-'6 9(1061/20} 9
D A N H G I A T I E M N A N G G I A M P H A T T H A I K H f N H A K f N H T C C A C N U ^ ' "
C A N H T A C T H O N G M I N H T H I C H l ? N G V C U B I E N D O I K H f H A l Bid Th( Phuong Loan'. Du*.^";
Ddo Thj Thu King". Cao Huong Giang I'. 1 Mmh- T O M T A T
Nong nghiip thdng minh vdi khi h i u (CSA) dUpc FAO gidi thieu lan dau tien v i o nam 2010. ' '> 'T*"*^ <^'ch tang ndng suit b i n vflng, tang cfldng khd ndng phyc hdi (thich flng), gidm khi nha kinh (KNK). Moi -f md h i n h da dupc chdng mflih hieu q u i kinh l i v e ndng suit cdy trdng vd cd khd nang thich dng vdi bien ddi khi hau Nghiin cflu tilp can eac mo hinh CSA dflpc thiet ke vd trien khai tai rapt sd tinh thupc DU i n cdi tien ndng nglnep tfldi tilu Vi|t Nam VL\1P - WB7 (CS8/TC3/ CPO/2017). Nghiin eflu sfl dung cdng cy can bdng ede bon (Ex-ACT tool) de d i n h gii lupng cdc bon, Kel qud d i n h gia trong khu vUc dfl an gifla m o hinh CSA v i cdc kich bdn canh tdc thdng thfldng eho thay k h i ndng gidm thieu tiem nang cua md hinh canh dong mau Idn eho canh t i c Ida, m d h i n h sdn xuat cay Irong can Irin d i t trdng liia va mo hinh chuyen doi tfl canh t i e lua 2 vy sang canh tac 1 Ida - 1 mau dat m d c lan lUpt Id 4.2 lan CO,e/ha; 4,3 t i n CO,e/ha; 2,67 t i n CO,e/ha. Nhin chung, cdc m d hinh CSA d u p e sfl dung phdn bdn phu hpp. giim thuoe trfl sdu, qudn ly dich hai theo IPM v i dac bill la phfldng phdp tUdi ngdp xen ke theo h d d n g sdn xuit ndng nghiip cd h i | u q u i trong v i | e gidm phat thdi KNK vd thich flng vdi b i l n doi khi hdu.
Tfl khda: CSA. can bdng carbon (EX_ACTToo]|, khi n h i kinh, biln doi khi hdu I.DATVANDE
6 V i | t Nam, sdn xuat cdy lUdng thflc van Id n g a n h quan trpng nhat cua n d n g n g h i i p . Tuy n h i l n , b i l n ddi khi hdu (BDKH) dflpc dfl bao se tdc d p n g Idn den s i n x u i t ndng n g h i i p va dnh hfldng d i n an n i n h Iflong t h p c , sinh k l vd d d i song eda n d n g ddn (Bp Tdi n g u y i n vd Mdi t r u d n g , 2015). De thich flng vdi BDKH, d d m bdo an n i n h Ifldng thflc va phdt t r i e n ndng n g h i i p b i n vflng, ngdnh n d n g n g h i e p Viet N a m da tdp t r u n g dp d u n g va thflc h i l n d o n g t h d i n h i l u ky thudt nhU da d a n g b p gidng cdy t r o n g , b d tri thdi vy gieo trong thich hpp, tang cUdng da d a n g hda eay trong, c h u y l n doi eP cau td t r d n g t h u a n lua sang da d ? n g cdy rau m a u mpt each linh boat, dp d y n g ky thudt qudn ly dich hai long h p p ( I P M ) , q u a n ly cdy trdng tong h p p (ICM), t u d i nfldc t i l t kiem, b d n phdn thich h p p cho tflng loai dat, tfldi k h d Udt xen k l d i g i d m phdt thai khi n h a k m h (KNK) tfl Ida nfldc, Idm dat toi t h i l u , luan canh, xen canh... Tat cd cdc d n g d y n g d d gpi ehung la N d n g nghiep t h d n g m i n h vdi khi hdu, vilt tdt Id CSA. Theo BUR3 (Bd Tdi n g u \ l n va Mdi t r d d n g , 2018), san xuat n d n g n g h i i p c h i l m 2:,92°c. lUpng phdt t h i i KNK q u o c gia. trong d d p h i t thai tfl trdng Ida c h i l m t)-11 cao nhat Id 49.35% 6 d i t nfldc ma Ida gao la lflpng thflc c h i n h n h u \ ' i l t N a m , thay doi p h u o n g p h a p c a n h t i e Id d i l u can t h i l t trong b d i c i n h BDKH va c u n g thich d n g vdi B D K H . Bdi bdo ndy t r i n h bdy mdt p h a n k i t qud c u a Dfl dn C i i t h i | n n d n g nghiep ^o IL'OI d Viet N a m VLMP W B 7 ( C S 8 / T C 3 / C P O / 2 0 r i n g h i i n cflu d d n h gid t i l m ndng giam phat t h i i K \ ? ' \ ' i | n Moi trUdng Ndng nghiip, Vi|n Khoa hpc Nonj; • i;
• Ban qudn ly Dfl i n Cdi tiln ndng nghiep tuoi lieu \ lei '
tfl c i c m d h i n h c a n h tac t h d n g m i n h (CSA) thich flng vdi B D K H t h d n g q u a c d n g c u xac d i n h c a n bdng cac b o n ( E x - A C T tool). K i t q u a t a p t r u n g v i o 3 md h i n h cd t i l m n a n g gidm t h i e u KNK: m d h i n h cdnh d o n g m a u Idn c h o c a n h tac Ida, m d h i n h sdn xuat eay t r o n g can t r l n dat t r o n g Ida, m o h i n h c h u y l n do!
tfl c a n h tac Ida 2 v y s a n g c a n h tac 1 Ida - I mdu.
C a e m d h i n h ndy dd t r i e n khai dp d y n g k y t h u ^ t mdi nhfl cai tien p h f l d n g p h a p c a n h tdc, q u y t r i n h trong n h a m m u c dich tang cfldng n a n g suat va chat Iflpng cdy t r o n g , n a n g eao n h a n t h d c e u a n d n g d a n trong v i l e sd d u n g p h d n b d n h i l u q u a h a y p h d n g t r d sau b e n h dfldc c h d n g m i n h la m a n g \^i h i l u q u a kinh te xa hpi, g d p p h a n n d n g cao t h u n h a p c h o ngfldi n d n g d a n ( N g u y e n Thi M y L i n h va ctv., 2017). D l d d n h gia tiem n a n g g i a m p h a t t h a i K N K tfl cdc md h i n h c a n h tac t h u d c v u n g dfl an, n h d m n g h i i n cflu da sd d u n g c o n g cy cdn b d n g cac b o n ( E x - A C T tool) d e fldc t i n h sfl t h a y d d i Ifldng cac b o n gifla kieh ban c a n h t i e t r u y e n t h o n g va kieh b a n thflc h a n h n d n g n g h i e p t h d n g m i n h CSA d e tu do d a n h gid khd ndng giam p h a t thdi K N K tai cdc m o h i n h c a n h t i e t h o n g m i n h thich d n g vdi B D K H .
n . DOI TUONG VA PHUONG P H A P NGHIEN C 0 U 2.1. D o i t f l d n g n g h i e n cflu
N g h i e n ciJu tap t n i n g d a n h g,a 3 m o h i n h c a n h tac t h o n g m i n h (CSA) thich (ivg v6i B B D K H M a h i n h c a n h d o n g m a u Idn c h o cai,h !dci.'.^/.i, 'i_
ta. tinh Q u a n g N a m , Q u i n g T-. , , H " r L'; ^*!
' m h ) , m o
" n g lu.i fthi^c hnih sail xuat cay trong can tren c
- VIAll' VVB7
TapchiKhoa hocCdng nghe Nong nghiep Vier Nam - S6 9(^06)/20\9
hi|n t^i tinh Thanh Hda), md hinh chuyen doi tfl
canh tic Ida 2 vy sang canh tde I Ida - 1 mdu (thflc hi|n t^ tinh Quang Nam) nam trong Du an Cai thi|n ndng nghi|p ed tudi d Viet Nam VL'MP - V^l (CS8/TC3/CPO/20I7).
2.2. Phfldng phap nghien cdu
2.2.1. Thu thdp da lieuDfl li|u dflpc thu thap chinh tai khu vflc thflc hi|n Dy in: Khu vflc sdn xuat, thflc hdnh canh tdc tiidng thfldng, thflc hdnh md hinh CSA. Dd lieu thd cip dflpc cung cip bdi ede Ban quan ly Dfl an TW vd dja phflpng, hpp tac xa ndng nghiep thflc hiln cdc md hlnh tai cic tinh vd ndng dan trflc tiep tham gia sin xuat. DO li|u nay se dflpc phan tich vd trd thdnh dfl li|u dau vdo cho cdng cy Ex-ACT de tinh toan Iflpng khi thdi.
2.2.2. Cdng cu cdn hdng cdc hon Ex-ACT
Cdng cu Ex-Act id he thong tinh todn dfla trln cd sd dit, fldc tinh thay doi tong Iflpng C (dfldi dang
phat thdi va hap thy C02), hay phdt thai KNK trln ddn vi sd dyng dit dflpc tinh bang tan CO, tflong dfldng trln ha trln nam (FAO, 2012). Lflu y thay doi C khdng chi trong dat, md cdn trong sinh khdi. Cdng eu dfldc xdy dflng trln phan mim flng dyng Excel, eho phep ngfldi sd dyng md td cdc thdng tin \e dia ly khi hdu vd bien ddng sfl dyng dat liln quan din cdc hoat dpng sd dyng dat vi cac thflc hdnh quan ly ndng nghiip.
Md hinh ndy tinh den ca giai do?n thflc hi|n cua Dfl an (giai doan chd ddng cda dfl dn thfldng tflpng dng vdi giai doan dau tfl), va giai doan von hda (giai doan cae hoat dpng dflpc thflc hi|n trong sudt giai doan trien khai). Thdng thfldng, long cda cdc giai doan thflc hiln vi giai doan v6n hoi dflpc xdc djnh la 20 nam, vi eie nhd khoa hpe fldc tinh rdng sau thdi ky nay, dat dat den trang thdi cdn bdng cua nd, do do khdng cd sfl khde bill ve ham Iflpng cac bon cua dat nfla.
thay chi dung cho linh toSn cfln bing C (liSn quan ekfi si> d^ing d^l v^ bi^n (Phdi thdi hay luu giO C)
T h M gian (n§m) to(2016) t,(2019) t2(2035)
Hinh 1. Chinh l|ch phat thai KNK gifla hai kich bdn cd va khdng cd Dfl dn tinh toan bang cong cy Ex-ACT
(Nguon: EAO. 2012).Ddnh gid dy in bdng Ex-ACT tren cd sd so sdnh tic d$ng cda cdc hoat dpng trong k l hoach trien khai dy dn so vdi kich bdn tham chieu trong dieu ki|n thong thfldng. Day Id nguyen ly vd logic cP ban ctia Ex-ACT vdi gidi han cdc bien xac dinh cd Uln quan. Cdc so U|u ylu cau phdi cd 3 thdi diem: Kich bin/tinh tr?ng cd sd (tham chieu); kich ban khi cd dy an; kich bdn khdng cd dfl an (trong dieu kiln binh thfldng).
Vdi s6 U^u cd han cung nhfl quy mo thflc hien nhd, kich ban khdng cd dfl an dflpc xay dflng theo hfldng khdng co thay doi hay ndi cdch khdc la kich bin khdng cd dy an xem nhfl hi|n trang dang dien ra tnlde khi Dfl an bdt diu. Trong tinh toan phat thii cua tflng kich ban dUpc xay dflng, ede ylu to
phdt thdi vd he sd lUu trfl cdc bon se dflpc chuyln ddi sang viec thay doi sfl dyng dat vd cae biln phdp thflc hdnh ndng nghiip cho gidm phdt thdi KNK Cdng cy Ex-ACT dung cac h | so mac dinh (sd dyng Tier 1- IPCC), tuy nhiln trong mpt so trUdng hdp cdc dfl heu quy mo dia phfldng dflpc sfl dyng ey thi hdn thi se sd dyng Tier 2 - IPCC. Phfldng phdp tinh toan eua Ex-ACT vdi tflng hang muc dflpc phdt trien dfla tren phflpng phdp kiem kl phat thai tfl IPCC.
2.3. Thdi gian va dia diem nghiin cdu
Nghiin cflu dflpc thflc hien tfl thing 12/2017
din 12/2018 tai 4 tinh trien khai md hinh thupc
vdng Dfl an (Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Ha Tinh vd
Thanh Hda).
III. KETQUANOHIhN CLOJ V \ THAO LUAN 3.1. Hifu qua giam phat thai KNK khi thflc hiln md hinh Canh dong mau Idn canh tdc lua cai tiln
Trong ky thudt canh tde Ida canh ddng mau Ion theo hfldng CSA dd ed nhilu thay ddi rd rll so vdi phddng thflc canh tac truyen thong dac bi|t %e phflpng thflc tfldi tieu (FAO, 2013). Ddy chuih la yeu to Idn nhat anh hfldng tdi phdt thdi KNK trong canh tdc lua. Md hinh CSA nay dp dung canh tdc theo phUdng thflc tfldi ngap khd xen ke la dfla nfldc va rupng chd rudng can eho tdi Iln tddi nfldc tilp theo. Trong canh tdc ndng nghiip thdng mmh, xd ly phy pham sau thu hoach ludn dflPc chu trpng. Biln phip xfl ly dupe dfla ra li dung che pham sinh hpc de xd ly goc ra vd h ^ chi vi|c dot rdm ra tai rupng.
Kit qud tinh loan td Ex-ACT cho thay sfl chenh lech
phdt thdi KNK gifla cd Dfl in va '*•
vdi khae bi|t d ky thudt canh tdc hi - nghia la phfldng thflc canh tac no- minh cd tilm nang cdt giam phdt KNK ky thuat canh tac ndng nghiip thdn cho dien tich 180 ha trong kich bar cdt gidm 16.048 tan CO,e/ha. Md I
• v c d
lidng , 1 n n h .
ip dyng
)u an gidp^anh ddng mau tai Qudng Tri dp dyng canh t-ic cii nen cung da giam mpt Iflpng phdt thai Id 8.477 tan COjC/ha, Hai dilm thflc hiln dfl in tai Qua Nam cung ghi nhan tiem nang giam phit thai td \iee dp dyng ky thudt canh tac cai tien lan Ifldt Id 3.861 tan CO^ e/ha vd 3.227 tan CO,e/ha. Nhfl vdy khi thflc hiln Drf in tai 3 tinh tren, trong vdng 20 nam tich luy vi|c thay ddi phfldng phap canh tac se gidp cdt giam phat thai mpt Ifldng Id 31.928 tan CO^e/ha, tfldng dng vdi tong dien tich 393,95 ha.
Bdng I. Tilm nang gidm phdt thdi khi ap dyng phfldng thflc canh tic Ida cdi tiln (Kich bin cd Dfl in) so vdi eanh tic truyen thong (Kjch ban khdng cd Dfl an)
Diln lich thflc hi|n
I Hi Tinh 180 [ Quang Tri 109,45 I D^i Minh, Quing Nam 50 [ Thing Binh, Qudng Nam 54,5
To"g_
Trong canh tic theo CSA, cdc ylu to khdc bao gdm phdn bdn vi thudc bdo vl thflc vat dflpc giam ddng ke so vdi canh tie truyen thong. Phat thai tfl qua trinh bdn phdn chd ylu gdy ra bdi ylu to dam (N) trong phdn bdn hda hpc va phdt thii dddi dang N,0. Lupng dam trong kieh bdn cd Dfl in deu eao hdn so vdi kjch bin thong thUdng. tuy nhiln, kich ban cd Dfl in da giam lUdng phan bdn tong hdp so vdi trUdc day. Trong khi dd, hiln trang sdu benh hai dien biln tuy theo tflng ndm. Vay nln, trong pham vi nghiin cflu nay, Iflpng thudc bao vl thUc vat sfl dyng trong 2 kich ban cd Dfl in va khdng cd Dfl an Id nhfl nhau, nhfl vdy khdng ghi nhdn kit qua chinh l|ch phdt thdi td ylu td na\ Tfl kit qua tinh toan Ex-ACT, t^i Ha Tinh, Quang Tri vd Quing Nam cat gidm phdn bdn ap dyng da gidp giam lupng phat thai lan Iflot la 576,5.^ tan CO,e; 162,69 tan CO.e \a 305.46 tan CO,e (Bang 2).
Nhfl \ Jv. md hinh canh ddng mau Idn eho canh
uc Ida trien khai trln 393,95 ha t ^ 3 tudi, dp d c ,quy trinh ky thudt thdng minh nhU bdn phan can d hpp ly. giam thudc bdo v | thyc vdt, quan ly tilt kicm nfldc, qudn ly dich h?i theo IPM..., khdng nhflng
phat thai KNK tinh trong 20 nam (tan CO,e)
Kich bdn khdng cd dual31.590 19.729 9.750 8.148 69.217
W
Kich bdn cddUin(B)
15.542 10.937 5.889 4.921
37.289Chinh l^ch (B-A) -16.048 -8.792 -3.861 -3.227 -31.928 giup tiet Idem yeu to dau vao ma con giam phat thii KNK trong dieu kien BDKH ngay cang dien bien phtic tap. Mo hinh nay co tiem nang giam phat thdi trung binh hang nam mpt IitOng la 4,2 tan CO^e/ha.
3.2. Hieu qua giam phat thai KNK khi thUc hi^n mo hinh san xuat cay trdng can tren dat trong Ilia DU an da tien hanh xay diJng cac mo hinh canh tac cay trong can tren dat trong ltia tai tinh Thanh Hoa vfli tong quy rao thllc hien la 137,20 ha v6i cdc loai cay trong can chii yen la ngo, dau tiicfng, 6t va dUa chuQt. Cac mo hinh deu dupc trien khai vdi vi?c chuyen doi phan dien tich trong li,, u n hifu qua sang trong cay trong can khac. Theo do, co nhflng thay doi trong tril lupng cac bon trong d5t va tr*
thanh ngu6n phat thai hoac nguon hap thu KNK (IPCC, 2007). Ket qua tinh toan tu cong cu Ex-ACT cho thJy lupng phat thai KNK trong 20 tich luy cia Du an trong chuyen doi sil dung dien tich 78 ha til c.i\ liia ngap nude kem hieu qua
i.iin ling lupng phat thai KNK \ l.'in COjC. Trong khi do, chuyen
* dat b(S hoang sang trong c^.
l-ing phat thii mpt lupng Id 6.03 , r , o
''B cay trong can
thoing--,36,12
' ; ' 5 h a i i , d a t l u a
' " " 8 can I^m gia
i,e(h?,._,3).Tinh
r
'. Hd 1 Tinh
'
Quing Tri
' Qudng
1
TT 1
1
( 1 2
B i n g 2. Lupng phat thdi KNK til p h
Yeu to d a u vao
Voi bpt (tan/nam)
Urea (tin N / n a m - Urea: 46,7% N) Lupng N til phan b6n tong h p p cho Ilia CO tu6i (tan N / n a m ) Phan lan (tan PjOs/nam) Kali (tan K p / n a m )
To'ng Vol bpt (tan/nam)
Urea (tan N / n a m - Urea: 46,7% N) Lupng N til phan b6n tong h p p cho Ilia c6 tudi (tan N / n a m ) Phan lan ( t i n Pfijnim) Kali (tan KjO/nam)
Tdng Vdi bdt (tan/nam)
Urea (tan N / n a m - Urea: 46,7% N) Lupng N til phan bdn tong h p p cho lua cd tudi (tan N / n a m ) Phan il (tan N / n a m ) Phan lan (tan P^Oj/nam) Kali (tan K , 0 / n a m )
long
Bang 3. LUpng phdt
H i n h thiic chuyen
!apc hi Khoa hoc C ong nghe Mdng nght^p Vi&tNam-S
m b d n trong m d h m h cdnh ddng mau Idn canh tdc lua Tong l u p n g a p d u n g t r o n g
m o t n a m thUc hien
Bat ddu 48 20,55 24,64 27,52 34,72
77,74 13,66 15,04 12,43 13,88
32,7 20,5 5,02 0,75 21,74 17,56
Khdngcd DUdn
48 20,55 24,64 27,52 34,72
77,74 13,66 15,04 12,43 13,88
32,7 20,5 5,02 0,75 21,74 17,56
thdi KNK tU chuyen
ddi Lua ngap nUdc sang cay trong c^n hang n a m Ltia ngap nUdc vd dat bd hoang sang cay trdng
Cd Dudn 64 25,03
10 21,76
28,8
100,72 16,36 5,5 14,15 17,31
104,5 16,94 0 0 11,7 14,42
Phdt t h i i KNK t i n h trong 20 n a m
( t a n C Khdng cd
Dudn (A) 985,6 4525,93 3041,33 403,63 381,92 9.338,4) 1596,26 3007,13 2289,11 349,3 169,52 7.411.32
671,44 4514,63 776,47 70,24 318,79 193,12 6.544.69
doi sil dung dat Di^n tich chuyen ddi
(ha)
can hang nam 78 45
-UjCl Cii Di^iin
(B) 1.281,28 5414,66 1415 327,6 323,31 8761,85 2020,92 3545,04 1231,55 249,81 201,3 7.248,62
1998,3 3807,8 77,65 7,02 186,37 162,08 6.239,22
i9(l06)/20l9
C h e n h Uch phat thdi
(B-A)
295,68 888,73 -1626,32
-76,03 -58,61 -576,55 424,67 537,91 -1.057,56
-99,49 31,78 -162,69 1326,86 -706,83 -698,82 -63,22 -132,42 -31,04 -305,46 '
Phat thai KNK t r o n g 20 n a m
(tdn C 0 2 e) 7.536,12
6,038 ! Khi chuyen sang eanh tic cdy trong can, ngodi
h| thdng tudi dflpc ap dyng nham cung cap nfldc m0t cich chCi ddng thi cdc quy trinh bdn phan cung nhfl qudn ly sau b | n h hai cung dflpc thay doi. Theo dd, vi|e thay ddi tfl ky thudt canh tac lua sang canh tic rau mdu ip dung cac ki thudt canh tac cai tien tren todn khu vflc Du an cdt giam lfldng KNK la 28.789.78 tan CO,e tinh trong 20 nam ke tfl khi bat ddu Dfl dn.
Vdi vi|c chuyen doi sang cay trdng can, Iflpng phdn bdn dflpc sfl dyng nhieu hdn so vdi eanh tac
lua trfldc ddy. Do cay trdng can cd nhu cau ve dinh dudng cao hdn, trong thdnh nhieu vy trong mdt nam nln Ifldng phdn bdn sd dung trong mpt nam Id khi Idn. Theo dd, tinh toan Iflpng phdt thai KNK cho 20 nam ghi nhan td cong cu Ex-ACT mflc chinh i|ch phdt thai gifla hai kich ban la dfldng. Nhfl vdy, vi|c dp dung phan bdn trong mo hinh CSA ndy khiln phat thai gia tang lin so vdi kich ban eanh tde khdng cd Dfl an hay canh tic truyin thong mpt Iflpng Id 2.215,34 tan CO,e.
.-:if^^Vi^tNam-S69(]06)/2019
Bang 4. Phat 'hai KNK Id phdn bon i p d u n g cho md hinh s i n xuat cay rau mdu t r l n d i i irdng luJ Tong Iflpng a p d u n g cho c i c loai cay
t r o n g troDg 1 n a m thUc h i | n p h a n b d n
Urea (tdn N/nam - Urea;
46,7% NI
Phan lan (tan PjO^/nam) Kali (tan K p / n a m ) Tdng
Bdtddu
44,82 38,86 42,44
Khdng cd Dudn
4 4 . s : 38,86 42,44
-
CdDUt:55,89 36,37 47,88
Phat thai KNK t r o n g 20 nim ( t i n C O . e) Khdng cd CdDUdn Dudn (A) (B)
C h ' n h phi "•'1 ( t i n O.e)
iB-A)
^
9.871,48 570 466,73 10.908.21
12.065,86 537,03 520,68 13.123,57
2.194,38 -32,98 53,94 2215,34
Ngodi yeu td p h i n b d n , m d h i n h cd dp d y n g phfldng phdp tfldi p h u n tia, c d n g d d n g g d p vdo long p h i t thdi tfl y l u td khdc bao g o m p h a n b d n va ca sd ha tang mpt Iflpng la k h o d n g 3 tan C O , e . Tuy r i n g v i | c q u a n ly p h a n b d n k h d n g m a n g lai h i l u q u a giam phat thdi d o i p d y n g p h a n b d n cho n h i l u v y trong n a m c u n g n h u c h o n h i e u loai cdy t r d n g s o vdi trUdc kia ehi i p d u n g phdn b d n cho cay Ida e h o 2 v y t r l n n a m , n h u n g tong t h i m o h i n h giam d i l n tich c a n h tac Ida, d o n g ihdi cd dp d y n g c a n h tdc cdi tien cho c i c loai cay t r o n g can c u n g nhfl q u a n ly p h u p h a m da d d n g gdp Idn vdo v i | c cdt gidm p h a t thai KNK khi thUc hien m o h i n h . Nhfl vay thflc h i l n m d h i n h e a n h tdc cay t r o n g can t r l n dat t r o n g Ida vdi v i l e chuyen ddi dat c a n h t i c lua sang e a n h tdc cay t r d n g can ndy gidp gidm p h i t thai m p t Ifldng la 4,3 tan C O , e / h a / n a m .
3 . 3 . H i l u q u a g i a m p h d t t h a i K N K k h i th^c h i l n m d h i n h c h u y e n d d i tii c a n h tdc l u a 2 v u s a n g c a n h t a c 1 l u a - 1 m a u
M d h i n h c h u y e n d o i td c a n h tac Ida 2 vy sang c a n h tac 1 Ida - 1 m a u dfldc thflc h i | n tai I diem thudc tinh Q u a n g N a m vdi tong d i | n tich la 45,50 ha.
H i n h thflc e a n h tac dflpc thflc h i l n la c a n h t i c 1 vy Ida D o n g X u d n , 1 v u Ida H e T h u va m ^ t p h a n d i | n tich c a n h tdc lac. Viec c h u y e n d d i m p t p h a n d i | n tich sang c a n h tac lac gia tdng p h d t thdi m0t Iflpng la 4,83 tan C O ^ e / h a / n a m . M d h i n h d a a p d y n g ky t h u a t tfldi k h d fldt x e n k e k i t h d p v d i sfl d y n g g i d n g n g a n ngay c h o c a n h tdc Ida. C o n c a n h tdc lac thi cd q u a n ly Ifldng p h d n b d n , nfldc tfldi c u n g nhfl q u a n ly p h y p h a m sau t h u h o a c h . K i t q u d t i n h toan cho thay kieh b a n cd dp d y n g k y t h u d t c a n h t i e cii tien CO t i e m n d n g cat gidm p h a t thai m p t Ifldng l i 3 . 5 8 6 , 4 6 tan C O , e .
B i n g 5. Phit thai KNK tfl dp dung cae biln p h i p ky thuat trong kieh ban cd Dfl i n va khdng ed Dfl an
Hlnh thflc canh t i c
Canh l i c Ida Canh tdc l?c
Dien tich dp d u n g (ha)
CdDUdn
P h a t thdi KNK (tan COjC ) ( t r o n g 20 n a m ) Khdng CO
Dudn
45,50 45,50
10,72
Khdng cd Dudn (A)
6 781,94 0
CdDUdn (B)
Jo"g T r o n g kjch b a n c a n h tde t h e o CSA ed e a n h tdc t h i m m p t \'y lac v i o h e thu, vdy n l n Iflpng phdn b d n sd d y n g n h i e u h d n so vdi kjch bdn c a n h tde t r u y i n t h d n g trfldc dav T h e o d d phal thdi K \ K gia tdng m p t lfldng la 122,47 tan C O , e t i n h t r o n g 20 n a m .
Dfl an tap t r u n g dp d y n g c a n h tde cdi t i l n va cae bfldc qudn ly d u i h dUdng c u n g nhfl e h u d p n g h d n
C h e n h l | c h phdt thai
(B-A) -3.483,21
-103,25 3 586. 46 t r o n g tfldi t i l u . V i y n l n phUdng thflc c a n h tdc cdi tien da g i u p giam phdt thdi KNK, m d h i n h c h u y l n tfl c a n h tde 2 vu Ida sang I vy lfla - i v^ j , , . ' t r e n t o n g d i ? n tich Id 45,5 h a cd t i l m ^ • ^
• " a n g g u m t h a i rrjD
b i n h I n d m gidm dflpc 2,67 tan C O e/ha m p t Iflpng Id 1.293.85 tan C O . e t r o n e 20 n-
Li_i_ , _T . . . . _' ° ^ " " ^ m , t r u n g
TapchiKhoahQcCdngnghdN6r,gnghiepVi(tNam.SS9(l06)/20l9 Bdng 6.
Phan b d n
i
; V6i bdt (tan/ndm) 1 Urea (tan N/nam - Urea:
46,7% N)
Phan dam cho liia cd tudi (tan N/nam) Phdn il (tdn N / n a m ) Phdn Idn (tdn P , 0 , / n a m ) Kah (tdn KjO/ndm) rdng
Phdt dial til phdn T o n g l u p n g Bdt ddu
0 3,40 0,87 5,46 3,79 2,62
b d n sil d u n g trong kich sijl d u n g t r o n g 1 n a m Khdng cd
Dudn 0 3,40 0,87 5,46 3,79 2,62
CdDUdn
8,43 5,88 0 0 3,77 6,01
an cd vd khdng cd Du dn Phdt thdi KNK tinh todn t r o n g 20 n a m (tan CO,e)
Khdng cd Dudn (A)
0 748,84 107,83 511,37 55,52 28,83 1.452.38
CdDUdn (B) 155,70 1.239,60
10,78 51,14 55,29 62,35 1.574,86
( B - A )
155,70 490,76 -97,05 -460,23
•0,23 33,52 122,47
IV. ICET LUAN
Kit qud tinh toan chinh Ipch cdc bon trong phan di|n tich thi^c hi|n cic md hinh canh tac ndng nghiip gifla hai kjch bdn cd Dfl in vd khdng cd Dd in cho kit qud dm, cho thay mo hinh canh tac ndng nghiip thdng minh cd hieu qud trong vile cat giam phit thai KNK. Cdc md hinh nhd cdnh ddng mau canh tic Ida hay md hinh san xuat eay trdng can trln ddt trdng lua diu cd mde giim thdi hdn 3,0 tan COje/ha/nam.
Ddi vdi chi tilt tflng md hinh, kit qua cdt gidm phdt thai KNK khi ip dyng cae ky thuat, cdng nghe dupe thi hi|n nhfl sau:
- Md hinh cinh dong mau Idn cho eanh tie Ida:
Triln khai trln 393,95 ha tai 3 tinh, dng dyng dong bp quy trinh ky thudt thdng minh nhfl bdn phan can ddi hpp ly, giam thudc bio vl thflc vdt, qudn ly tilt ki|m nfldc, quan ly dich hai theo IPM,... khdng nhflng gidp tilt kiem yeu to dau vdo ma cdn giam phit thai KNK trung binh hang nam mdt Ifldng la 4,2 tan CO^e/ha.
- Md hinh chuyen doi td canh tic Ida 2 vy sang canh tdc 1 lua - 1 mdu tai Quang Nam canh tdc tren t6ng di|n tich Id 45,50 ha cd tilm nang giam thai mOt Iflpng Id 1.293,85 tan CO^e trong 20 nam, trung bhih I nam giam dflpc 2,67 tan CO^e /ha.
- Md hinh san xuat eay trong can trln dat trdng Ilia thyc hi|n t^i xa Yin Bai, huyln Yen Dinh, tinh Thanh Hda gidm phat thai KNK 0,75 tan CO^e /ha/
nim, cdn md hinh t ^ xa Thi|u Quang, huyen Thieu Hda, tinh Thanh Hda gidm Ifldng phit thai 8,47 tan CO^e /ha/nam.
Tuy nhiln, cdc ket qua tinh todn trln mdi chi dap ling ddnh gid cdc ylu to cd tdc dpng Idn tdi phit thai
KNK trong canh tdc ndng nghi|p, cdn ede ylu td nhd sfl dung thuoe bdo vl thdc vat hay nang Iflpng sfl dyng trong qud trinh canh tdc do cd nhilu ban chi vl sd lieu nln chfla the ddnh gid day dd dnh hfldng cda yeu td khac tdi phdt thdi KNK cda cdc md hinh Do do can ndng cao hieu qud vdt tfl diu vdo, tdng hilu qui san xuat va thu nhdp cua nong dan, gidm phat thai KNK bdo ddm ddng thdi an ninh Ifldng thflc, an sinh xd hpi, an todn ndng sin thflc pham vi an ninh khi hau. Dd Id nguyin tie. Id giii phdp can thiet, tao ca sd cho vi|c flng phd vdi BDKH vd cac hien tflpng khi hiu cUc doan, bao ddm tinh khoa hpc, hilu qua va bin vflng.
LOI CAM ON
Nghiin edu li mpt hpp phan trong Gdi thau (CS8/TC3/CPO/2017). Do dac va danh gii phit thdi KNK trong cdc md hinh nong nghi|p thdng minh thupc Dfl an Cai thien ndng nghiep cd tfldi VIAIP - WB7 (CS8/TC3/CPO/2017)" do Ban Qudn ly TW cae Dfl in Thuy lpi lam chu dau tfl. Nhdm tde gid xin chin thdnh cam Pn Ban quin ly Dfl in da tao dilu kiln cho nhdm tac gid dflpc thflc hiln bdi vilt nay TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Bd Tai nguyin va Moi trfldng, 2015. Bio cio ky thudt
"Ddng gdp dfl kiln do quoc gia tfl quylt djnh eua Viet Nam (INDC). thing 11/2015".
Nguyen Thi My Linh, Le Phan Dinh Hudn, Huynh Van Phung, Phan Ky Trung, Nguyin Van Bl vd Van Pham Dang Tri, 2017. Ddnh gii hi|u qud md hinh sdn xuat lua truyin thong vi cdnh ddng Idn tai thi xd Nga Ndm, tinh Sde Trang. Tap chi Khoa hgc -
TrUdng Dai hgc Cdn Thd. So chuyln dl: Mdi trUdngvd Biln ddi khi hdu. So moi trfldng 2017, trang:
45-54.
. ^!Nam ^6 9(J06I..
BIR3, Bp Tii nguyen .Mdi iruang. 2018. Thdng bdo Intcrgovemmcntal Panel on ClitnaU- ^
qu6c gia Ian thU ba cua \'iet Nam eho cdng Udc IPCC Fourth Assessment Report > '*"*•
khung cda Liln hpp quoc vl Biln doi khi hau. 2007.
FAO. 2012c. TJie Ex-ante Carbon-balance Tool lEX- fAO. 2013. Climate smart agriculturv Sou "'^^'^
.-ten Available al http//H-\s-w.fao.org/te/exact,ex- at: http://www.fao.org/3/i3325e/i332:. .^cessed acl-home/ en/; accessed on 20/5/2019. on 20/5/2019.
Evaluation of potential greenhouse gas emission reduction from the climate - smart agriculture models
Bui Thi Phuong Loan, Duong Linh Phuong.
Dao Thi Thu Hang, Cao Huong Giang, Hoang Thi Minh Abstract
Climate - Smart Agriculture (CSA) was introduced by FAO for the first time in 2010, aiming to sustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gas (GHGs mitigation). Several models have proven economical effectiveness in terms of crop yields and provide many valuable effects for climate change adaptation option. This paper approached four CSA models designed and implemented in some provinces under the project \'ietnam Irrigated Agriculnire Improvement Project VIAIP - WB7 (CS8/TC3/CPO/2017). Using the ex-ante carbon balance tool in appraisal of carbon sink, the results of the negative carbon offsets in the project sites between the CSA and convenlional cultivation scenarios showed the potential mitigation of the large-scale field of rice, model of upland crop production in rice field, model of conversion from double rice crop cultivation to single rice crop and single annual upland crop al -1 2 tonnes C02e/ha, 4.3 tonnes C02e/ha, 2.67 tonnes C02e/ha, 3.14 tonnes C02e/ha respectively. In general, four CSA models were presented with the suitable fertilizer application, reduced pesticides, pest management according to IPM and especially intermittently flooded irrigation method toward the agricuhural production which is effective in GHG mitigation and dimate change adaptation.
Ke>'word5: CSA, EX_ACT tool, GHG, climate change
Ngdy nhdn bii: 20/8/2019 Ngfldi phdn bi|n: PGS. TS. Tran Van Thyy Ngiy phdn bi|n: 31 /8/2019 Ngdy duyet dang: 9/9/2019
NGHlfiN CUtJ M C T S O GIAI PHAP GIAM P H A T THAI KHf N H A KINH
TRONG CANH T A C LUA N U d C TAI TINH T H A I B I N HNguyen Van Thilt', Luc Thj Thanh Them', Dao Thu Hdng', Bin Thi Phfldng Loan', Chu Sy Huan^ Ddo Minh Trang' va Mai Van Trjnh' TOM TAT
Canh lie giam phit thii khi nha kinh dflpc coi la mpt trong nhflng hudng eong nghe ed tilm nang flng dyng eao.
Bii bao ndy g.o. du^u ket qua moi so giai phap giim phdt thii khi nha kinh trong canh tic Ida nude tai tinh Thii Binh. Nghien cflu dflpc tnen khai trln 2 thi nghilm: thi nghiem vl anh hudng cua h | thdng canh tac lua cai tien vi du nghiem x e inh hfldng cua than sinh hpc din phdt thai KNK. Moi thi nghi|m gom 3 cong thdc va 3 Idn nhdc lai CO dien lich o thi nghiem 30 m-. Cac chi tieu smh trUdng phat trien vd nang suat dupc thu th^p, cac miu khi dUdc lay d,nh ki de phan tich phdt diai khi CH, va N p . Kit qua nghien cflu cho thay dp dyng h | thong Ifla cii ti^'n binh thfldng (SRI thfldng) va h | thong lua cii tiln hang rpng hang h?p (SRI hdng rpng hang h?p} gjam khoing ^? ,^%
lupng phit thai CH, .o vai phfldng phdp truyen thong. Sfl dung than sinh hpc thav die phdn chunrie de b^ h 1 kLi hpp \ai phdn bdn hda hpc nhfl eua ndng dan. luong khi phdt thdi c6 thi giam 1,19 tan CO e/ha/nam v ' h dll phdn chudng bing than sinh hpc vd giam 20% luong phan dam thi e6 thi gifl nguyin nanc uat In. ' , . ?^
phdi thdi glim dflpc 1.5 tan CO,e/ha/nam. " f ' t. "ua ..t lupngkhi Tfl khoa: Canh tde lua cdi tiln {SRI). phit thd: ki nha kinh i^an sinh hpc
• Viln Mdi trfldng Ndng nghi|p;' Ban Qudn ly Khu (., ;,; nghe cao Hoi L^c, BO Khoa hpc v ' \'i|n Khi tupng thuy vdn va Biln doi khi hdu
