Mor so SUY NGHI VE VIEC DAY HDC NGO VAN g THDIING PHO THONG THEO DINH HirONG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC
1 . G i a o d u c ( G D ) V i e t N a m t r o n g bd'icanh m d i Xac djnh boi canh va thdi eo, thach thdc ddi vdiGD nudc ta giai dogn 2011 -2020 Ig T o a n eau hoa va hoi nhgp qudc te've GD da trd thanh xu the tatyeu", trong Chien luge phat tnen GD 2011-2020 (^), Chmh pUu da neu quan die'm chi dao phat trie'n giao due: "Dd'i mdi can ban, toan dien nen GD theo hudng chuan hoa, hien dgi hoa, xa hdi hoa, dan ehu hoa, hgi nhgp qudete.thiehungvdinen kinh tethi tn/dng djnh hudng xa hpi chu nghla, phat trien GD g i n vdi phat trien khoa hpc va cdng nghe, tap trung vao nang eao chat lugng,daebietchatlugngGD dao due, Idi sdng, nang lue sang tao, kT nang thue hanh de mpt mat dap dng yeu cau phat then kinh t e - x a h d i , day manh CNH- HDH dat nude, dam bao an ninh qudc phong; mat khae phai chu trpng thoa man nhu cau phat trie'n cua m6i ngudi hpe, nhung ngudi cd nang khieu 6uqc phat trie'n tai nang".
D ac b let, Nghi quyet sd29/NQ - f l ^ n gay 4/11 / 2013 tgi Hpi nghj lan thd 8 khoa XI cua Ban Chap hanh Tmng uong Dang Cong san Viet Nam Veddi mdi can ban, toan dien GD va dao t^o. dap dng yeu eau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai boa trong dieu kien Idnh te thi tn/drig dinh hudng xahgi chu nghia va hgi nh$p qude fe'sau khi chi ra nhung hgn ehe va yeu kem cua GD:"... Hethd'ng GD va dao tgo thieu lien thdng gida cdc trinh dp va gida cac phuong thde GD, dao tao; cdn n$ng li thuyet, nhg thuc hanh...
Pht/ang phap GD, viee tbi, kiem tra va danh gia kit quaegnlach$u, thieu thuc ehat' da khang dinh quan diem ehi dao: "Chuyen manh qua trinh GD td chu yeu trang bikien thdc sang phat trien toan dien nang lue va pham cha't ngudihgd'. Cung vdi viec k h i n g djnh quan diem dd, Nghi quyet eung chi ra nhiem vu vagiai phap eu theddi vdi nganh G D; "Dd'i mdi npi dung GD theo hudng tinh gian, hien dgi, thiet thuc, phu hop vdi Ida tud'i, trinh do va nganh nghe; tang thuc hanh, van dijng kien thdc vag thue tidn... Tiep tue ddi mdi manh me phuang phap day va hgc theg hudng bien dai; phat huy tinh tich cue. chu dgng,
(ki2-812014)
TS. N G U Y E N T R O N G H O A N '
sang tao va van dung kien thuc, kinang cua ngudi hgc; khic phue ldi truyen thu ap dat mgt chieu, ghi nhd may moc. Tap trung day each hge, each nghi khuyen khich tuhgc, tao ca sdde ngudi hgc tucap nhat va doi m di tn thdc, kinang, phat trien nang lue (chung tdi nhan mgnh - N.T.H.)". Thiet nghT, tu nhieu nam qua, Dang ta ludn ludn quan tam dgc biet ddi vdi GDva dao tgo, song d Nghj quyet nay, nhdng tu tudng khoa hpc, each mang mang tinh thdi dgi ve vi the cua "qudc sach hang dau" da duge nang len d mpt tam ehien Iupe mdi. Dudng loi chi dao va cac hogch dmh do da xae djnh nhung mue tieu, nhiem vu, giai phap phat trie'n GD edy nghTa thiet thuc dap dng xu the each mgng khoa hpe cdng nghp, cdng nghe thdng tin va tnjyen thdng, kinh te tri thde eua thegidingayeang phattrien mgnh me,taedpngtn/c tiep den suphat trien eua eae nen GD.
2. T u djnh h u d n g kien thuc de'n djnh hudng nang lue
/JTheo thdng tin mang tinh td'ng ket khoa hpe, thdi gian qua, cae chuong trinh GD tnjyen thong thudng chu trpng den be rpng cua kien thuc, trong khi dd eae chuong trinh hien dai chu trpng tdi ehieu sau.
Tham khao vi du cua GS, TS. Nguyen Hdu Chau d i n theo Allan Glatthom va Jerry Jailall trong
"Curiculumforthenew Millenium" vesi/td'ng ket eae xu the phat trien chuong trinh GD {xem bang 1):
Bang 1. Tong ket cac xu the phat tnen chucmg trinh giao diJc a^m.^.
Kich i h u d : CUB kiSn t h i c do vSn ai KiSn mile vi k l nang Si/KhScbiei cd nhan C£u 130 chiicng trinh S l / g j n kgt cdc mSn hoc Tinh tich hgp Bfch cua chiKinq trinh
Cic ini uen
Cdc chuongIrinh I m y ^ n thfinn
R5na GIB l a c Diy an Chd trgng hiSn Ihilc Khfinq diic'c quan \im
KiSn UnJc phSn nhdnh C h i a d t C&smenhocrianoDia
Cdc hoat dOno Tinh duy li hQC ITiuat (acadsmic reasonatlun)
Cdc ehuang Idnh rnCA
sau
Cdc vdn ai thi/c Chil trgng ca Ufin tni?c
OkTOC c h j tronu Khfil kiSn thiJc chung
(common core) cung vdi cdc nhSnh USn Ihih:
G i n kSl chai cha Tich hoDC<Sli/B chon
Kfit Qud hoc ChO trong SI/Ihich ling
cua m i l cd nhdn
* \u Giao due hung hoc, B6 Giao due - Dao tao
Tgp chi Gido due so 340 135
Co the mdi chi la y kien ehuyen gia, nhung bang so sanh tren da bieu thj su ehuyen ddi kha ro ret ve npi ham cua tdng ITnh vUe. Bieu thi tuong ung d cae chuong trinh mdi ehinh la ket qua chuyen doi eua mgt mo hinh GD ket tinh, bao gom trong ddca muc tieu, ndi dung, phuong phap dgy hgc, kiem tra danh gia,... n h i m thich dng yeu eau dao tao eua xa hpi hien dai,
:2^Xettumuetieu, nguyen t&cva ban chat eua qua trinh day hpe, nhieu nha khoa hgc cho rang: chuong trinh day hpc truyen thdng ed the gpi la chuong trinh GD "dinh hudng ngi dung", tue dugc tien hanh theo su djnh lupng ve kien thdc trong ehuong trinh (djnh hudng dau vao), thong qua hogt dgng truyen thu he thdng tri thdc dd theo cac mdn hgc. Ndidung cila cac mon hpe dupe xay dung tren co sd eae khoa hgc chuyen nganh tuong dng. Muc dich chinh eua viec day hpe la lam sao giup hge sinh (HS)/jpcdt/'gcn/)/et/, nhddugc nhieu. Phai ndi r i n g : ehuong trinh day hge dinh hudng ngi dung cd nhihig uu die'm nhat djnh la tnjyen thu cho HS mpt he thong tri thdc cSn ban va khoa hpc. Khoang mpt thapki gan day, da CO tu tudng xae djnh "lay ngudi hpc lam tmng tam" trong quatrinh dgy hpc, song thuc ehat, hoat dpng hpe ehua duoe quan tam thoa dang - rd nhat la kha nang dng dung nhung tri thdc da dugc hpc trong nhOng tinh hudng thue tiln edn bjxem nhe. Trong khi do, thucte toan cau hoa khien kien thdc luon ludn dtrang thai "ddng"
va nhanh chdng lac hau; viec quy djnh khudn cdng nhdng npi dung ehi tiet trong ehuong trinh day hpe khien ehuong trinh mau chdng trd nen loi thdi va kho ket ndi, lien thdng vdi ddng ehay vd cung sdi dgng ciia tri thde hien dai. Hon nda, ehuong trinh dgy hpc dinh hudng npi dung thudng d i n den xu hudng kiem trg, danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua HS chu yeu dua tren kha nang tai hien kien thde nhieu hon kha nang van dung dugc nhung dieu da hgc; do dd, tinh trang HS thu dpng, han che kha nang linh hogt va sang tao trong thuc tiin cung la he qua tat yeu.
3) Bk dau td khoang nhdng nam 90 eua the ki XX, cac nudc cd nen GD phattrien da chu truong xu the "GD dinh hudng nang luc"- vdi muc tieu phat trien nang lue eua ngudi hpe va nay da trdthanh mdt xu the GD qude te;cd dau hieu khae biet quan trpng la ehuyen tdviec kiem soat chat lugng dau vao sang chu trgng md ta duge nang luc dau ra, thuc hien muc tieu phat trien toan dien cae pham cha't nhan each, ehu trpng nang luc van dung tri thdc cua ngudi hgc vao giai quyet nhdng tinh hudng cua thuc tiln
36 Tgp chi Gido due so 340
cugc sdng; dong thdi dac biet nhS'n manh vai trd cua ngudi hpc vdi tucach la ehu the nang ddng, sang tao cua qua trinh nhgn thdc.
Cac nha nghien euu Bemd Meierva Nguyin Van Cudng eho r i n g : "Chuong trinh day hpc djnh hudng nang luc khdng quy djnh nhung npi dung dgy hpc chi tiet ma quy djnh nhung ket qua dau ra mong muon eua qua trinh dao tao, tren co sd do dua ra nhung hudng dan chung veviec lua chpn ndidung, phuong phap, tochdc va danh gia ket qua dgy hpc nhim dam bao thue hien duge m uc tieu dgy hgc, tdc la dat dugc ketquadaura mong mudn. Trong chuong trinh djnh hudng nang luc, muc tieu hpc tap - tde la ket qua hpc tap mong mudn thudng dugc md ta th6ng qua lie thd'ng cac nang luc. Ket qua hoc tap mong mudn dupc md ta ehi tiet va ed the quan sat, danh gia dugc"
(2; 65). Vdi ndi dung, yeu cau va each van hanh nhu vgy, ehuong trinh GD djnh hudng nang luccduuthe trong viec quan li ehat lugng san pham dao tgo ddau ra - tdc nang luc van dung vao thuc tien eua HS.
Khai niem "nang lue" (competency) co nguon goc tieng La-tinh la "competentia". Ngay nay, khai nigm nang luc 6UGc hieu theo nhieu nghTa khae nhau, nhung nghTa thdng dung nhat duge hieu nhu suthanh thao, kha nang thuc hien eua ca nhan ddi vdi mgt cdng viec.
John Erpenbeek cho r i n g : nang luc duge tri thuc lam CO sd, dupc sddung nhu kha nang, dupc quy djnh biS gia trj, duge tang eudng qua kinh nghiem va dupc hien thuc hoa qua y chi. Cdn Welnert (2001) djnh nghTa: nang luc la nhung kha nang va kTxao tioc duge hoae san ed eua ea the n h i m giaiquyet caetinh hudng xac djnh, cung nhu s u s i n sang ve ddng co, xa hdi va kha nang van dyng cac each giaiquyetvan de mpt each cd traeh nhiem va hieu qua trong nhdng tinh hudng linh hogt. Noi each khac: nang luc duoc hieu la to hop cae hoatdgng dua tren su huy dpng va sddung ed hieu qua cac ngudn tri thdc khae nhau de giai quyet van de hay cd each dng xd phu hgp trong boi eanh phdc tgp cijg euge sdng ludn thay doi...
(3; 77). Nhu the, neng lue vua ham ehda nhung yeu td mac djnh, cdt loi, vda tiem an nhdng kha nang linh hpat, thich dng va sang tao.
3, Day hoc Ngu van theo djnh hudng phat trien nang luc
Nghien cdu npi ham khai niem "cau true nSng iuc' cho tha'y: GD theo djnh hudng nang luc khdng ehi nham muc tieu phat trie'n nang luc chuyen mon (tri thuc, kT nang chuyen mon) ma edn phat trien nang luc phuang phap, nang lucxahgiva nang luc ca thi
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Day la mdt ITnh vuc dugc nhieu nha nghien edu quan tam vaednhdng each tiep can, quy ngp hoae diin giai khac nhau. Theo Tochdc Hep tac va phattrien kinhte (OECD), nang lue dugc phan chia thanh hai nhom chinh: nhom nang luc chung (gom eae kha nang:
hanh dpng doc lap thanh cdng; sd dung cac cong cu giao tiep va edng cu tri thuc mgt each tu ehu; hanh dgng thanh edng trong cac nhom xa hpi khdng dong nhat) va eae nang It/c chuyen mon. Tuong dng nhu vay, doi vdi mdn Nguvan, cae nang luc nay dugc xac djnh tren c o s d mue tieu GD ndi ehung va myc tieu mdn hgc ndi rieng (mue tieu dd dugc neu thanh cac mdc do dua tren dac die'm tam li va kha nang phat trien cua HS), duge thiet ke muc dp tang dan theo cac trinh dp khae nhau tuong dng vdi cae Idp/cap hpe.
Quan triet Nghj quyet 29/NQ-TW eua Dang, vdi mue tieu td'ng quat la "GD con ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien va phat huy td't nhat tiem nang, kha nang sang tgo cua moi canhan; yeu gia dinh,yeu To' qudc, yeu dong bao; song tot va lam viee hieu qua" va mue tieu eu thedcap hpe: "Ddi vdi GD pho thdng, tap tnjng phat trien tri tud, the chat, hinh thanh pham ehat, nang lgc cdng dan, phat hien va boi dudng nang khieu, djnh hudng nghe nghiep cho HS. Nang cao chat luwig GD toan dien, chu trgng GD li tudng, tnjyen thdng, dao due, loi sdng, ngogi ngd, tin hgc, nang lue va kT nang thuc hanh, van dung kie'n thue vao thue tien. Phat trien kha nang sang tao, tu hpc, khuyen khich hpe tap sudt ddi", viee nghien cuu xay dung muctieu dgy hge cae bgmon noi chung va Nguvan ndi rieng theo dinh hudng phat trie'n nang lue hien nay la mgt yeu cau bde thiet, de td dd xae djnh eae yeu cau xay dung ehuong trinh, bien soan saeh giao khoa, dd'i mdi phuong phap dgy hge va kiem tra danh gia ke't qua hge tap,... mgt each dong bg va hgp li. Chuyen qua trinh GD tdchu yeu trang bj kien thdc sang phat trien toan dien nang li/c va pham chat ngudi hgc, trudc het, "can nhan thdc diing vj tri, vaitrdcuam6n/Vi;tft'a/jdtrudngphd'th6ngla:hinh thanh va phat trie'n eae nang lue cdt Idi va nang lgc dge thu eug mon hge; dge biet la nang luc giao tiep (kien thuetlengVietcungvdi4 kTnang coban; nghe, ndi, dgc, vietva kha nang ung dung eae kien thde va kT nang Sy vao cac tinh hudng giao tiep khac nhau trong euge song) va nang lue earn thu, thudng thde van hgc; boi dudng vg nang cao vdn van hoa cho ngudi hgc thdng qua nhirng hie'u biet ve ngon ngi?
va van lioc, gdp phan tieh cue vao viee giao due, hinh thanh va phat trien cho HS nhdng tu tudng,
tinh cam nhan van, trong sang, cao dep". Theo dd,
"dinh hudng day hge theo nang luc ddi hdi cae mdn hgc tich hgp mdt so ngi dung tri thi^c va kT nang n h i m giai quyet eae tinh huong trong hgc tap va trong euge sdng. Tieh hgp cae mach kien thdc Idp (van hpc, tieng Viet va lam van, van hoa) trong npi bg mdn hoc qua true kTnang. Ngoai ra, can tieh hop nhieu hon, tu nhien hon nhdng Tfnh vuc/mdn hpc khae" (4). Xac djnh ngudi hpc la chu the trung tam eua quatrinh giao due, viee dgy hgc A/gi/randtrudng pho thdng gdp phan phattrien d H S kha nang tusu"
dung thuan thuc kien thde da hgc vua de giai quyet van de cua thuc tien, vua lam cong cu d e t u duy, tim tdi va sang tgo trong cudc sdng, dap ung yeu cau CNH-HDH trong dieu kien kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa va hpi nhap qude te. •
(ki2-8/2014)
(1) Ban h&nh k&m theo Quyet dinh sd'lIl/QD-TTg ngky 13/6/2012 cua Thu ludng Chfnh phO.
(2) Bernd Meier - NguySn Van Cudng. Li luan day hoc hien dai - c a so* doi mcH muc tieu, ndi dung va phuong phdp day hoc. NXB Dai hoc supham, H. 2014.
(3) U^ ban YSn hod. giao due, thanh nien, thi^u ni6n va nhi d6ng cua Qufl'c hGi. Kiyi'u Hdi nghi tham vd'n chuyen gia vi de dn "Bdi m&i chuong trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due phS thdng sau 2015". Ha Npi, ngay 8/3/2014.
(4) BO GD-DT. Cdng vdn s^4S/TB-BGDDTngdy 14/
01/2013 Thdng bdo kit qud hdi thdo khoa hpc qudc gia vi day hpc Ngu vdn o trudng pho thdng VietNam Tai lieu tham khao
1. Phillip C. Schiechty. Schools for the 21th century.
Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991.
2. Tsunesaburo Makiguchi. Giao due vi cu^c sS^ng sang tao. NXB Tre, TP. Hd Chi Minh 1994.
SUMMARY
In the context of globalization and intemational Integration education renovation has become an in- evitable trend. The most important manifestation of this educational innovation is the shift from knowl- edge-based teaching to competence-based instruc- Uon which allows learners to acquire essenUal knowl- edge, skills, attitudes to perform a Job or a task prop- erly. Under this approach, the teaching of literature in the secondary schools aims at developing the learn- ers' competences in communication, problem-solv- ing, critical thinking, discovering or creating new realms of knowledge to actually become an useful and effecUve citizen ofthe community In which they are living. With these competent individuals, the coun- try will be able to fulfil the requirements of industri- alization and modernization in the socially oriented market economy.
