KET QUA THU T H A P VA D A N H G l A M O T N G U O N GEN LUA C A N TAI MOT SO T I N H M I E N NUI PHIA BAC V I E T N A M
Nguyen Due Thanh Trudng Dgi hoc Nong Ldm - DH Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T
De tai da thu thap dugc 284 mau gidng Ida can tai 63 xa thudc 32 huyen cda 12 tinh mien ndi phia Bac. Cac mau gidng Ida can thu dugc nhieu d tinh Ha Giang 69 mau, Bac Kan 57 mau, Cao Bang 54 mau.... Tren co sd ten ggi, dac diem hinh thai cua cac gidng, mdt so gidng thu trung lap da dugc loai bd cdn lai 223 gidng. Trong tdng sd giong thu dugc giong Ida nep cd ty le cao hon chiem 59,5%, gidng Ida te chiem 40,5%, Tai cac tinh giong Ida nep chiem ty le cao hon Ida te. Sd lugng loai phu Japonica chiem ty le Idn 70,9% , loai phu Indica chiem ty le 29.1%. Trong do ddi vdi loai Japonica nhdm Ida nep cd sd lugng va ty le cao hon Ida te va ngugc lai. Ve chat lugng gao cd
56,1% khdng bac bung, d diem I bac bung it cd 34,7%, trong khi dd sd lugng gidng cd do bac bung nhieu chi chiem 1% va sd lugng gidng cd do bac bung trung binh chiem 8,2%. Cac nhdm giong Ida co do phan hdy kiem trung binh la nhieu nhat chiem 82,1%, nhdm cd do phan buy kiem thap khong cd, nhdm cd do phan buy kiem cao la 17,9%.
Tu- khoa: Liia cgn, Lodl phu lua, Chdt lugng ggo MODAU
Viet Nam Id mdt ddt nude da dang sinh hgc ndng nghiep, trong nua the ky qua, Viet Nam da trdi qua mdt giai doan ljch su phuc tap, hdu qua cda chien tranh da dnh budng lo Idn den da dang sinh hgc. Nhd nude Viet Nam da cd nhung nd luc lo Idn de ngan chdn suy gidm da dang sinh hgc ndi chung vd ldi nguyen di truyen thirc vdt ndi rieng [1].
Tuy nhien, do dnh hudng cua chien tranh, thien tai nhu Id lut, han hdn vd do tdc ddng cua cac yeu td kinh le, van hod, xa bdi, yeu Id sinh hgc nhieu gidng Ida dia phuong qui hiem cd nguy co cao bi xdi mdn ngudn gen [2].
Nhdm gdp phan su dung ben vung ngudn gen gidng Ida, trong do cd ngudn gen Ida can, bao ve cac tri thuc ban dia vd su da dang sinh bgc ddi vdi cay Ida, chung ldi thuc hien de lai thu thap vd danh gid ngudn gen cay Ida can tai mdt sd tinh mien nui phia Bde Viet Nam vd budc ddu ddnh gid nhanh mdt sd tinh Irang cda tap dodn da thu thdp.
N Q I D U N G V A PHUONG P H A P THI NGHIEM
Ngi dung nghien ciru
- Thu thdp cdc gidng Ida can lai mdt sd tinb phia Bac Viet Nam;
' Tel: 0989 153.954
- Phdn loai Ida nep vd Ida le;
- Phan loai cdc lodi phu;
- Ddnh gid mgl sd ddc diem ve chat lugng.
Phu'O'ng phap nghien cii'u
- Thu thdp cdc gidng Ida theo mau suu lap gidng.
- Ddnh gid cdc cbi lieu:
+ Phdn loai Ida nep Ida te bdng dung dich I- Kl 1%.
+ Phdn loai lodi phu cua Ida theo pbu-ong phdp phdn loai nhanh cua Oka (1958) [5]
+ Xdc dinh nhiet dd hda hd, do bac bung cua hat, dang tinh bdt cua ndi nhu theo phuong phdp Qudc te cua IRRI [3].
KET QUA vA THAO LUAN Ket qua thu thap
De bdo tdn sir da dang di truyen ngudn gen Ida can d cdc tinb mien nui phia Bac cdn thu thdp ngudn tdi nguyen quy ndy, chung tdi tien hdnh thu thdp cdc gidng Ida can tren co so dieu tra nhung dja phuong cd nhieu gidng Ida de thu thdp vd mdt phan dua vao lue lugng sinh vien Irudng Dai bgc Ndng ldm Thdi Nguyen thu thdp tai mdt sd dja phuong. Sau khi xdc dinh dugc nhung dja phuong cd ngudn gen Ida can khd phong phd, chung ldi tien banh lien be, htrdnti ddn nhung sinh vien
135
Nguyin Due Thanh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 81(05): 135-139 thu thap theo mdu phieu suu tap gidng Ida. Tir
thdng 2 den thdng 7 nam 2009 da thu thdp dugc nhieu mdu gidng lua can tai 63 xa thudc 32 huyen cua 12 tinh mien nui phia Bac. Ket qua thu thdp cae giong Ida can dugc trinh bay d bdng 1.
Bang 1. Sd gidng Ida thu dugc tai cac tinh TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tinh Bac Kan Cao Bang Dien Bien Ha Giang Lao Cai Lai Chau Nghe An Son La Thanh Hda Thai Nguyen Tuyen Quang Yen Bai Tong so
So huyen
6 6 *
1 5 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 32
So xa II 12
1 19
1 5 1 5 1 2 1 4 63
Sd gidng
57 54 4 69
1 38 4 15 9 9 4 20 284 Ket qua sau khi loai bd cdc gidng trung lap dd thu dugc 284 mdu gidng. Trong dd tinh Ha Giang noi ihu thdp dugc sd mdu gidng nhieu nhdt 69 mdu. Bde Kan 57 mau, Cao Bang 54 mdu.
Phan loai giong liia nep liia te
Phan loai theo pham chat hat gao ehu yeu dira vdo cau tao cua tinh bdt. Mat khac cdn dira vdo dae diem hinh dang, chat lugng, ham lugng dinh dudng eua hat gao.
Hien nay, nhu cau lua gao ve mat pham chat rat khac nhau tiiy tung vung vd tap quan. Lua te vd Ida nep khde nhau la do eau tao va lhanh phan linh bdt. Lua te ed thdnh phan tinh bdt la amyloza cao hon Ida nep, Ida nep cd thanh phdn amylopectin cao hon Ida te. Do vay de phdn biet 2 loai nay, ed the dung phdn irng ddc trirng cua tinh bdt vdi lodua kali (I-KI).
Nude ta cd nhieu gidng nep dja phuong, qua thu thap tai mdt sd tinh phia Bac, chdng loi thu thdp dugc 169 gidng lua nep trong tdng so 284 gidng, ket qua ty le gidng d bdng 2.
Trong tdng sd gidng thu dugc cho thdy gidng Ida nep ed ty le cao hon chiem 59,5%, gidng Ida te chiem 40,5%. Tru nhung tinh cd sd mdu it nen chua dai dien, ket qua thu thap d cdc tinh ed sd lugng mdu Idn cho thdy gidng Ida nep chiem ty le eao hon Ida le. Do cd sir trung lap giua cdc gidng lua do dd sau khi loai bd cdc gidng trung lap tai ede dia phuong chung tdi thu duge 223 gidng Ida de tiep luc danh gid, trong dd ed 125 gidng Ida nep chiem 56,1% vd 98 gidng Ida le chiem 43,9%, ty Ien6p/te 127,5%.
Bang 2. Ty le Ida nep Ida te d cac dja phuong TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
Tinh Bac Kan Cao Bang Dien Bien Ha Giang Lao Cai Lai Chau Nghe An Son La Thanh Hda Thai Nguyen Tuyen Quang Yen Bai
Tdng
s6
luong 57 54 4 68
1 38 4 15
9 10
4 20 284
so gidng Ty le %
20.1 19.0 1.4 23.9 0.4 13.4
1.4 5.3 3.2 3.5 1.4 7.0 100.0
Lua Sd lugng
33 32 2 41
0 23
2 10
7 6 2 II 169
nep T y l e
(%) 19.5 18.9 1.2 24.3 0.0 13.6
1.2 5.9 4.1 3.6 1.2 6.5 100.0
Lua Sd lugng
24 22 2 27
1 15
2 5 2 4 2 9 115
te T y l e
(%) 20.9
19.1 1.7 23.5 0.9 13.0
1.7 4.3 1.7 3.5 1.7 7.8 100.0
Tyle n6p (%)
57.9 59.3 50.0 60.3 0.0 60.5 50.0 66.7 77.8 60.0 50.0 55.0
Phan loai cac giong liia theo loai phu Phan loai cdc lodi phu Id rdt quan trgng bdi vi cac loai phu cd sir cdch biet ro ret ve mat di truyen khi lai vdi nhau cd ly le bat thu cao vd phan ly keo ddi d cac the be sau. Viec xdc dinh dung cdc lodi phu de chgn td hgp lai Id rat can thiet trong cdng tdc gidng.
Loai Ida Oryza saliva cd 3 lodi phu la Indica, Japonica va Javanica, mdi lodi cd dac diem
hinh thai vd noi phdn bd khac nhau. Nam 1987 Glaszmann da dua tren phuong phdp dang men (Isozime) de phdn lodi O.saliva thanh 6 nhdm, trong dd Japonica vd Indica la 2 nhdm ddi cue. Ong cung chung minh dugc Japonica va Javanica tuy khac nhau ve hinh thai vd phdn bd dja ly nhirng bdn chat di truyen gan gui nen ggi chung la Japonica.
Japonica truyen thdng ggi Id Japonica dn ddi cdn Javanica ggi Id Japonica nhiet ddi.
Phuang phdp ddng men dua vdo thdnh phdn allele cua 5 lico ddng men Id Pgil, Pgi2, Amp-1, Amp-2, Amp-3. Pbuong phdp phdn loai nhanh cda OK (1958) chi phdn biet 2 lodi phu Indica vd Japonica. Ket qua phdn loai tap doan dugc trinh bdy d bdng 3.
Ket qua bang 3 cho thdy sd lugng lodi phu Japonica chiem ty le Idn 70,9% vdi sd lugng 158 gidng. Lodi phu Indica chi cd 65 gidng chiem ty le 29.1%. Trong dd ddi vdi lodi Japonica nhdm Ida nep cd sd lugng vd ly le cao hon Ida te. Ngugc lai lodi Indica cd sd lugng vd ty le d nhdm Ida te cao bon nhdm Ida nep. Theo Nguyen Huu NghTa vd Luu
Nggc Trinh (2000) Ida Japonica dugc phdn bd rdng khap va chu yeu tai mien Bac. mien Trung vd gidm dan vdo mien Nam. Rieng khu vuc ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long thi chu yeu Id
\\xa Indica [4].
B Japonica Nep S Japonica Tc Q Indica Nep D Indica Te Hinh 1 cho thdy Japonica nhdm Ida nep cao hon Ida te (43%/29%) vd Indica nhdm Ida te cao ho-n nhdm Ida nep ( 1 5 % / 1 3 % ) .
Danh gia tap doan theo chat lugng gao Do bgc bung hat ggo
Hien lugng bac bung dugc quyet dinh bdi gidng vd ngoai cdnh. Ndi chung bac bung la do su chin chua hodn todn cua ndi nhu. Hien tirgng due cua hat gao nep Id do bdn thdn cdu trdc hat linh bdt. su vdng mat cda cdc phan tu amylose d Ida nep ldm hat tinh bdt edn khe hd trdc hat linh bdt. Vi vay ngud'i la chi xel do bac bung d nhdm Ida te. Do bac bung cua ndi nhu mdt phan do yeu Id di truyen nhung dieu kien mdi Irgdng md chu yeu Id nhiet do sau khi Ida trd cung dnh hudng den dac tinh ndy.
Ket qud ddnh gid ddi vdi 98 ngudn gen Ida te dugc trinh bdy d bdng 4.
TT 1 2
Loai phu - Japonica
Indica
Diem
Bang 3.
Tong so So luong
158 65 223
Ban
Phan loai cac giong
Ty le (%) 70.9 29.1 100.0
oai phu cua cac gidng Ida So lu'on
95 30 125 g 4. Do bac bung cua cac Muc do bac bung
Nep
g Ty le (%) 76.0 24.0 100.0 gidng Ida te
So luong
Te So lu'ong
64 34 98
Ty
Ty le (%) 65.3 34.7 100.0
le % Khdng
it Trung binh
Nhieu Ton"sd
55 34 8 1 98
56.1 34.7 8.2
1.0 100.0
137
Nguyin Due Thanh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 81(05): 135-139 Qua ket qua phan tich chung tdi thdy trong
tdng sd 98 giong Ida te dugc ddnh gia thi so lugng gidng khdng bac bung va bac bung rat it chiem ty le rat cao. Cd 56,1% khdng bac bung, d diem 1 bac bung it cd 34,7%, trong khi dd so lugng giong cd do bac bung nhieu chi chiem cd 1% vd so lugng gidng cd do bac bung trung binh chiem 8,2%). Di8u nay cho thdy neu chi xet rieng d chi tieu ndy thi ngudn gen Ida te trong tap dodn cd dugc ddc linh tdt dd la do bac bung rat thap vd thdm chi la khdng bac bung phu hgp vdi thj hieu eua ngudi lieu ddng. Ngodi su phu hgp vdi thi hieu cua ngudi tieu dung tbi ddc tinh ndy cung anh hudng rat Idn den ky nghe xay xdt.
Su phan bo vet due trong hat gao cung dnh hudng Idn den ky nghe ndy. Cd Igi nhdt Id khi vit due ndm ve mdt ben, nhung gidng cd vet due ndm d tdm ndi nhu hay bi vd khi xay xat.
Nhiet dd hda hd
Nhiet do bda hd cua tinh bdt gao Id nhiet do ma kbi Ien den do nude dugc hap thu va bat tinh bdt phdng Ien ddng thai dang tinh the bidn mat. Nhiet do bda hd cua cdc mdu gidng dugc xdc dinh thdng qua muc do phan buy Irong dung dich KOH. Muc do phdn huy trong dung dich KOH ty le nghich vdi nhiet do hda hd cua linh bdt, dieu nay cd nghTa Id nhung gidng cd do phdn buy kiem cao thi nhiel do hda hd thdp vd ngugc lai. Kel qua ddnh gid mdc do phan buy Irong dung dich kiem dugc Irinh bdy d bang 5.
Dua tren ket qud nay cho thay neu xet d muc do tdng the mdu nghien cuu thi nhdm cd do phdn buy kiem trung binh la nhieu nhdt chiem 82,1%, trong khi dd nhdm cd do phdn buy kiem thdp khdng cd, nhdm cd dd phdn buy kiem cao Id 17,9%. Neu ddnh gid d muc do nhdm Ida nep, te thi cd su khde biet nhd.
Nhdm Ida nep cd do phdn buy trong kiem d
mue trung binh cao hon lua te 84,0/79,6% va ngugc lai nhdm lua te cd do phan huy trong k\hm a mue cao Idn hon nhdm Ida nep 20,4/16,0%.
KET LUAN
Nguon gen Ida can ngay mdt suy giam, hien tai eae giong Ida can edn dugc ddng bao cac dan toe thieu sd trdng d cac vung nui cao va mat do dan sd thua. Da thu thdp dugc 284 giong Ida can tai 63 xa thudc 32 huyen cda 12 tinh. Ty le giong Ida nep nhieu hon Ida can va tai cdc tinh ty le Ida nep cung cao hon Ida te.
Tap dodn giong lua cd lodi phu Japonica nhidu hgn Indica. Vd ehdt lugng gao: cac gidng Ida cd ty le bac bung thap, sd gidng Ida khdng bae bung va bac bung it chiem ty le cao, sd gidng bae bung nhieu cd ty le khdng ddng ke. Nhdm gidng cd do phan buy trong kiem chiem ty le cao nhdm cd do phan huy trong kiem cao chiem ty le thap.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I]. Bg Khoa hgc - Cdng nghe - Moi trudng - Quy6l djnh 2II7/I997/QD-BKHCNMT ngay 30/12/1997, Quy chg ve quan ly bao tdn nguon gen thuc vat, ddng vat va vi sinh vat.
[2]. Cdn quan ldm den cdng tdc bdo tdn nguon gen ddng thuc viit, 2005/Sd 6/Thanh tuu khoa hoc va cdng nghe:-Tri thdc va phat trien.
[3]. IRRl (1996), Standard Evaluation System for rice.
[4]. Nguyen Huu NghTa, Luu Nggc Trinh (2000),
"Sir dung bin viing tdl nguyen di truyen lua trong chgn tgo giong mdi vd trong sdn xudt", Bdo cao tgl Hgl nghi bdo tdn tn-sllu TNDTTV phuc vit cho muc tieu luang thuc vd ndng nghiep. Ha Noi 21 - 23/3/2000.
5. OK , HI (1958). Intervarienlal variation and classification of cultivated rice", Ind J Genet, and Pit Breed.
Bang 5. Do phan huy trong kiem cda cac gidng Ida TT Muc do phan hdy
trong kiem
Tdng the mau Nhdm Ida Nep Nhdm lua Te Sd
luong Ty le % Sd
luons Ty le % Sd
luono Ty le % 1
2
Thap Trung binh Cao
0 183
40
0.0 82.1 17.9
0 105
20
0.0 84.0 16.0
0 78 20
0.0 79.6 20.4
Tdna sd 223 100.0 125 100.0 98 100.0
SUMMARY
RESULTS OF A COLLECTION AND EVALUATION OF UPLAND RICE GENETIC RESOURCE IN SOME MOUNTAINOUS PROVINCES OF NORTHERN VIET NAM
Nguyen Due Thanh
College of .Agriculture and Forestiy - TNU
In the study, 284 samples of rice varieties in 63 communes of 32 districts in 12 northern mountainous provinces were collected. A large number of upland rice verieties were collected in Ha Giang with 69 samples, Bac Kan 57 samples and Cao Bang 54 samples. On the basis of the names, morphological characteristics of these varieties, some of the overlapse varieties collected from other places were removed.Finally 223 different varieties were collected and evaluated.The percentage of the glutious rice was the highest, making up 59.5%, the ordinary' rice accounted for 40.5% of the total rice varieties collected. In the provinces invested, the percentage of glutious rice was higher than that of the ordinary rice
Japonica subspecies had larger proportion with 70.9%, Indica subspecies accounted for only 29.1%. In Japonica rice species, the rate of glutious rice group had higher amount and percentage than that of the ordinary rice and vice versa. With regard to quality of rice, 56.1% weren't chalky.
At point one 34.7% were chalky.The varieties which were more chalky accounted only for 1% and the varieties which had average amount of chalkiness accouted for 8.2%. The groups having average alkaline decomposition, made up the highest percentage: 82.1%, There were no groups with low alkaline decomposition.The group with high alkaline decomposition accounted for 17.9%
Keywords: Upland rice. Rice subspecies, Rice quality
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