binh Giau
mdi triidng ddt Gia t r i gidi han
< 1%
1 2%
2 4%
4 8%
< 0,08%
0,08 0,15%
0,15 0,2%
> 0,2%
< 0,06%
0,06 0,1%
> 0,1%
< 0,8%
0,8 2%
> 2 %
> 5,5 5,0 5,5 4,5 5,0 4,0 4,5
< 4,0
< 4 mg/lOOg 4 - 6 mg/lOOg
> 6 mg/lOOg
< 10 mg PaOs/lOOg 10 - 15 mg P2O5/100g
> 15 mg PoOs/lOOg
< 4 mg K.2O/100g 4 8 KaO/lOOg 8 14 KsO/lOOg
> 14 mg K2O/100g 0 nhiim mdi trudng ddt:
Cin n l m dupc cic nguygn nhan gay d nhigm cua tflng dia phflPng. Cd thg do hoat ddng cua con ngudi hoac do thign nhign gay ngn hoac ngupc lai mdi trudng dlt bi d nhiim cd t h i t i c ddng llm d nhiim mdi trudng nudc va khdng khf. Trgn cP
Nguyin Ngpc Anh
sd dd lua chpn cac nhin to chfnh hoac t6ng hdp cic nhan t6 gay d nhiim nham the hien trgn ban do.
2.2. Cd sd thifc t i l n ciia viec xdc dinh he th6ng npi dung ban do m6i tnj'dng diit
2.2.1. X^c dinh chii de, muc dfch th^nh lap va t h i loai ban d l
Chu de cua bin dd la chit lupng mdi trudng d l t clp tinh (hay cdn gpi la ban do mdi trudng dat dia phUdng), thupc t h i loai bin d6 chuygn di. Muc dich thanh l^j) bin dd la phuc vu nghien cflu vl quan If lanh thd, gdp phin thuc dly p h i t triin kinh te xa hdi d dia ])hfl(mg. Day l l can cfl d i hoach dinh qui hoach sfl dung dat, giam sit khai thic tii nguven thien nhign, bio v? mdi trfldng theo dinh hfldng phit triin bin vflng.
Chu di vl muc dfch thinh lap quyet dinh he thong npi dung cua bin do, day la kim chi nam cho toin bO qui trinh thinh lap ban do. Bgn canh dd cin xac dinh rd doi tflpng sfl dung bin dd, cdng nghe thinh lap ban do, dac diim lanh thd, diiu kien ngudn dfl lieu cd dflpc di thanh lip ban dd.
2.2.2. Xac dinh cd sd toan hpc, kich thiidc va ti le ban d l
Can cfl vao qui pham thanh lap bin do, cic qui dinh ciia he qui chiiu \'igt Nam (VN2000) dinh cho xay dflng bin dd chuyen d i d nfldc ta. Can cfl vao muc dich thanh lap bin do, mflc dp tdng quit hda, ygu clu vi mflc dp chi tiit cua ndi dung, dp chinh xac cua bin dd, dac diem cua lanh thd nghien cflu ma t i c gii xay dflng Cd toin hpc cho ban dd mdt cich phu hdp, dam bao tinh khoa hpc. Cd sd toan hpc dfldc xic dinh gdm; phep chiiu (phep chiiu UTM quoc t i mui chieu 6° hoac 3"^, elipsoid WGS-84) [7]; Ifldi chiiu (cd thi t h i hien Ifldi kinh vi tuyin hoac Ifldi kilomet); qui dinh cua he tpa dp \'N2000; ti le bin dd; elc thdng so trie dia phd thdng; bo cue bin do [7].
Cic bin do phuc vu cho muc dfch nghign cflu, quan If lanh thd cua mpt tinh thfldng cd kfch thfldc phu hop vdi khd giiy AQ (841 mm x 1189 mm), hoac cd thi thinh lap trgn khd giiy .^i (594 mm x 841 mm), Ao (420 mm x 594 mm). Trong cic bio clo khoa hpc cic bin dd cd t h i dfldc thanh lap vdi khd giiy A3 (297mm x 420 mm) hole A4 (210 mm x 297 mm) [3].
Dg xic dinh dfldc ti le cua ban d6, ngirdi thanh lap cin nam dflpc muc dfch, ygu can cua viec thinh lap bin dd, xac dinh chfnh xac qui md v l hinh dang cua lanh thd, lfla chpn kich thfldc cua td bin do phu hpp vdi dii tfldng sfl dung ban do. Hinh dang va kfch thfldc cua lanh thd cdn la co sd de lfla chpn phep chieu, thiet ki Ifldi chiiu va bd cue bin do vdi dp chfnh xac cao. Bgn canh dd can xac dinh muc dfch va ddi tflpng sfl dung bin dd, kit hdp vdi diiu kign sfl dung ban d l ma lua chpn kfch thfldc td ban dd cho phu hpp. Nlm dupc cac ygu cau trgn ngudi thanh lap ban dd xic dinh dupc ti le bin do mpt each hdp If, khoa hpc. Day ti lg cua cic ban do clp tinh trgn khd giiy AQ dUdc thiet ki tfl 1:250.000 (Nghe An tinh cd dien tfch ldn
nhlt trgn toan qudc) din 1:55.000 (Blc Ninh tinh cd dien tfch nhd nhlt trgn toan qudc) [1].
2.3. He thong npi dung ban d l moi trtfdng diit cap tinh
Vdi cic viec nghign cflu dly du vi cd sd khoa hpc chung ta cd thi xic dinh dflpc he thong ndi dung ban do mdi trfldng dat tdng hpp cap tinh gom bon nhdm nOi dung sau: cd sd toin hpc, cic yiu td cd sd dia If, cic ndi dung chfnh va cic ndi dung phu.
Cdc npi dung ca sd dia li: Cac yeu t6 cd sd dia If; dia gidi hlnh chfnh cic clp, dia hinh, he thong thuy van, giao thdng va ghi chu dia danh phu hpp vdi thflc t i cua tirng dia phfldng.
Cdc npi dung chinh vd phuang phdp bieu hipn chung: Cic ndi dung chinh dflpc thi hien trgn ban do l l cac chi tigu danh gii chit Iflpng mdi trfldng thinh phin (sfl dung chi tigu thinh phin) hoac tdng hpp (xet din nhiiu chi tigu). Di xay dflng dflpc chi tigu tdng hdp, ngfldi thanh l|p bin do cin nghign cflu ki cic chi tigu thinh phan, lfla chpn elc chi tigu chinh, chu yiu (phu hpp vdi tflng dia phfldng) di thiit ke chi tigu tdng hdp. Cic bin do thfldng lfla chpn phuPng phip nin so lupng vdi chi so tdng hdp cua cic chi so thinh phin [8], cdng cu thi hien 11 nin man, diiu nay lam cho bin dd cd mlu sic dep, khoa hpc v l trflc quan.
Cdc npi dung phu vd cdch thiic the hien: Cic npi dung phu trgn bin do mdi trfldng dlt (thanh phin hoac tdng hpp) la cac yiu to bd sung lam rd hdn cho cac npi dung chfnh. Cac ndi dung phu thfldng la; thanh phin cic loai dlt, qui md, cd clu cua chung, sfl biin ddng trong sfl dung dlt,. Cdng cu thi hien ndi dung phuc cd thi l l t h i hien trgn ban dd blng ki hieu, bieu dd, bang biiu, hinh anh minh hoa kit hdp vdi kfch thudc, mau sic, clu true cua kf hieu,.. llm ngn mdt ban do dupc hoan thien, khoa hpc, dly du, dip flng cho nhu clu sfl dung ban do.
3. K e t l u a n
Nghien cflu cP sd khoa hpc xic dinh he thong ndi dung bin do mdi trfldng dlt cap tinh 11 viec lam cin thiit, quan trpng tao ra bin dd mdi trfldng dia phflPng mpt cdng cu tdt di qui hoach, quin If vl khai thic lanh thd, thuc day phat trign kinh t i xa hdi theo dinh hfldng phit triin bin vflng.
Cic can cfl khoa hpc di xac dinh he thdng npi dung ban dd mdi trfldng dlt cap tinh gom; Thfl nhlt l l cd sd If luln vi bin do hpc vdi nhan dinh sau sic vi bin do mdi trfldng dlt, ngdn ngfl ban dd trong ma hda npi dung, viec t6ng quit hda ndi dung lam ndi bat chat Ifldng mdi trfldng dlt, ngoai ra cin xic dinh muc dich thanh Up, chu di, t h i loai, ti le va kfch thfldc bin dd. Ddng thdi la viec lfla chpn phflPng phap, n^uy^n t i c thanh lap ban dd mdi trfldng dat clp tinh; Thfl hai la cP sd II luln ve thd nhfldng hpc vdi cac qua trinh phong hda, hinh thanh dlt, thanh phin vl cic dac tfnh If hda cua dat t h i hien thdng qua cac mlu dat. Day la nhflng can cfl chinh
Nguyin Ngpc Anh
quyet dinh chat Iflpng mdi trfldng d l t d moi dia phfldng; Thfl ba la khoa hpc mdi trfldng can tap tnmg nghien cflu vi mdi trfldng dat vl sfl d nhiim cua nd, dly la cd .sd (li dinh gia mflc dp thuan lpi de phit trien hay mflc dp d nhiim.
Xac (linh hv t,li6ng nOi dung II cdng doan quan trpng trong qui trinh thanh lap ban do mCn trfldng dat tai cac dia phUdng, gdp phin hflu fch trong qui hoach, quin If, khai thac vl bio vg mdi trudng.
Td khda: Ban dd mdi trudng dlt, he thdng ndi dung, cd sd dia If, cd sd toan hpc, ng(")n ngfl bin db.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
|1] Liru Dflc Hai, 2001. Ca sd klioa fwc mdi trudng. Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia, HI Npi.
[2] Pham Ngpc Ho, llolng Xuan C(J, 2000. Ddnh gid tdc dpng moi ti-udng. Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia. Ha Ndi.
[3] Lg Huynh, Lg Ngpc Nam, 2001. Bdn do chuyen di. Nxb Gilo due. Ha .Ndi.
[4] Lg \'an Khoa k nnk, 2001. Kfioa hgc mdi trudng. Nxb Gilo due, H I Npi.
[5] Lg Van Khoa & nnk, 2000. Ddt vd mdi trudng. Nxb Gilo due, HI .Npi.
[6] Nguygn The Thdn, 2004. Qui hoach mdi trudng phdt triin ben vfing. .Nxb Khoa hpc va Ki t h u | t . Ha Ndi.
[7] K..A. Xalisev. 2005. Bdn dd hoc (sach dich cua Hoang Phfldng Nga, Nhfl Thi Xuan). Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia, Ha Npi.
[8] Andrew Goudie, 2000. The Human Impact on the natural environment. Black- well, fifth edition.
[9] Dick Morris, Joanna Freeland, Steve Hinchliffe and Sandy Smith, 2003. Changing Environments.
[10] P.E. Gessler, I.I. Moore, N.J. McKenzine and P.J. Ryan. 1996. CIS and Envi- ronmental Modeling. Progress and Research Issues, pp. 53-55.
A B S T R A C T
The foundations to determine matter s y s t e m of soil environment provincal map
It is essential to research scientific foundations to define content systems of provincial soil level environmental map for controlling, exploiting, using and pro- tecting the environment. In order to define content system of the map, it is certain we have to research theoretic basics of cartography, soil, environment, researching territorial features, establishing map techniques. Besides that, data collection, sam- ple analysis method, criteria choice which reflect soil environmental quality and the criteria synthesis method are also highly required. From the achieved results, we conduct a design content system of the maps and choose methods which best reflect the content map.
