Vai tro cua Tam giac ptiat trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia. Tran Anh Tai
biet gan quy hoach phat trien giao thdng, cdng nghiep ning. nang lugng, ndng nghiep, du lich, bao ve mdi trudng ed trgng tain, trpng diem vdi nhimg chuang trinh dy in cua ba nudc, cd ke hoach Id trinh cu the de trien khai cac dy an.
Hdi nghi nhan manh den van de mdi trudng.
theo dd mudn phat trien ben virng can thiet phai quan ly va sir dung ben \irng ngudn tai nguyen trong khu vyc Tam giac phat trien. Ba Thti tu'dng ung hd sang kien td chirc Dien dan Doanb nghiep. Dien dan Thanh nien ciia Tam giac phit trien. tranh thu sy giiip dd hgp tic vdi ben ngoai, iihiu la \d'i Nhat Ban, nhat tri phdi hgp van ddng tai trg dau tu nude ngoai cho
Fam giac phat trien.
Nhu \'a}, ke tir khi trien khai y tuong hgp tac xay dung Tam giac phit trien den nay, co so ha tang kinh te - xa hdi trong khu vyc da dugc cai thien dang ke. Nhin chung, tde do tang trudng kinh te tang cao ban, ca cau kinh te cbuyen dich manh ban, ty le ngheo ddi da giam bdt, trat tir an ninh duge bao dam. Dae biet an ninh tuyen bien gidi eua ba nude kha dn dinh va mdi quan he doan ket ddng bio eiing nhu cae cap ehinh quyen dia phuang eac tinh bien gidi da dugc tang cudng va phdi hgp nga}' cang hieu qua ban tren eac linh \ ye kinh te - xa hdi \a an ninh.
2. Vai tro cua Tam giac phat trien CLV doi vdi viec on djnh bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia
2.1. Tam gidc phdt trien CL V ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec phdt tridn kinh te - xd hdi cdc tinh bien gi&i Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia ndi chung, Viet Nam - Campuchia ndi rieng
Tam giiic phat trien CLV bao gdm 10 tinh bien gidi cua ba nudc. trong dd cd ba tinh eiia Campuchia (Stung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondukiri) \a 4 tmh eua Viet Nam (Die Ndng.
Dac Lie. Gia Lai, Kan Tum) va ba tmh cua Lao (Sekdng, Attpu, Sanavan) vdi dien tich ty nhien
1 1 1.021 knr, dan sd 4,267 trieu.ngydi. Day la
\ Ling dat giau tiem nang \a kha da dang vl tai
nguyen thien nhien. CJ cac tinh nay la noi sinh sdng eua ddng bao nbieu dan tdc ctia ba nudc.
Cd the ndi. da}' la viing dat an chira nhieu gia tri van hda truyen thdng ma khdng phai noi nao ciing cd dugc. Van de dat ra la: tai sao Tam giac phat trien CLV'ddng vai trd quan trgng trong sy phat trien kinh te xa bdi cac tinb bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia?
Trudc hiil, day la vtmg dat giau tiem nang, nhieu lgi the va viec khai thac se gdp phan tang truang kinh te - xa bdi va dn dinb vting bien gidi hai nudc.
Khu vyc nay ed nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi de phat trien ndng. lam nghiep nhd dien tich dat dai. nhat la dat ndng nghiep va rirng kha ldn.
Chi rieng 4 tinh Tay Nguyen ctia Viet Nam dien tich dat dd bazan la 1,36 trieu ba, chiem 66%
dien tich dat loai nay ctia ca nudc. Cic dja phuang ciia Campuchia d trong khu vuc nay hau nhu thudc he tbdng luu vyc sdng Me Kdng.
Dat dai trong vung mau md vdi do phi nhieu eao. Ngudn nudc ddi dao. khi bau dn hda... se la dieu kien rat tdt ddi vdi viec phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ctia vung nay. nhat la ndng nghiep. Day cung la vimg dat khdng chi cd dien tich rirng kbi ldn (Campuchia khoang 1.48 trieu ha. Viet Nam khoang 2.39 trieu ba) ma vdi he thyc vat kha pbong phu da dang (vdi 32 loai gd quy).
cie loai ddng vat kha ldn (525 loai). Cd le day li mdt trong nbung vimg dat kha miu md. hiem ed, rat phii bgp cbo phat trien ndng. lam nghiep iiidt cich hieu qua va ben viing
Ngudn nude va tiem nang thtiy dien ddi dao la the manh ctia vimg Tam giic phit trien, khdng chi cung cap nudc. md mang giao thdng dudng thuy ma cdn cbo phep xay dung cac nhi may thiiy dien ldn. nhd. Ngudi ta tinh rang, khu vire nay cd the tao 4.600 MW, hien chi mdi khai thac khoang 1/3. Khu vyc Tam giac cung la noi tap trung nbieu loai khoang sin quy nbu:
bd xit, vang... Cbi rieng cac tinh Tay Nguyen (Viet Nam) da cd tdi 200 md va diem quang.
Rieng bd xit cua vting nay cd trir lugng kha ldn va phan bd d nbieu tinb cua ca ba nudc.
26 -NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE Gldl Sd 7 (159) 2009
Tran Anh Tai Vai tro cua Tam giac pliat trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia.
La khu vuc cd dia binh khi phtrc tap. song lai la noi dang tdn tai nhilu canh rimg hoang so, cic khu bao tdn sinh tbii da dang. Nbieu dia danh ndi tieng ctia viing nay nhu: Vudn Qudc gia YokDon, Bien Hd, Nha thd go Kon Tum (Viet Nam),... Thac nudc Phamitb. Cdng vien qudc gia Viakchey (Campuchia)... Ia nhiing danh lam thang cinh ddc dio vi hap dan. Ciing vdi nhung di sin van hda ciia ddng bio cac dan tdc. cac dia ebi tren se la nhirng dia diem thu hilt khach du lich trong nudc va qudc te hien nay v i trong tuong lai.
Nhtrng tiem nang, lgi the tren se tao dieu kien quan trgng eho viec phit trien kinb te - xa hdi cua khu vyc niy, ci d cac dia phucmg cung nhu cua ba nude Viet Nam - Lio - Campuchia.
Thu hai Id, viee phat trien vting dat nay se tao CO hdi cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan ciia cic dia phuang. nhat la ddi vdi ddng bao cac dan tdc ctia hai nudc.
Mac dil li vtmg dat day tiem nang, song thuc te cic tinh d day van la nbung dja phuong ngheo nan va dang ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan.
Cd the nhan thay nhirng trd ngai ldn sau day:
. - Co SO' hg tdng cdn yeu kem.
Khu vyc nay cd dp cao kha chenh leeh tir 250 - 2.500 111 so vdi mat bien (phia Viet Nam) hoac tiep ndi dia hinh cao nguyen d phia Ddng vi thap dan sang phia Tay va Tay Nam (thudc cac tinh Lao - Campuchia). Day la nhung tinh cd he thdng giao tbdng cdn kem phit trien.
Ngoai trir cic tinh ctia Viet Nam da cd he thdng dudng si kbi tdt: dudng den tan xa. dugc rii nhya... Cdn lai hau bet d cac tinh ciia Campuchia va Lao dudng si chat lupng cdn thap va nhieu chd ehua cd dudng di tdi. Do vay.
viec di lai, giao thuang bet sire khd khan, nhat la miia mua. Trong khi giao thdng dudng thuy ehua phiit trien. mang ludi giao thdng dudng bd edn thieu va phan bd khdng deu: toan khu vuc hien cd 2.223 km qudc Id, 1.932 km tinb Id v i 4.818 km huyen Id. Neu nbu mang ludi dudng bd a Gia Lai la 0.274 km/km' thi d Sekdng la
0,053 km/km", a Stung Treng li 0,024 km/knr.
Ngoii ra. van cbuyen bang dudng tbii}'. dudng khdng ehua dugc khai thic nhieu vi dieu kien ha tang cdn rat thieu thdn.
- Trinh do phdt Irien kinh le cdn thdp vd cd sir chenh lech khd ldn.
La vimg dat rdng ldn, dan cu it, lai li noi xa cic trung tam kinh te. dan tri thap... nen nhin chung trinh dd phit trien kinh te cdn nhieu ban che. Mat do dan cu cua ca viing vao khoang 44 ngudi/km". Tuy nhien. niti'c do phan bd din cu khdng deu: d Viet Nam vio khoang 75 ngudi/km". Lao 10 ngirdi /km" vi Campuchia khoang 9 ngudi/km'. Ngay a trong mdi mdt tinb, huyen ciia cic dja phuong trong viing, din cu chu }eu sdng tap trung o nhirng thinh phd, tbi xa hoac buyen ly la ehinh, trong khi dd eic xa bien gidi dat rdng va dan cu thua thdt. Day li ban che rat ldn ve ngudn nhan lyc, td chirc san xuat tap trung v i bao ve an ninh bien gidi.
•Trong Tam giac phit trien CLV, mirc dp phat trien kinh te khdng ddng deu. Nhin chung, cac tinh Tay Nguyen (Viet Nam) trinh dp kinh te tuong ddi kha: tde dp tiing truong kinh te hang nam vao khoang 11% (nam 2004), cao bon mire trung binh ciia ca nude li 7,69%...
Trong dd. Die Lac tang 10,4%, Gia Lai tang 12,54%, Die Ndng tang 11%, Kon Tum tang 10,5%. GDP binb quan diu ngudi nam 2004 dat 5,64 trieu ddng, xuat khau nam 2005 dat 551 trieu USD. Ty le hd ngheo van cdn cao. Nam 2005 a Die Lie, ty le hd ngheo la 27,5%, trong dd sd ddng bao dan tdc la 55,29%. Cic con sd tuong irng ciia Gia Lai la 29,82% va 62,46%, Kon Tum 38,63% va 63,7%, Die Ndng 33,7%
va 47,17%. Mac dti nhung nam gan day, ty le ngudi ngheo da giam kha nhanh, song neu so vdi eic dia phuong khac thi cic tinh nay van cdn cd khoang each cbeiih lech Idn. Dii co cau kinh tl ciia eic tinh nay cd sy chuyen dich, song nhin chung van cham, nam 2004, ndng lam nghiep chilm 51%, cdng nghiep 21%, dich vy 28%. Mac dil, nbi nudc rit cbii trpng dau tu phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi ndi chung, giao dye y
NhOng van de KINH TE VA C H I N H TRj THE Gldl Sd 7 (159) 2009- 27
Vai tro cua Tam giac phat trien Viet Nam - Lao-Campuchia. Tran Anh Tai
te ndi rieng, song d cac tinb nay trinh dd dan tri van cdn thap, ty le mil chu cao, sd hpc sinh tiep tyc hpc len cac bac cao van cdn rat khiem tdn.
Trinh dp kinh te d cac tinh ciia Campuchia va Lao trong vting Tam giac phit trien so vdi cae tinh Viet Nam edn cd khoing each kha ldn.
Bdi vi, day la nbu'ng viing xa xdi, die biet khd khan. Cudc sdng ctia ngudi dan da phan mang tinh tir cung ty cap, phu thudc vao ty nhien va ldi canh tic lac bau, phan tin. Trinh dp dan tri thap, he thdng giio due, y te van cdn thieu thdn.
Rd ring, thye trang kem phat trien va sy chenh lech da neu d tren dang dat ra nhieu van de phirc tap va khd khan trong viec phat trien kinh te ddi vdi khu vyc nay ndi chung, dn dinh bien gidi ndi rieng.
- Trdt lu an ninh chinh Iri - xd hdi vdn cdn nhieu vdn de phirc tgp.
An ninh trat ty ed vai trd bet sire quan trpng trong viec dam bao phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ctia cac dia phuong, nhat la cac huyen, xa bien gidi. Sudt nhieu thiip nien gan day, Viet Nam - Campuchia da ed nhieu cd gang phdi bgp de dim bao yen dn viing bien gidi bai nudc. Do vay, su giao luu, trao ddi, giiip dd lan nhau giira cac dja phuong, cac dan tdc trong viing niy ngiy cang ting len. Nhd dd, cudc sdng ciia ddng bao hai nudc, nhat la d cac viing bien gidi da dugc cii thien dang ke. Tuy nhien, tren thyc te khu vyc nay ciing da tdn tai nhieu vu viec phirc tap v i khdng it thdi diem da xay ra nhtrng diem ndng ve chinh tri an ninh d nhieu dia phuong, nhat la d cic tinb Viet Nam. Nbii'ng sy kien xay ra d eac tinh Tay Nguyen (Viet Nam) nam 2001, 2004 da gidng hdi chudng ve tinh trang mat dn dinh trong vtmg. Cd rat nbieu nguyen nhan dan den tinh hinh tren, song cudc sdng khd khan, trinh do dan tri ban che... li nhiing yeu td de bi lgi dyng de ldi keo kich ddng ngu'di dan vi pham phip luat. Dieu can chil y a day lai la noi sinh sdng tap trung ciia nhieu ddng bio dan tdc. nhieu tdn giao khac
nhau... Vi tbi, phat trien khu vyc nay khdng chi chti trgng ve kinh te ma can phai hieu ro nhiing dac diem van hda, xa hdi cua cac dia phuong va ngudi dan trong vting.
Chil truang xay dyng Tam giac phat trien se cbo phep khai thac cac tiem nang va lgi the de diy manh kinh te - xa hdi cua cac tinh trong khu vyc. Mdt khi kinh te phat trien, ha tang dugc diu tu xay dyng tdt... se tao ra sy thay ddi nhanh chdng mgi mat ctia ddi sdng. Tang tru'dng kinb t l cao se dua den su dot phat mdi va dieu dd se gdp phan nhanh chdng cii thien cudc sdng eua ngudi dan, nang cao trinh dp dan tri, tao nen sy ddng thuan xa bdi. tang cudng giao luu hgp tie gitra cac dia phuong trong nudc ciing nhu vdi nudc ban... Neu biet ket hgp tdt viec phat trien kinh te vdi cic ITnh vuc khac, chac chan ket qua dua Iai se bet strc tdt dep. Day la dieu kien cd y ngbTa quan trpng ddi vdi viec dn dinh bien gidi ndi chung, an ninh trat ty ndi rieng ctia hai nudc Viet Nam va Campuchia hien nay va trong thdi gian tdi.
2.2. Phat trien Tam giac phat trien se tao nen su- soi dpng ciia vung, m& rpng va tang cudng lien kit hop tac v&i cac tinh, cac dja phirong cua Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia v&i cac nw&c trong khu vuc va tren the gi&i , i^jfi
Xet ve mat dia ly, day la mdt trong khdng nhieu viing cd su tiep giap bien gidi ba nudc.
Dil van cd nbieu diem khac biet, song khu vyc nay da tdn tai kha nhieu diem tuong ddng: dieu kien thien nhien, tiem nang, dan tdc, vin hda...
Hon the ntra, cbti truong phat trien vting nay da nhan dugc quyet tam cao ciia chinh phti ba nudc, sy ung hd qudc te va nhat la su ddng thuan cua cac dja phuong va ngudi dan. Khdng nbii'ng ve kinb te, viing dat nay cdn cd vj tri rat quan trgng ma viec khdi ddng va phit trien se cd tic dyng trong viec thuc day lien ket hdi nhap, hgp tac a pham vi qudc gia cung nhu tirng dia phuong. , ; • •.•> ; . i •.*•..\ i.
28 -NhOng van de KINH TE VA C H I N H TR! THE Gldl Sd 7 (159) 2009
Tran Anh Tai Vai tro cua Tam giac phat tnen Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia.
0 khu virc Tam giic phit trien nay khdng cbi ed ngudn tii nguyen da dang, nhat la dat dai, rirng... phii bgp vdi viec phit trien ndng, lam nghiep ma day cdn la trung tam de ndi lien cac true giao thdng, cac cang bien, cac khu vuc kinh te ctia ba nudc. Nbieu trung tam kinb te ctia Viet Nam khdng qua xa: Da Nang, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh... vdi cac co sd cdng nghiep, nhat li cdng nghiep che bien bien dai se cd dieu kien hd trg tdt cho sin xuat, tieu thy, xuat khau hing hoi ctia viing nay.
Ve thirong mgi, dich vu, ca sd hg tdng. Viec hinh thinh cac khu kinb te cii'a khau va cac cira khau qudc te: Bd Y, Le Thanh (Viet Nam)...
cting vdi cbinb sach uu dai dac biet se tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho viec md rdng boat ddng trao ddi hing hda dich vu. Cic tinh Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri v i Stung Treng (Campuchia) ddng vai trd li noi trung chuyen va trao ddi hing hda, nhat la hang hda nhap khau ttr Viet Nam hoac qui cinh qua Viet Nam. Hien tai khu vyc niy dang cd nbu cau rat ldn ve xay dyng ea sd ha tang, song cie tinh trong vting khdng the du khi nang, ngudn vdn de thyc hien. Do dd md rdng lien kiet, keu ggi dau tu trong nude va sy giiip dd qudc te la bet sire quan trgng.
Ndng, Idm. ngir nghiep. Day li khu virc cd nhieu lgi the, dac biet la vting dat phii hgp vdi phit trien cay cdng nghiep, hoa qua... Cac vting dit ciia Lao, Campuchia hien cdn chua khai thic se la co hdi de cac ben hgp tie trdng. che bien cac loai san pham nbu ca phe, che, cao su, hat tieu, san... hoac trdng rimg.
Phdt trien cdng nghiep. ddo tgo, du ljch. Vdi nhung tiem nang kha ddi dao, khu vyc nay bdi dti cac dieu kien de phit trien cdng nghiep. nhit la xay dyng cac nha may thuy dien. khai thic khoang san... De khoi ddng va phat trien Tam giac phat trien can nhanh chdng dio tao mdt ddi ngti nhan lire dim bio ve sd lupng va chat lugng. Vdi thyc trang bien nay. rd ring cic tinh chua the dap irng dugc nhu eau \'e lao ddng.
nhat li lao ddng cd trinh dp cao. Do dd. khdng chi chu trpng hgp tie ndi vting ma md rdng lien ket vdi cac vung li rit quan trpng. Can phai coi day khdng cbi la giai phap trudc mat ma phai la djnh hudng phat trien lau dai ciia khu vyc nay.
La khu vyc cd tai nguyen du lich cdn rat ddi dao. lgi the nay se dugc khai thac hieu qua neu biet phdi hgp hgp tic trong vimg va vdi cic dia phuong khic.
Nhu vay, viec phat trien Tam giic phat trien CLV khdng chi tao nen sy thay ddi cd tinh dot phi trong khu vyc nay ma cdn md ra co bdi mdi eho viec md rdng lien ket hgp tic vdi cac dia phuong ba nudc va vdi ben ngoai. Neu dat trong tdng the phat trien ctia Tieu vting sdng Me Kdng. banb lang kinb te Ddng - Tay... rd ring.
Tam giac phat trien CLV cd vi tri dac biet quan trgng: ndi cic cing bien, md rdng giao thuong hing hda vdi cac nudc, bao ve mdi trudng, md mang du lich... Day la nhtrng dieu kien va co hdi thuan lgi de md rdng hgp tie toan dien Viet Nam - Campuchia ndi chung, dn dinh va phit trien ben vung bien gidi bai nudc ndi rieng hien nay va trong thdi gian tdi.
3. Ket luan
Cd the khang djnh rang, sang kien xay dung Tam giac phit trien la mdt chti truang diing dan xuat phit tir lgi ich ciia ba nudc vi phii hgp vdi xu the hdi nhap khu vyc va qudc te hien nay. Vi the, y tudng dd nhanh chdng nhan dugc sy ting bd khdng ehi d cap lanh dao trung uong mi ca cap dia phuang, ngudi dan, nhat li nbu'ng xa buyen thudc khu vuc bien gidi ba nudc. Nhd sy nhat tri cao ciia cic ben nen ke hoach phit trien viing nay da dugc khoi ddng. trien khai khi nhanh chdng va budc dau dat duge nhirng ket qua ding khich le. Tuy nhien. khd khan va nbieu thich thirc dang dat ra ddi hoi ba nude, cac dia phuong trong khu vyc can tiep tyc nd lire nbieu ban ntra. Vdi vj tri quan trgng cua viec phit trien Tam giac phit trien CLV ddi
NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHJNH TR! THE Gldl So 7 (159) 2009- 29
Vai tro ciia Tam giac phat trien Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia. Tran Anh Tai
vdi phit triin kinh tl - xa bdi CLV ndi chung.
dn dinh v i phat trien ben vtrng viing bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia ndi rieng. theo chimg tdi can tilp tyc thye hien mdt sd giai phip sau:
i) Can thdng tin di}' du kip thdi. rdng rai bon vl \ iec trien kliai ke hoach. quy hoach phat trien Tam giic phat trien CLV klidng cbi ddi vdi lanh dao eac dia phuong. nhan dan trong vimg ma vdi cac tinli trong ca nude \'i vdi ben ngoai. Dae biet.
\'di ddng bao dja phuong (nhat la ba eon cac dan tde thieu sd) can ed each tbirc tuyen tru}'en van ddng phil hgp de hp hieu va ung hd ehii truong ciia nha nudc va chinb quyen dia phuong ve xay dyng khu vyc Tam giae phat trien CLV.
ii) Can xay dyng cac ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa bdi cua ca viing cting nbu mdi dia
phuong mdt each thyc te va cd Id trinh cu the de tranh roi vao kieu quy hoach treo, lang phi va de phat sinh cac tieu cyc.
iii) Tich cyc md rpng hgp tac vdi ben ngoai khu vyc xa nhat la keu ggi sy giup dd vi khuyin khich cae nha kinh doanh nudc ngoai diu tu vao khu vyc nay bang cac cbinh sich uu tien dac biet.
iv) Can gin phat trien kinb te - xa hdi khu
\'yc ni}' vdi dam bao an ninh bien gidi. Do dd, trong quy hoach phat trien tdng the ciing nhu cac ITnh vyc bgp' tic cy the can phdi ket hgp vdi nhiem vu phat trien dn dinb. ben vtrng vimg bien gidi ba nudc ndi chung, Viet Nam va Campuchia ndi rieng*
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. ADB (1996): Economic Cooperation in the Greater Mekong Subregion; Facing the Chalenges. Manila.
2. Bd Ke hoach \'a Dau tu. Vien Chien lugc phat trien (2004): Bao cao ve Quy hogch tdng the khu vuc bien gidi hg nudc VLC (Tgm gidc phdt Irien VLCj, Ha Ndi, thing 6.
3. Ban Hgp tie Lao v i Campuchia (2007): Sdng kien hinh thdnh Tam gidc phdi trien Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia. Ha Ndi.
4. Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu (2004): Quy hogch tdng the phdi trien kinh te - xd hoi Tam gidc phdt trien Campuchia - Ldo - Viel nam. Ha Ndi. thing 8.
5. Cyc Dau tu nude ngoai. Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu (2007): Tdng quan chinh sdch vd thu luc thu hut ddu lu nudc ngodi cua Viet Nam vdo khu vuc Tam gidc phdt trien ba nudc Viel Nam - Ldg - Cgmpuchig. Kon lum, ngay \9-2\l A. • . . . . ,, ;
6. Nien giam thdng ke cic tinb Dac Lie. Kon Tum. Gia Lai nam£007. .
7. Pham Dire Thanh (2007): Tgm gidc phdt trien gdp phdn lang cudng hgp tdc Viet Nam- Campuchia. Tap cbi Nghien ctru Ddng Nam A, sd 11.
8. Pham Dire Thanh (cbti nhiem): Nghien ciru khia cgnh ddn tgc, ldn gido, vdn hod trong Tam gidc phdt Irien Viel Nam - Ldo - Cgmpuchig, Dd tai cip Bd (2006-2007).
30 -NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHINH TRI THE Gldl Sd 7 (159) 2009
