THirC TIJN - KINH NGHIEM ^ J
VE KINHTE XANH 0 VIET NAM
• PGS, TS NGUYEN VAN H^U Viin Kinh ti chinh tri hgc, Hgc viin Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
1. Khai niem "kinh te xanh"
Thugt ngu "kinh t i xanh" ldn ddu tiin dupe su dung trong tdc phdm "De dn kinh te xanh"'" xudt ban nam 1989, tde pham nay la CO s6 ciia quan mem vi kinh te xanh, ma nin tdng eiia nd trudc hit la ly lugn kinh te ve phdt ttiin bin viing.
Khdi niim "kmh t i xanh" hay "tdng trudng xanh" dupe phdt triin vd ludn gidi ddy dii tii ndm 2008, nhiing sdng kiin chung vi ddi phd vdi khiing hoang kmh ti - tdi chinh do Tdng thu k^ Liin Hgp qudc va tfy ban phdi hpp cac nhd lanh dgo cua hi thdng Liin Hpp qude di xudt.
Sdng kien vi kinh t i xanh dupe Liin Hpp qudc nhdn mgnh.
Khai niem "kinh t i xanh" dupe ap dung rpng rai va cd sue thu hiit manh hon tu Chuong trinh Mdi trudng cua Lien Hpp qudc (UNEP)'^*. Theo dd, "kmh tixanh" la nin kmh t i ndng cao ddi sdng eiia con ngudi vd cdi tMin cdng bdng xa hOi, ddng thdi gidm thiiu ddng ke d nhiim mdi trudng, sinh thai.
Chuong trmh ndy da nhdn mgnh mdi quan hi giua "kinh t i xanh" va phat triin bin viing.
Khdi niim "kuih t i xanh" khdng thay thi eho
khdi niim phdt ttien bin viing, nhung hien nay cang ngay ngudi ta cang thiia nhdn rdng, viee dat dupe tinh bin viing hdu nhu hpan toan php thudc vdo viic tao ra mdt nin kmh t i phdt trien ldnh mgnh.
Theo Uy ban Kmh tevaXa hOi cua Liin Hpp qudc khu vuc chau A Thai Bmh Duong, tang trudng xanh la muc tieu ehinh sdch dua vdo tiin bO kmh t i ben viing ve mat smh thdi nhdm kich tMch phdt trien vdi miic phdt thai edcbon thdp, giam d nMim, su dung Miu qud ndng lupng va tdi nguyen, mang lai lpi ich cho tdt ed ede tdng ldp ttong xahOi*^'.
HOi nghi Rio+ 20 (Hdi nghi Liin Hop qudc vi phdt triin hin viing hpp tgi Rio de Janeho, Brazil) cM rd, mdt nin kinh ti xanh bin vung la nin kinh t i phai bao dam mdi trudng smh thai, ddng thdi gia tang viee lam cd thu nhap khd va xda doi giam ngheo. Kmh te xanh dua vdo su dp dung nhiing edng eu tdng hpp ciia chinh sach kinh te va chinh sdeh mdi trudng smh thdi, vdi su tac dpng tieh cue eua the che vao cac lmh vuc tiet kiem nang lupng, bdo ve moi trudng xung quanh, dp dung nhung nang lupng tdi sinh vd thay the, sii diing lai phi thai... Sii diing hieu qua tai nguyen can phai trd" thanh khuynh hudng chung thdng nhdt - sv lua chpn md Mnh tang truong GDP vd sir thay ddi tiiu diing ede ngudn tdi nguyin tMen nhien. Mue tiiu ciia quan ly khdng phdi cM la
LYLUANCHiNHTR!-So12/2015
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THl/CTliN-KINHNGHllM cdi tMen ttgng thdi moi trudng xung quanh mOt cdch tnju tupng, ma cdn la nhiing budc tiin tich cue vi co cdu ttong he thdng kinh ti."Tang trudng xanh" phai la chdt xiic tdc eho nhiing hogt dOng dau tu, ddi mdi, dan din xudt Men nhiing tiim nang kinh t i mdi, la co sd cho nhiing bude tiin vi eo eau kinh t i eo lpi cho cdc nganh vd cdc lmh vuc hogt ddng tiin phong ve edng nghi, tiit kiem tai nguyin.
Vdi mdi bude tiin vi tang truong kinh t i xanh phdi dupe biiu Min ra thanh su thay ddi co cdu hen trong ciia nin kinh t i eiing nhu co edu kmh t i ciia mdi vung, su thay ddi nay ddn din su thay ddi tang truong kinh t i vi mdt chat lupng, hg thap ham lupng tdi nguyin trong san pham dirac sdn xudt ra vd dnh hudng tich cue ciia san xudt din moi trudng xung quanh.
Nhiing bude tien ve tang trudng kinh t i xanh duoc bieu Min 6 cdc cM tiiu vi sd lupng. Bdt ky bude tiin vi mat co cau ndo cfing co the do ludng dupe bdng cdch dp dung vdo thuc tiin quan ly hi thing cae cM tiiu dde biit ma cdc thanh phdn eiia nd can phai dupe cu the hda ttong viic chuyin sang mdt ehdt lupng mdi
"xanh" eua tang truong kmh te. He thdng cdc cM tiiu ndy Id co sd, phuong phdp ludn tgo ra cdc cM sd phdt triin bin viing (dupe ddt ra boi Ban Thu ky thdng ke ciia Liin Hpp qudc), cho phip xdc dinh tiin bd ttong thuc te vd ehdt lupng tang trudng kinh te.
Cac cM tiiu bao gdm:
- Ty ttpng cua cdc ehu thi thue Min dupe eae dinh miic ve gidi hgn d nMim cho phip ttong tdng sd lupng ehung cdc chu the ttong nin kinh te cung nhu ttong tiing vting lanh thd;
- Ty ttpng cdc ngudn nude su dung dupe ndng cao chdt lupng, ttong sd lupng ehung efia cdc ngudn nude dang su dung;
- T^ ttpng cac chdt thai dupe tdi ehi ttong tdng sd cae ehdt thdi eua qud trinh san xudt v^
tiiu diing...
2. Tang trirong kinh t^ xanh ff Viet Nam 6 Viit Nam, Chiin lutjc qude gia vi tang truongxanh thdiky2011 -2020vi timnhin din nim 2050 dd xac dinh rd cdc ehi tiiu eu thi: Giai dogn 2011 - 2010 giam cudng dO phdt thai khi nhd kinh 8 - 10% so vdi miic 2010; giam tiiu hao ndng lupng tinh tren GDP 1 -1,5% mdi nam; giam lupng phdt thdi khi nhd kinh trong eac hogt ddng nang lupng tir 10% din 20% so vol phuong dn phdt ttiin binh thudng. Dinh hudng den nam 2050:
Giam miic phdt thdi kM nhd kinh mdi ndm 1,5 - 2%. Din nam 2020, gid tri san pham ngdnh cdng nghe eao, edng nghi xanh trong GDP la 42 - 45%; t^ le eae co so san xudt kinh doanh dat tieu chuan ve mdi trudng Id 80%, ap dung edng nghe sgch hon 50%, ddu tu phdt trien ede nganh hd trp bao ve mdi trudng vd lam gidu vdn tu nMin phan ddu dat 3 - 4% GDPi"'.
Tuy nhiin, trin thue te o Viet Nam tdng trudng kinh t i xit vi mat tang truong xanh vdn cdn nhieu han che, the Men rd nhat Id gid tti san pham nganh edng nghi eao, cdng nghe xanh trong GDP edn rat thdp. Cd the thdy trinh do cdng nghi d- ngdnh edng ngMep qua viic ngMin ciiu ham lupng cdng nghe ttong hang xudt khdu cdng nghiep cua Viet Nam (Bdngl).
Tang trmmg kmh t i (TTKT) 6 nude ta ttong nhiing nam qua chu yiu dua vao tang vdn, lao dOng vd khai thdc ede ngudn lire tu nMen, miic ddng gdp eua ndng sudt ttong ede nhdn td tdng hpp (Total factor productivity - TFP) cd tang len nhung vdn rat chdm vd thdp so vdd nMiu nude ttong khu vuc. Trong tdng tde dp TTKT,
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Bang 1: Him lirgng c6ng nghe trong hang su4t khSu nginh cong nghiep'^'
Nganh sijrdung cong nghe cao Nganh s^ dung cong ngh§ thap Ngdnh dua vao tai nguygn tho
Sdng gop theo t$ If phan tram (%;
Von Lao dpng TFP
B a n g 2 2002 15^
18,1 66,7
: D o n g gop 1993-1997 100 69,J 15,9 14,8
2006 19,7 20,4 59,9
c u a cac y e u t o v a o 1998-2002 100 57,5 20 22,5
2007 11,6 20,1 60J
GDP 2003 100 52,7 19,1 28,2
2008 19,8 20,8 59,4
nay
Ngudn: Vien Chiin luoc phat then - Bd Ke hoaeh va Diu tu.
yeu td vdn ddng gdp toi 52,73%, sd lupng lao dOng ddng gdp khodng 19,07%; cOng hai yiu td vi sd lupng tdi 71,8%, gdp hon 2,5 ldn so vdi TFP; cdn yiu td TFP ehi ddng gdp khodng 28,2% (Bdng 2).
O nude ta, tdi nguyin chua duoc khai thae hiiu qud, d nhiim mdi trudng gia tang. Chi rieng ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long, vdi dan sd khoang 14 trieu ngudi, hdng nam da thai 606.267 tan chat thdi rdn smh hogt, 102 ttieu m^ nude sinh hogt, 3.800 tdn rdc thai y te'^'. Moi ngay cae khu eong ngMip thdi hon 1 triiu m^
nude thai, ttong do 70% la nude thdi ehua qua xii ly, thai true tiip ra sdng, hd, dat; 85% rdc thdi dupe xii ly bdng phuong phap chdn lap, khdng bdo dam vi smh mdi tnidng. Cae co so gay d nMim nghiem trong cham duoc xu ly, khde phuc. Mdi trudng khdng kM bi d nMim, nhdt la 6 nhiing noi cd nhiiu co sd cdng ngMip eu, edng nghe lac hdu vd tgi cdc dd thi ldn. Diiu ddng lo nggi la viic gia tang d nMim khdng cM 6' eac khu cdng ngMip 6 thanh thi
md cdn 6 cae khu du lich, d ndng thdn, sdng, hd vd ven biin.
Nhin chung, mdi trudng nude va ddt dang biin ddi theo cMiu huong xau di; mdi trudng biin xudng cdp; he sinh thdi rung va da dang sinh hpc suy gidm; nude sgeh va vi sinh mdi trudng cdn nMiu hgn chi... (Bang 3).
Hiin nay, nhiiu nhd khoa hgc vd ede nha hogt dOng xa hdi kiin nghi phai tdng cM phi eho bdo ve tMen nMin, nhung vdi quan diem ve "kmh te xanh" nhu ttin, each xem xit dd la chua dii, vi o day vdi cM pM bao vi mdi trudng tMen nMin cM dupe eoi la cM pM cho nhung bien phdp true tiip bao vi tMin nhiin trong viec khde phuc d nMim. Trong diiu kiin ede ngudn vdn dau tu hgn che can phdi huong den viec su dung sao cho cd Meu qua hon, dat dupe kit qua hai mat {kmh te - xa hpi va mdi trudng smh thdi).
Hiin nay, ham lupng tai nguyin trong kmh t i nuoc ta cao hon nMeu so vdi cac nude phdt triin. Tieu dung qua miic cdc ngudn tdi
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THI/CTIEN-KINHNGHIEMBang 3: Tong hop ve kh6i lirong chat thai ran cong nghidp phat sinh ff cac virng ldnh te trong diem nam 2003
{liaphiAAig Ha Nai HliPh5ng MSiDi/dng QuSngNinh Ttfngtoanvfing
Tong so tan/nam 97.030 28.470 20.417 11.855 157.773
Djaphirtfng Thanh pho Ho ChiMinh flongNai Binh Di/ong BaRja-Vung'^u long toan viing
TongsJtJn/ncim i 130380
24.935 23.400 29.700 280415
Ngudn: Vien Chiin lutjcphit thin - Bd Ki hoach va Diu tu.
nguyin gdn hen vdi viic tdn tai co edu kmh te khdng hpp ly vd su mat can ddi ttong viic phdt triin cac ngdnh khai thdc tMen nMen vd cdc nganh e h i biin, su Igc hdu ve cdng nghe, vdi su thiiu vdng nhung y i u td kich thich tiit kiem tai nguyen... Ddi voi md Mnh kinh t i nhu v^y, trude h i t can phai su dung vdn ddu tu vdo ldm biin ddi co cdu kinh te, dp dung va phdt triin cdng nghi mdi. Tdi cdu tnic nen kinh t i nhdm giam ddng k i hdm luong tdi nguyin ttong san phdm vd dich vii, giam tMiu su tdn phd mdi trudng, xda bd su tMiu hut gia tao cdc ngudn tdi nguyin thiin nhiin, ndng cao ndng sudt lao dOng.
Theo Bdo cdo cua UNEP dupe cdng bd ngay 21-2-2011 tiiidc t h i m HOi nghi "Rio+ 20" v i phdt triin b i n vting: "Dau tu2% GDP eiia toan t h i gidi cd the bdo dam tang truong "xanh"
hon, hpp l;y hon va ddng thdi giam tMeu ngheo doi"'^. Bdo cdo cua UNEP eung dua ra khuyin nghi ddu tu 2% GDP vdo 9 linh vuc then chdt s i thiie day viic chuyin sang kinh te xanh cd Miu qud, it kM thai cacbon. Do la cae luih vuc:
cung cdp ndng lupng, ndng ngMip, xdy dung, thiiy san, ldm ngMep, du lieh, van tdi, che biin lgi phe thdi, qudn ly cdc ngudn nude... Day ciing la nhiing linh vuc md Viet Nam cd nMiu
tiem ndng, nhiing linh vuc nay edn nhieu du dia de cd t h i biin ddi eo eau kinh t i mdt cdch hop ly, hudng tdi tdng truang kinh t i xanh •
(1) Pearce et al. Blueprint for a Green Econ- omy, Earthscan Publications Limited, London, 1989.
(2) Navstrechu "zelenoy" ekonomike. Obob- shchayush-chiy doklad dlya predstaviteley vlast- nykh struktur, http://www.unep.org (3) InitsiativaAstany"Zeleniy most": P a r t - nerstvo stran Evropy, Azii i Tikhogo okeana po realizatsii "zelenogo" rosta, 6-ya sessiya.
http: / / greenbridgeworld.net.
(4) Quyit dinh sd 1393/ QD-TTg ngay 25-9-2012 cua Thii tudng CMnh phii phi duyit Chiin lupc qudc gia vi tang trudng xanh.
(5) TS To Trung Thanh: Tai hiu Hdi thio khoa bgc qudc gia do Hgi ddng Iy luin Trung uang vd Truong Dai hgc Kinh ti qudc din td chuc, 2010, tt.428-437.
(6) Bio vemdi trudng a ddng bing song Cuu Long trong qua trinh cdng nghiip hda, Hpi thdo do Tap cW Cing san td chiic, thdng 11 -2008.
(7) http://www.iinep.org
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