CONG TAC KIEn SAT
MOT SO GIAI PHAP CHONG BO LOT TOI PHAM
TRAN Dirc THUAN
Trong nhirng nam qua Ddng vd Nhd ntr&c ta luon quan tam vd tich c^c trien khai nghien cim tim gidi phdp chdng oan, sai vd bo Igt tgi phgm. Phdn dau khong di xdy ra oan, sai nhung cUng khong dirgrc de Igt tdi phgm; day id mgt trong nhiing nhi^m vu rdt quan trgng trong vi^c thuc hien chiin luffc cdi each tuphdp theo tinh thin Nghi quyitso 49-NQ/TWcua Bp Chinh tru Bithuc hien tdt nhiem vu ndy, dgt ra trdch nhiem rat ngng ne khong chi ddi v&i cdc ca quan tuphdp md ddi vdi ca hf thdng chinh tri trong viec nghien cim thuc tiin de xudt v&i Bang vd Nhd nu&c co cff chi, chinh sdch phd hgp di phong chdng oan, sai vd bo Igt tpi phgm dat hieu qud cao han. Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid phdn tich mgt so van di ve bd Igt tgi phgm, di xudt mgt sd gidi phdp di hgn chi den mAc thdp nhat viec bo Igt tdi phgm trong thdi gian t&i di bgn dgc tham khao.
T
hdi gian qua, Nha nude ta da co nhieu co che, chinh sach that chat ky cuong, timg budc hodn thien he thdng phdp luat. Doi vdi ngudi dan, nhan thiic ve phdp luat khong ngung dugc nang cao, dgi bg phan nhan dan nhdn thiic diing dan ve nhi?m vy dau tranh phong, chdng tgi phgm, coi day la nhi?m vy chung ciia mgi ngudi ma khdng phai chi la trach nhiSm cua cac co quan nha nude. Nhieu vy phgm tgi dac biet nghiem trgng, nhat la trong ITnh vyc qudn ly nhd nude nhd nhan dan md phat hipn ra. Sy ddng gop ciia nhan dan trong dau tranh phong, chdng tgi phgm rit Idn, cd <f nghia ve mat chinh tri, xa hgi rit sdu sic. Ddi vdi lanh dgo, chi buy cdc CO quan, don vj va dja phuang, trinh donhan thiic ve phap luat ndi chung ngay cang dugc nang ten; dgi bd phan xdc djnh tdt trach nhiem ciia minh trong dau tranh phong, chdng tdi pham, tao dieu kien thudn Ipi cho cdc CO quan phap lugt trong viec phat hien vd xd ly co hieu qua nhieu loai tdi phgm xdy ra trong ca quan, don vi vd dja phuong minh. Ddi vdi Co quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat, Tda an cac cap da khdng ngiing ddi mdi td chiic va hogt ddng de dap img yeu cau dau tranh phong, chdng tgi phgm ndi chung va chdng bd Ipt tpi pham ndi rieng; dpi ngu Dilu tra vi6n, Kilm sat
Bai t^, Vi$n truvfng Vien kiSm sit quSn si/
Quan khu 4.
, Taip chi S6l9(lhiingl(V2015)^KIEM SAT I 1 9
Ch&omUng'KSim 9{£iygiMp(i^ Tfid Sd (10/10/1954 -10/10/2015)
vien, Thim phan hiu hit xac djnh tdt trach nhiem ciia minh trong viec chdng oan, sai vd bd Ipt tdi phgm; nhung ket qua dgt dugc trong diu tranh vdi tgi phgm thdi gian qua da ghi nhan nang lye va trach nhiem ciia hg. Tuy nhien, chiing ta ciing nhan thay vi?c bd Igt tpi phgm van con xay ra, cd cd nguyen nhan khach quan vd chu quan. Cd thi phan tich tren mdt sd ddi tuong nhu sau:
Thu nhat, ddi vdi ngudi dan, van cdn mpt sd ngudi do khdng nhan thirc dugc nhu the ndo la tgi pham nen khi phat hien hdnh vi phgm tgi, hp khdng bdo cho chinh quyen va cac co quan phap lugt biet de xir ly. Vi dy: Phat hien nha hdng xom ben cgnh c6 hdnh vi bao hdnh gia dinh, xet theo quy djnh cua phap luat du dieu kien de xir ly hinh sy nhung hp cho rang do la viec cua gia dinh ngudi ta, khdng vi phgm phap luat va khdng lien quan den minh nen khdng bdo cho chinh quyen va co quan phap luat biet de xir ly, dan den hanh vi bgo hanh keo ddi hoac den khi xdy ra hau qua dac biet nghiem trpng thi co quan phap lugt mdi biet ma xir ly.
Nhieu ngudi biet ro do la hanh vi phgm tgi nhung vi tinh cam nen hg khdng td cao ngudi phgm tgi. Bdi vi, neu hg td cdo hdnh vi phgm tgi dd vdi co quan phdp, ngudi thdn ciia hg cd the phai di tu, tinh cdm gia dinh ly tan, ton thuong. Hg so sdnh giiia cai dugc vd cai mdt neu td cdo xir ly trudc phap luat va cudi cung hg chgn phuong dn
"im lang" tu giai quyet vdi nhau. Co nhilu trudng hgp, cha me biet con cai pham tgi, hjy khdng ddng tinh, khdng ung hg nhung hg van che giau hoac im lang coi nhu khdng bilt.
Nhilu ngudi biet hanh vi do Id tgi phgm nhung vi tien nen hp im Igng hoac tu giai quyet vdi nhau. Vi dy: Hp phat hien mdt ngudi pham tdi nhung ngudi phgm tgi cho hg mgt it tien nen hg khdng to cdo. Cd trudng hgp, ngudi bj hgi chu ddng gidi quyet dan sy vdi ddi tugng phgm tdi, neu ddi tugng phgm tgi chip nhan cho hg sd tien nhieu hon sd tien bli thudng ma phap lugt quy djnh hg san sdng im lang...
Thu hai, ddi vdi lanh dgo, chi huy co quan, don vi, dja phuang, van cdn cd lanh dgo chi huy co quan, don vj, dja phuang nhat la cap co sd nhan thirc v6 phdp lugt ciing chua diing, hg thieu khd nang danh gia dupe dau la hanh vi pham tpi va dau khdng phai la hanh vi phgm tgi nen co nhiing hanh vi phgm tpi dang le phai bao cao CO quan phap lugt giai quyet nhung hg khdng bao. Trong khi dd, cd nhiing vy chi la vi phgm phap lugt hanh chinh, ro rang chua den miic xu ly hinh sy nhung hg Igi bao cao...
Mdt sd lanh dgo, chi huy co quan, dan vj, dia phuang da cd tinh che giiu tgi phgm xdy ra d co quan, don vj, dja phuong minh vi "benh thanh tich". Hp chii truong giai quyet cac vy phgm tgi theo hudng hdnh chmh hoac thda thugn dan sy vdi nhau ma khdng bao cao co quan phdp lugt gidi quyet. Vi neu co quan phdp luat gidi quyet thi thanh tich ciia co quan, don vj, dja phuong do se bj anh hudng; mat khdc, bdn than hg cd the hi trdch nhiem lien ddi nen tdt han het hg khdng bao cao hoac bao cao theo hudng khdng cd tdi phgm.
Cd lanh dgo, chi huy co quan, don vj, dja phuang khi nam dugc cdc vy phgm tgi
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2 0 I KlfeMSAT /sfiwiSiglOTffig
UUNU lAw lutiPi a m
trong pham vi mmh quan ly ddng le ra hg phai bao cao ca quan phdp lugt dl gidi quylt nhung cd thi xdy ra trudng hgp vi ddi tugng phgm tdi cho hg mgt khoan tien (tien hoi Id) nen hg khdng bdo cho co quan p h ^ luat, tu y giai quyet hanh chinh, dan sy hoac la che giau tgi phgm.
Thu ba, ddi vdi co quan phap lugt vd cdn bd lam phdp lugt:
- Co quan dieu tra va Dilu tra vien:
Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 103 Bd luat Td tung hinh sy, Ca quan dieu tra cd quyIn tilp nhan tit cd td giac, tin bao vl tgi pham, do la nhimg tin bdo cd dau hieu tgi phgm quy djnh trong Bp lugt Hinh sy. Ciing theo quy djnh tai Dilu 103 Bd luat Td tyng hinh sy, trong thdi hgn 20 ngdy hoac hai thang ddi vdi nhiing tin bao cd nhilu tmh tilt phdc tap hogc phai kiem tra, xdc minh tgi nhieu dja diem thi Co quan dilu tra phdi ra quyet djnh khdi td hogc khdng khdi td vy dn. Trong thdi hgn nay, Co quan dieu tra dang le ra phai ap dyng cdc quy djnh cua Bd lugt Td tyng hinh sy, kiem tra, xac minh mgt each khach quan de lam ro hanh vi dd cd dii yeu td cau hanh tpi phgm hay khdng de ra quyet djnh khdi td vy an, khdi td bj can hoac ra quyet djnh khdng khdi td.
Nhung cd the vi nhilu ly do nen dan den bo Ipt tdi pham. Cd nhieu tin bao tdi phgm sau qud trinh kidm tra, xac minh mpt thdi gian, tligm chi khi cd quy6t djnh khdng khdi td hg mdi thdng bao cho Vien kiem sdt biet nen cac tdi lieu thu thgp dupe cd dam bdo tinh khdch quan, diing ban chat ciia tin bdo hay khdng ViSn kiem sat khd cd the danh gid dugc. Mat du, Vign kiem sdt cd tham quyen kiem sdt giai quyet td gidc, tin bao ve tgi phgm nhung neu trong trudng hgp
Co quan dieu tra, Dieu tra vien cd tinh bd Igt tdi pham thi hoat ddng kiem sat cua Men kilm sat ciing khd phdt huy tac dyng.
Bdi vi, khdng phdi liic nao Vien kiem sat cung bam sdt dugc hoat dgng xu ly tin bdo ciia Ca quan dieu tra va khdng phai liic ndo Ca quan dieu tra ciing cung cap ddy dii cac chiing cii ciia tin bao, td giac tdi phgm dd cho Vign kiera sat.
Thyc te cd nhung tin bdo, ngay tir dau da xdc dinh ro Id cd tdi pham, Vi|n kiem sat kien nghj khdi td ngay d& dp dung cac bien phdp dieu tra nhdm khdng de tdi phgm tron, tieu huy chiing cii... nhung Co quan dieu tra khdng khdi td cung khdng ra quyet djnh khdng khdi to. ^^en kiem sdt ciing chi can each Id bdo cao len Vien ki6m sat cap tren ma Ididng the dp dung quyIn cdng td (khdi td vy an) cua minh dugc. Bdi vi theo quy djnh ciia Bd lugt Td tung hhih sy hi^n hdnh va Thdng tu lien tjch sd 05/2005/TTLT-VKSNDTC-BCA-BQP ngdy 07/9/2005 cua Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao, Bd Cdng an, Bg Qudc phong quy djnh: "Truong hop co dii cdn cir chung to rang quyet dinh khai to hogc khong khai to vu dn hinh su ro rdng Id khong co cdn cu thi Vien kiem sdt co van bdn yeu cau Ca quan dieu tra ra quyet dinh huy bo, neu Ca quan dieu tra khong nhat tri thi Vi^n kiem sdt cdn cu khodn 2 Dieu 109 ra quyet dinh huy bo" va ra quyet djnh khdi td vu an yeu cau Ca quan dieu tra tien hanh dilu tra.
Neu Ca quan dieu tra khdng ra mdt trong hai quyet djnh nay thi Vien kiem sat ciing chi cd tham quyen yeu cau, kiln nghj va bdo cdo len cap tren.
Ciing xin ndi them tai khodn 14 Thdng tu lien tjch sd 05/2005/TTLT-VKSNDTC-
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BCA-BQP quy dinh \^ien kiem sdt thyc hien thim quyIn tien hdnh mgt sd boat ddng dilu tra khi cdn thiet (Dieu 112 Bd luat Td tyng hmh sy). Neu '\^en kiem sat chi dugc tiln hdnh mdt sd hogt ddng dieu tra trong cdc tiu-dng hgp nhu quy djnh tai khoan ndy thi hgn che di rat nhieu quyen cdng td cua Vien kiem sdt trong giai dogn dilu tra md Dilu 112 Bd luat Td tung hinh su quy djnh.
Ngdy 02/8/2013, Bp Cdng an, Bd Qudc phdng, Bg Tdi chinh, Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt triSn Ndng thdn, Vien kiem sat nhan ddn tdi cao da ban hdnh Thdng tu lien tjch sd 06/2013/TTLT-BCA-BQP-BTC- BNN&PTNT-VKSNDTC hudng d i n thyc hign quy dinh cua Bd luat Td tung hinh sy ve tiep nhan, gidi quyet td giac, tin bao ve tdi pham vd kiln nghj khdi td. Day la cd ging Idn trong viec chdng bd Igt tgi phgm, ddng thdi tang trach nhiem cua Co quan dieu tra, Vi?n kiem sat, Dieu tra vien va Kiem sat vien trong xii ly td giac, tin bao ve tpi phgm. Vien kiem sdt ciing da de ra chu trucmg tang cudng trdch nhiem cdng td trong hoat ddng dieu tra, gan cdng td vdi hoat ddng dieu tra; tang cudng trach nhiem trong viec kiem sdt xu !y td giac, tin bao tdi pham. Luat Td chiic Vien kiem sat nhan ddn nam 2014 da khac phuc dugc mgt sd han che trong viec xii ly td gidc, tin bao tdi pham thdng qua viec quy djnh cho Vien kiem sdt cd tham quyIn: "Tryc tilp gidi quyet td gidc, tin bao ve tdi phgm vd kiln nghj khdi t l trong trudng hgp phdt hign cd vi pham phdp lugt nghiem trgng hoac cd dau hieu bd Ipt tdi pham ma Vien kiem sat nhan ddn da yeu cau nhung khdng dugc khic phyc". Nhung d l cd co
sd phap ly cao han can siia ddi triet de che dinh nay trong Bd lugt Td tyng hinh sy;
c i n van dyng c a che kiem soat quyen lye Ian nhau giiia Vien kiem sdt vd C o quan d i l u tra trong c h i djnh nay.
- Ddi vdi Vi|n kiem sat vd Kiem sat vien;
Theo quy djnh ciia Bd luat Td tyng hinh sy YiQn kilm sat cung cd quyen tiep nhan tit ca td gidc, tin bao tdi pham nhung phai chuyin ngay cho Co quan dieu tra de giai quyet. Do do, Vien kiem sat va Kiem sdt vien muon bo Ipt tdi phgm d giai dogn xii ly tin bdo id rat khd xay ra. Vien kiem sat va Kiem sat vien mudn bd Igt tgi pham phai cd sy thdng dong vdi C o quan dieu tra vd Dieu tra vien; trii cdc tdi phgm xay ra trong ndi bd co quan mmh nhu phan tich d tren.
- Ddi vdi Tda dn vd Tham phan: Tda an nhan dan cung cd trdch nhiem tiep nhan tin bao tgi pham nhung sau khi tiep nhan phai chuyen ngay cho C o quan dieu tra hoac khdi td vy an yeu cau dieu tra; do do, viec bd Igt tgi phgm cua Tda an vd Tham phan hau nhu khdng xay ra; trir cdc tgi phgm xdy ra trong ndi bd co quan minh nhu phan tich d tren.
Thic tu, bd Igt tdi pham do co che: Thyc te vua qua viec bd Igt tdi pham do co che vdn cdn xdy ra; die la cd nhiing van de phdp lugt chua quy dinh cy the hogc chdng cheo vudng mac nen mac dii xac djnh chac chan do la hdnh vi pham tdi nhung co quan phdp luat van khdng xu ly hinh sy dugc.
Dien hinh nhat la mgt sd tpi xam pham den siic khde. De cd c a sd xdc djnh tdi phgm, CO quan phap lugt can phdi trung cau giam djnh miic dp thuong tich, ton hai sire khde cua ngudi bj hgi nhung ngudi bj hai tu choi giam djnh nen co quan gidm djnh khdng
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2 2 I KIEM SAT_ /S6l9(thang1(V2(n5)
the ket ludn dugc, vi vgy ma khdng cd can cur dk xd ly hinh sy. Hien nay chua cd c h i tai cy the xu ly ddi vdi ngudi bj hgi trong viec hg tu chdi giam djnh.
Tir nhung phan tich tren day, tdi d l xuit mgt sd giai phdp ve chdng bd Igt tdi pham nhu sau:
Mgt Id, ddi vdi Nhd nude phdi tilp tyc nghien ciiu thyc tiln nam vung nguyen nhan bd Igt tdi pham d cac nhdm ddi tugng de cd CO chi dieu chinh, c h i tai ran de cho phii hgp.
Hai Id, phai thudng xuyen lam tdt cdng tdc tuyen truyen phd bien giao due phdp luat, nang cao nhan thiic ve tgi pham vd muc dich dau tranh phdng, chdng tgi pham de ngudi dan ndi chung vd can bd lanh dao, chi huy co quan, dan vj, dja phuang nam viing phap luat, tich eye tham gia td gidc tdi pham. Day Id giai phap cd tinh thudng xuySn, lien tyc vd lau dai.
Ba Id, hien nay Bg lugt Td tung hinh sy dang trong qud trinh dugc nghien cim de siia ddi, bd sung cho phii hgp vdi Hien phdp nam 2013 vd thuc tiln thi hdnh Bd luat Td tung hinh sy nam 2003. Ban soan thdo da quan tam rdt Idn den che dinh ndy, nhieu y kien ciia cdc nhd khoa hgc, can bd trong ngdnh Kiem sdt da phan tich sau sac de xuat quan diem sira ddi; tdi ddng tinh rat cao nhu dy thdo vira h-inh Qudc hpi.
Tuy nhien, tdi ciing xin neu y kien cua minh d l ban dgc tham khao. Bd luat Td tyng hinh sy sdp tdi nen quy djnh: C o quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sdt, Tda an cd nhiem vy tiep nhan tdt cd cdc tin bao tdi pham; cdc co quan, dan vj khac khi tiep nhan tin bdo tpi phgm phdi bao ngay cho C o quan d i l u tra. Ca quan dieu tra sau khi
tiep nhan tin bdo tdi phgm trong thdi hgn 24 gid phai bao ngay cho Vien kiem sat.
Vien k i l m sat, Tda an sau khi tilp nhan tin bao trong thdi han 24 gid phai chuyen ngay tin bao cho Ca quan dieu tra de kiem tra xac minh (trong dieu kien cdng nghe thdng tin hien nay cho phep thyc hien tdt thdi hgn ndy). Trong thdi han hai ngdy sau khi tilp nhan tin bao tdi phgm, Ca quan dieu tra vd Vien kiem sdt phdi ra quyet djnh phan Dieu tra vien, Kiem sat vien gidi quyet va kiem sat viec giai quyet tin bdo. Trong qua trinh thy ly gidi quyet tin bdo tgi phgm cua C a quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat cd quyen ap dung cac quy djnh ciia Bg luat Td tyng hinh sy de thyc hdnh quyen cdng td vd kiem sdt viec xir ly tin bdo. Khi xac djnh ro dau hieu tdi phgm, Vien kiem sat cd quyen yeu ciu Ca quan dieu tra khdi td, n l u C o quan dieu tra khdng khdi td thi Vien kiem sdt khdi td vy an yeu cau Co quan dieu tra tien hdnh dieu tra. Trong qua trinh thy ly gidi quyet tin bao, Ca quan dieu tra cd trach nhiem cung cap ngay tat cd cdc tai lieu, chiing cur cd lien quan den xu ly tin bao cho Vien kiem sat neu Vien kiem sat yeu can.
Bon Id, tat ca cdc ddi tuong phat hien hoac tiep nhan tin bdo tdi pham (trir cac doi tugng dugc mien trach nhiem hinh sy v6 cdc loai tOi md tdi che giau tdi phgm trong Bp luat Hinh sy da quy dinh) neu khdng bdo (tni trudng hgp khach quan) cho Co quan dieu tra hoac Vien kiem sdt deu cd the bj truy ciiu trdch nhiem hinh sy ve tgi che giau tgi pham.
Nam la, can nghien ciiu d l cd c h i tdi phii hgp xu ly trudng hpp ngudi hi hai tir chdi gidm djnh.*
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