DOI M 6 I QUAN LY
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TRONG KINH DOANH XAY Dl/NG
KIM THI
Kinh doanh xay di/ng dang d6i mat vdi hang loat thach thufc, co anh hi/flng tcii tLfng thanh vien trong chu trinh s6ng ciia cong trinh, tiJ kign true su' chodgn chii diu tu. Du cho cong nghe co tign bo, song tuyet dai da s6 cac cong trinh cOng khong the d§ dang dap ifng nhiJng, thay ddi vg nhu cSu kinh doanh, cua nhiing ngudi siJ dung cong trinh. HOn niJa, nhigu chu cong trinh lai tiep tuc tap trung vao gia thanh xay dUng co chi§u hudng tang cao hoac ngay ca khi chung sut giam dSn hdn 75% tdng chi phi cho cdng trinh trong chu trinh sdng cua nd.
Va mac du yeu ciu doi mdi la biJc thi§t, hien d mot sd nudc vin chUa cd dUdc nhLfng y tUdng mdi va lam tang ap lire manh hdn vdi nhiJng gidi han mdng manh dae trUng cho kinh doanh xay dung, ThUc ra, nhCng thach thu'c mdi nay khdng cd gi xa la. Tuy nhien nhflng thay dd'i cua chung cd the khSc phuc dUdc hay khdng ngu chi trdng chd vao nhiet tinh cua chung ta.
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6 ba nhan td cd tfnh chit quylt djnh su tiln triln cua kinh doanh trong nhOng nam tdi.ThU nhdt Id su thay ddi ro r§t trong thilt k l cdng trinh, nd Idm biln ddi cdeh tliQc sQ dung va qudn ly cong trinh. ThU hai, chung ta se phdt trien nhOng bien phdp mdi trong xay dong cong trinh, chpn lua nhOng qud trinh tot nhit vd dua thong tin c6 hieu qua hdn, rihlm dat dupc muc tieu cua Chung ta Id "duy nhit dupc lap lai"- mpit bien phdp cua cdc qud trinh chuin, ngay cd khi chung ta biet rdng cdc cong trinh khdng giong nhau.
Song, nhan td quan trpng nhit Id mdi quan he cong tdc mdi dupc hinh thanh giQa tit ca cdc ben tham gia vd chu trinh sdng cua cong trinh, lam xdo trpn chQc nang ddc trung cho nghi kinh doanh ngay
nay va tao dilu kien cho cdc kien true su, ky su, cong ty xay dung, chu d i u tUva ngudi sQdung cdng trinh hpp tdc vdi nhau ed hieu qua. D i n lupt minh, nhQng thay ddi nay se dupe hd trp bdi hang loat cdng nghe nhu Qng dung mang, vd tuyIn, cong nghe ao dupc trien khai vao tOig giai doan phdt trien, tQ thilt k l cho d i n quan ly, vd ca nhQng cdng nghe dong md cho hieu qua cP dpng.
Thiet ke cac cong trinh dong m d c d dong Kiln true dang biln del rit nhanh vdi nhQng cdng trinh cd hinh thdi tQ do thay eho cdc thilt ke truyen thdng, vuong vQc va cdc vat lieu than thien vdi moi trudng, vat lieu tiln bp dupe trien khai rdng rdi. Cho tdi nay, d mQc dp cP ban hon, sQ thay doi vdn chua du nhanh. Mac du cdc cdng trinh vdn da
NGUdi
XAY DI/NG S 6 THANG3-2011
CP dpng bdi nhOng ban c h i v l vat ly, nd vdn se cd kha nang tao ra mdi trudng cP dpng hon cho chu cdng trinh va ngudi sQ dung so vdi nhQng gi chung ta dang lam.
Bit d i u vdi khai niem "ddng md dupe", d n phai dp dung mpi cdng nghe trong edng trinh, tQ dien thoai, nghe nhin d i n truyin hinh. NhQng ngudi sQ dung khong mudn Qng xQvdi mang IQdi truyen hinh va truyin hinh cap, vdi cai chuyen mach va bp chi dudng, hoac ndi mang vdi Internet. Hp mudn d m ndi ngay vao edng dQ lieu va tQ dpng ndi mang vdi cac cdng nghe ma hp d n chQ khdng phai Id cac djch vu xay dung hoac cac mang ludi dQ lieu rieng cua hp. Ndi each khae, eac cong nghe nay phai trd thdnh mpt djch vu chuan, tuong tQ nhu dien, nudc,va gaz dupc cung d p khi ddng md vdi. N l u nhQng ngudi sQ dung bilt ring hp cd the dong md de van hanh cdc djch vu nay mpt edch d l dang, va hp cd the day nhanh tdc dp khi dua vao cong trinh rieng cua minh.
Cac cong nghe se trd thanh djch vu chuan, gidng nhir dien, nudc, gaz dUdc cung cip chi bdng dong tac I n nhe hay van cong tac
NhQng yeu d u nay phai dupc tfnh d i n ngay tQ phut d i u trong chu trinh sdng cua cong trinh, sao cho cdc thanh phin dupc cung d p cd the xay lan vao trong vd cong trinh. Sau cung, khd nang ddng md dupc phai md rong ra ngoai pham vi cong trinh:
nd tao dilu kien cho ngudi sQdung "In nut" vao van phong thQC su, b i t ke la hp d dau, sQ dung mdy dien thoai, mdy tfnh cd nhan hay dien thoai qua internet.
Cung phdt sinh yeu c i u cho kiln true sQ v l nhQng kha ndng mdi cua kit d u ngdi nha nhim d l dang quan ly cdc dich vu xay dung hPn. Cdc bp cam Qng thudng dupc dung de kiem tra v l sudi, thong gid va dilu hoa khdng khf, song chung cung cd the dupc dung trong nhilu Qng dung khdc. Chang han, n l u d n thi cd the dilu khien ddng dien cho thilt bj chilu sang vdi phu tung canh bdo trudc cho nguoi quan ly bdng den ndo s i p hong. Chung ta con cd the dua nhilu phuPng tien vao thilt k l npi thdt, sao cho moi trudng dupc van hanh mpt cdeh tien nghi hon nQa.
Rdi nhQng thilt k l nay cung se thay ddi de cd the dp dung rong rai trong cong nghiep xay dung vd sQdung cong trinh. V l ly thuylt, nhQng thay ddi nay se ddi hoi nghien cQu phdt trien manh hon nQa, tQ dd ma hd trp kfch dpng khu vuc trudng dai hpc cung nhu cong nghiep va lam thQc tinh cdc sinh vien ky thuat xay dQng. Dae biet, kinh doanh xay dong khong hap din ddi vdi gidi tre, d i n tdi tinh trang la d rihieu nudc, sd sinh vien khoa xay dung thudng thilu trong mpt thdi gian kha dai. Quan trpng hPn, nhQng thay ddi v l thilt k l cd the thuc day cdc td chQc suy nghT lai v l each sQ dung cdng trinh. Mpt khi mdi trudng ddng md dupe cd the d l dang ndi mang, thi khdng nhQng ehl cd cac cpquan nho, ma ca nhQng trung tam Idn cua khu vuc cung tao ra
M 6 HINH H0P TAC M U I TRONG KINH DOANH XAY Dl/Nj
Ttiiet ke kien triic se thay doi de ap dung rgng riii trong cong nghiep xay diJng
nhilu dilu kien thuan Ipi cho ngudi lam cong va cdc dng chu thu ldi nhilu hon nOa.
NhiFng thach thilc phai ddi mat trong ITnh vi/c xay di/ng
Nhu trong ITnh vuc thilt k l da neu ra nhQng hau qua chu y l u , kinh doanh xay dung cung phdi ddi mat vdi nhQng thdch thQc rieng cd cua nd. ThU nhit Id cdc ranh gidi ma ehung ta van hanh da qud chat hep, du cho cd rui ro cao nhung nhilu eong ty da hpat dpng vdi mpt ranh gidi mdng manh Id vdi phin tram. ThU hai Id, trong eung thdi gian dd, chung ta chju dp luc kbit khe la phdi xay nhanh vd cd hieu qua hen. Cd nhQng dQ dn chia khda trao tay trong ba thdng da phai hodn thdnh.
Trong khi nhQng nhan td ndy se cung cd viec kinh doanh do chung tao ra, thi thj trudng xay dimg vdn ran vd mpt cdeh rd ret vd dam chan tai cho.
Chang ban, tai DQc, cdng ty xay dong Idn nhit co mpt thj phin khdng qua 1%, vd thj phan tdng hpp cua 10 cong ty hang d i u cdn xa mdi tdi mQc 10%.
Chung ta khdng nhin thiy trien vpng gi Idn v l phfa nhQng nhd thiu canh tranh mua bdn de trd thdnh nhung nha t h i u sieu hang, hoac Id cd sQ hpp nhdt manh nie giQa cdc kiln true su. Ngoai ra, cdn do giai doan d i u cua chu trinh sdng - Id thilt k l - day la mpt ITnh vuc boat dpng "nghe thuaf hon Id mpt qua trinh cd djnh hudng, mpt ITnh vuc xay dung cd khoa hpc; vd n l u anh khdng cd kha nang tao ra mpt qud trinh cd djnh hudng thi anh se m i t nhilu lpi nhudn trong su hpp nhit do. Chung ta tin ring khi xay ra SQ hpp nhit, se cd nhilu thdnh phin khdc nhau ciJa chu trinh sdng hon Id trong npi bp eua cdc thdnh phin dd, tuong tu nbu bien phdp md rong vdo trong cdc giao djch quan ly cd phuong tien.
Cung tdn tai mpt vdi an y. Ddi vdi cdc bp khdi dpng, n l u khong cd hpp nhit thi it dp luc thj trudng trong viec tim kilm hieu qud trong chu trinh sdng cua cdng trinh yd thuc day vupt qua nhung thay ddi.
Hem nQa, mpt sd ft cong ty con cd nhung tiem luc de nghien cQu vd tim kilm sQ thay ddi cua nhu d u cdng viec kinh doanh. ThQC ra, gid thdnh la y l u td cdn trd idn nhit de ddi mdi mpi thQ trong chung ta.
NGUdi XAY DI/NG S 6 THANG 3 • 2011
Ngoai ra, mpt vai ddc trung cP ban cua thj trudng xay dung cung doi hoi phai co sUthay ddi can ban.
Chdng han, tai thj trUdng chau Au nhQng nhu cau d p bdch de tim kilm cac phuong phap bd thau mdi. Hien nay qua trinh d i u thiu d cdc nudc nhu DQc - ddc biet Id trong khu vuc cong cong - dupe cdc kiln true sutim kiem cdc dien hinh, vd dQa tren nhQng kiln nghj de trinh de ddp Qng viec the hien chQc nang hoac ban du toan khdi lupng va nhan cong. Nha thiu buoc phdi ddp Qng nhQng yeu d u nay, vd khong cd ldi thodt de dua vdo nhi]mg thiet k l hoac mdu hinh khdc. Trong thuc t l , khu vuc cong cong thudng cd nhQng han c h i de chip nhan cdc thilt k l dupc l i ^ chpn, bdi cdc nha thiu cd the than philn ring q u i trinh d i u thiu khdng tao mpt sdn choi dung mQc. Chfnh vi vdy, viec canh tranh trong qud trinh d i u thiu se tap trung vdo gid - tim kilm cdc gidi han thip va tao nen mpt mdi quan he khong miy than thien giQa cdc nhd thiu va khach hang. Vd do vdy b l t i c trong viec ddi mdi.
Thi/c hien lap la! sir doc dao
Chung ta dang ndi d i n nhQng thdch thQc d hai mQc dp: khi thuc hien cdc qud trinh xay dung cho chung ta vd thuc hien su hpp tac giQa cdc ben tham gia khdc nhau trong sudt chu trinh sdng cua cdng trinh. TQ mpt viln cdnh xdy dung, muc tieu cua chung ta la thuc hien lap lai su dpc ddo. Khi chu y din CP sd cua danh muc tdi khoan an toan dupc chuan hoa hoac tiln dp cua du dn, su dpc dao cd the lap lai la phai tfnh todn sao cho ky ndng kinh doanh cua chung ta Id tdt nhit va cd the dp dung Chung mpt cdeh van nang. Cd mpt sd thay ddi trong qud trinh dd lai Id cP ban. Chang han, chung ta day manh viec thuc hien mpt miu nhd tiln c b l , thay doi nhilu viec xdy dung kit cdu cdng trinh tai cong trudng sang sdn bai san xuit. Muc dfeh Id thuc hien nhQng cong viec khd khdn va nhilu rui ro hon tai nhd may, noi chung ta cd the kiem tra dQde chat che, CO the thuc hien cdng tdc l i p rdp tai hien trudng sdn xuit. Dilu nay mang d i n cho nghi kinh doanh mpt mdu hinh co hieu qua hon, tUdng tQ nhu cdng
Sdhdp tac cua c^c ben la nhan to quan trong trong xay dung cac do thi phat trien ben vdng, giam dang ke chi phi xay dung
Mfi HlNH HOfP TAC MIJI TRONG KINH DOANH XAY DIfNG
nghiep tQ dpng hda, va cung ed nhung hieu qua ro ret vd tfch cQc ddi vdi sQc khoe va an toan. Do la mpt xu t h i khdng the dao ngupe nhim dam bao an todn tren cdng trudng trong nhQng thap nien vQa qua va chung ta cdn tilp tuc thuc hien de giam thieu cdc tai nan.
Tu* mot viin canh xay di/ng, muc tieu cua chung ta la lap lai si/ doc dao
Tuong tu, chung ta dang dua nhQng ky thuat xay dung "xanh" vdo cae qud trinh xay dung. NhiJng tieu chuan mdi trudng cua DQc rit chat ehe, va nhQng v i n d l v l hieu qua nang lupng, tai ehl, lua chpn vat lieu vd kiem seat chit thai cung tuong ddi tien tiln so vdi Hoa f^. V l mat Ijch sQ, mpt phan anh hudng do gid nang lupng dehau Au cd cao hon, song cung cdn do nhQng nguyen nhan v l chfnh trj va xa hpi.
Tuy nhien, la mpt cdng ty khi tilp can vdi nhQng giai phdp xanh tai Hoa Ky, noi chung tdi hien da cd 40 cong trinh dupe chQng nhdn "cdng trinh xanh" vdi cdc mQc dp khdc nhau la chQng nhan bach kim va vang. Khdng phdi chd dpi cd nhQng quy djnh mdi dp dung cho cdc cong trinh xanh nay, trong nhilu trudng hpp, nd da dupc dua vao trong qud trinh xay dung trudc khi khach hang cd yeu d u .
Tfnh dpc ddo cd kha nang lap lai cung ndi len ring nhQng ky nang dp dung cho mpt ting cua ngoi nhd trong qud trinh xdy dung cung sQ dung dupc cho todn the. Chang han, lam sao chung ta lai khong sQ dung cac eong nghe xdc dinh t i n sd truyin thanh (RFID) de theo doi hang hda trong qua trinh xdy dong mpt khi chung ta khdng the sQdung cdc cong nghe khdc tuong tQ vao trong kit d u loi cua cong trinh de qudn ly phdng ngQa hay sQa ChQa?
Trong khi nhQng thay ddi nay hinh nhu con xa vdi, dilu quan trpng can luon nhd Id trong cdng nghiep, chung ta phdi dat hieu qua trong cdc qua trinh quan ly. Khi Commerzbank Tower dupc xay dung d trung tam Frankfurt, nhilu d u kien Idn, rdng tren 5 met da phdi l i p rdp lai n^odi cdng trudng de van chuyen. Co d i n m i y tuin le, giao thdng d trung tdm thdnh phd Franfurt bj d m vdo budi toi vd mpi cot den giao thdng va tfn hieu phai ddi di de cd the vdn chuyen cae cay cot khdng id di tren dudng. Rdi d i n sdng hdm sau, vao gid giao thong cao diem, mpi thQ lai dupc lap rdp trd lai. Day la mpt sQ thuc hdnh phQc tap v l Idgic md kinh doanh v i n thudng lam.
Chung ta tin tudng ring edng nghe se ddng mpt vai trd ddng ke trong viee hd trp cdc tiln bp nay trong ITnh vuc xdy dung, d t i m chiln lupc, cdng nghe hd trp mpi nd luc eua chung ta trong viec trien khai cdc qud trinh san xuit tdi uu vd cung d p mpt sdn trao ddi vd cong tdc thdng tin. 6 tdm chiln thuat, chung ta cung chpn mpt sd cong nghe chuyen biet, gdm ca mo hinh hda bdn chilu. Dd la nhQng mo hinh ba chilu cdng them mpt chilu chi sutiln hda qud trinh xay dung qua eac thdi gian. Tai day cdc kiln true su, ehu edng trinh, ngudi thuc hien
NGUdi XAY DI/NG s 6 T H A N G 3 • 2011
HOHlHHHtfPTACHtfl TPnMfiinilH DOANH XAY DlWG
du an vd nhijmg chuyen gia dilu chinh cd the cung nhau dutodn cong trinh mpt cdeh chi tilt vd xem xet eac^chiln lupc dupc lua chpn.
6 mot tam chiln \uac, cong nghe hd trqr moi nd lire ciia chiing ta trong viec trien khai cac qua trinh san xuat tdi uu va cung edp mot san trao ddi va cong tac thong tin.
Mpt trong nhung thdch thQc Idn nhit md cdng nghiep xdy dung doi mat Id nhQng thdng tin trao ddi - khong ke nhQng thong tin khdng tdi, ma Id nhQng thong tin chfnh xdc cap nhdt dQPc. Chung ta sQ dung mpt pham vi rong cdc cong nghe, mpt sd trong dd la cong nghe phd biln, nhung dupc dp dung theo phuong cdeh mdi. Chdng ban, hai phUdng phdp thdng tin chu y l u cua chung ta Id thu dien tQ vd gpi dien thoai. Tuy nhien, gid trj thQc cua hai phUdng tien nay co dupc khi chung hpp nhit dUdc vdi cdc he thdng tdc nghiep eua chung ta, dupc thilt lap theo tiln trinh cong viec sao cho chung trd thdnh nhiem vu cd djnh hudng vd dp dung cdc cong cu dpc tQc thdi. Chdng ban, cdc danh muc kiem tra an toan cd the gOi qua dien thoai; hoac nlu toi dang d tren cong trudng ma quen trang bj an todn, toi cd the tilp can mpt video hoac mpt tdi lieu v i n t i t v l v i n d l nay.
T i t nhien, vo tuyIn dien Id mpt ky thudt chu chdt va chung ta tin rang nd se cung cd nd luc cua chung ta de tao ra eai gpi la "cong viec ngay trong hop". Tdm nhin cua chung ta Id cung d p mpt vj tri vdi ha ting cP sd vo tuyIn de cd the van hdnh ngay dupc chQ khong phai Id chd dpi d i n giai doan ket ndi truyin thong sau. Chung ta cung dang bit d i u sQ dung tilng ndi qua Internet nen cd the trdnh phuong tien cue bp vd co the cd ngudi hoat dpng tai dja diem nhu mpt cP quan cdc sd may dien thoai phu cua hp.
Mot mo hinh hqrp tac trong kinh doanh xay dirng
Trong khi chung ta lam viec tai khu vuc xdy dung, trudc bet nhim dat dupc ti'nti dpc ddo lap lai thi muc tieu thQ hai la cai thien mQc dp cong tdc giQa cdc ben phoi hpp trong chu trinh sdng cua cong trinh.
Cdc kho chQa chQc ndng dae trung cho cong nghiep cua chung ta cung gidng nhu cdc ngdnh ktidc, la nhung can trd chfnh, vd dd Id dp luc ndng n l cho cdc kien true su, ky su, cong ty xdy dung, chu cong trinh va ngudi sQdung khi cung nhau Idm viec cho cd hieu qua hon. Gidi han cuoi ciJng ma chung ta mudn tao ra cho cac chu cong trinh va ngudi sQ dung la cd hieu qua vd mim deo v l gia thanh, vd nhQng mdi trudng xanh. Vd nlu chung ta mudn lam cdeh ndo de cd Ipi vd cd hieu qud cho nhQng beri tham gia trong chu trinh sdng cua cong trinh thi d n phdi dilu hoa giQa cdc ben tham gia dd.
Mudn vay nd doi hoi mpt sQthay ddi v l bp nhd.
Hang ngay cac kiln true su d n de hit tdm trf vdo cdc cdng ty trong eac giai doan thilt k l ; cd nhu t h i mdi cho phep chung ta t u v I n dQpc cdc cdng nghe
dupc dp dung vd tranh ludn kjp thdi v l nhurng,yeu cdu xanh cd dnh hudng d i n cdc nhdn td thilt ke, sQ dung nhu t h i nao. Cung da cd nhilu vf du xay ra trong thilt k l trudng hpc, trong dd sQ dung khuon vien vd cdc phuong t i l n nhdm phdn tfch chi tiet quan trpng. Hon nOa, cdc chu cdng trinh d n doa nhQng bien phdp qudn ly chu trinh sdng vdo de ddnh gid khi hp giao eong trinh. Thay vi phai tap trung chu y vdo vdn d l gid thdnh de kilm ldi nhudn Idn hPn thi hp lai chu tam vdo nhQng bien phdp xanh vd cdc nhdn td tdc nghiep trong giai doan thiet k l , hon Id chu trinh sdng v l sau nay. Cung se cd lpi cho nhung ngudi sQ dung n l u chu cdng trinh danh thdi gian nhieu hon cho viec sdm ddnh gid nhung hang muc ed lien quan d i n qudn ly, Idm giam tdng chi phf tdc nghiep. Nhu vdy cd the tdc dpng trd lai tdi ehu edng trinh, ndng cao tien nghi cho ngudi sQ dung^.
Tam nhin cua chung ta la cung d p mot vj tri vdi ha tdng cor sd vo tuyIn de cd the van hanh ngay duac chi? khong phai la chd ddi din giai doan kit ndi truyin thong sau
Su cong tac ed hieu qua eung ddi hoi hieu bilt nhilu hon v l thudt ngQ. Tai mpt mQc dp, chung ta se cd mpt bp tieu chuan de djnh nghTa cdc thudt ngQ dang "ddng-md" cd nghTa thuc te la gi. Cd ban hon, viec kinh doanh bj thdt bai bdi gidi thfeh khong rd hoac djch sai. Khi ngudi sQ dung ban bac vdi chu cdng trinh v l khdng gian bdn le, hp Idm nhu vdy vi xuit phdt tQ mpt trien vpng kinh doanh; hp hieu v l khdng gian trong ngQ canh hd trp hp bdn hdng vd tao thdi quen eho khdch hdng. Tuy nhien, cdc chu cong trinh lai nghT don gian ring dd Id thudt ngQ v l don vj dien tfch. De cdng tdc cd hieu qud, doi ben d n ndi chung mpt ngdn ngQ cua kinh doanh.
Cung cd the d l dang ndi v l nguyen t i c cua sQ cong tdc cheo, nhung thuc hien thi khd khdn. Tuy nhien, cd mpt sd kha nang ban ddu de d l ddng chuyen tilp. Trudc hit, phdi cd nhu d u bQc thilt doi vdi mpt lien hipp cdc cong ty. Cd r i t nhilu cong ty kiln true vd thilt k l vd ed mpt sd nhd doanh nghiep d khip noi, song chung ta d n mpt tap dodn "bic d u " nhQng ben tham gia khdc nhau va Idi keo hp cung vao cdc lpi fob.
ThQ hai Id, chung ta phai xem xet md rong viec dp dung quan ly thdng tin xdy dung sao cho bao qudt dupc todn bp chu trinh sdng. Chung ta da phdt trien dp dung mpt phdn m i m cho xdy dung nhim trudc tien md hinh hda cdng trinh xdy dung. Cdc edng nghe ndy se giup chung ta hieu Id ngay tQdlu dd phdi s i p x i p nhu t h i ndo de thuc hien mpt k l hoach kinh doanh trong todn bp chu trinh sdng cua cdng trinh. Chung ta cdn nhin thiy trudc cung edch cua nhQng ben tham gia, khd nang lam thay ddi khong gian cung nhu kha ndng "ddng md" cp dpng.
Khi dp dung mo hinh sd hda, chung ta cd the xay dung tdt, lam gidm ddng ke chi phf xdy dung vd van hdnb.a
(Tong hap tif Conneted Real Estate) NGUdi X A Y D I / N G S 6 T H A N G 3 • 2011
