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THirCTIEN-KINHNGHieiVITIEP CAN CONG LYCUA PHU NO B! BAO Liic GIADINH A VIET NAM HIEN NAY - MOT sd RAO CAN CHINH VA GCfl Md VE GIAI PHAP
• PGS, TS LE THI THUC Hgc vien Chinh tri lihtt vuc I
• TSLE THUY HANG Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tdm tdt: Tren phUdngdien Iy thuyet vd ket qud rd sodt cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt hien hdnh, cd the thdy ve nguyen tdc, phti nd Viet Nam hdu nhu khdng cd khd khdn trong viec theo dudi mdt cudc sdng binh ddng tti do. Tuy nhien, thiic techo thdy cd rdt nhieu rdo cdn md phti nd, ddc biet Id phti nd bi bao Itic gia dinh phdi ddi mat trong viec tiep can cdng ly de gidi quyet ciic vu viec cua minh. Bdi viet phdn tich thiic trang viec tiep can cdng ly cua phiind bi bao liic gia dinh dViet Nam, td dd gdi md mot sd gidi phdp nhdm cdi thien ttnh hinh vd ho trd tdt hdn ddi vdi nhdm phu ndyeu the ndy trong xd hot.
• Tdkhda: bao liic gia dinh, bao life trin cdsdgidi, tiep can cdngly, phu nd, binh danggidi.
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ao luc gia dinh (BLGD) la hanh in vi 1. Tiip can cong ly cua phu nir bj bao luc pham quyen cua phu nu tdn tai tuang gia dinh - khoang each Ion gi&a ly thuyet va ddi pho bien 6 Viet Nam. Theo l(gt qua thuc tenghien cihi qudc gia vi BLGD o Viet Nam nam Mpt so nghien cuu truoc day da chi ra ring, 2010, cil 3 phu nu thi co 1 nguoi timg bi danh, thong qua luat phap va nhung kenh thlic thi bi cuong buc vS tinh due hay timg phai chiu cong ly khac, cac ca nhan tigp can dugc nhiing cac hinh thiic lam dung khac'". Trong sd cac ngudn luc phu hgp, tu do co the hanh dong bien phap phdng, chong BLGD, viec tiep cjn mgt each tu do va tu ehii'^i. Theo chieu ngugc cdng ly ciia phu nu bi BLGD la dieu kien quan lai, cung cd bing chiing nghien ciiu cho thay trgng de dam bao cac quyen cua phu nu, cac khudn khd va qua trinh phap ly thien vi chSm diit tinh trang BLGD va tien tdi thiic day gioi la yeu td chii ygu can tr6 tign bd trong viec binh d Jng gidi, xoa bo mgi su phan biet doi vdi xoa bd bat binh dSng gidi. Do vay, su thay ddi phij nir. cac khudn khd va qua trinh phap ly nay cune Lt LUAN CHiNH TR|-So10/2019
dugc xac dinh la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh (cimg vdi su gia tang tigng ndi chinh tri va quyen luc kinh tg ciia ngudi phu nu) ed thg dan tai su thay ddi theo hudng binh dang hon ve quan be gidi'^'. Vi the, viee gia tang kha nang tidp c&n cdng ly la can thiet ttong qua ttinh xda bd mgi su phan bigt ddi xii ddi vdi phu nii, thuc My binh ddng gidi va dat tdi cdc muc tieu phat trign"*'.
Viet Nam la mpt trong nhiing qudc gia ed nhieu chinh saeh tien bd ve binh ddng gidi ndi chung va vg phdng chdng BLGD ndi rieng. Tren phuong dien qudc gia, Chinh phu Viet Nam ludn khdng dinh cam ket thuc hien binh ddng gioi. Quygn binh ddng gitia nam va nii da dugc c6ng nhan lign tuc kg ttr ban Hien phap dau tien cua Viet Nam (1946) cho dgn eac ban Hien phap sau do vao cdc ndm 1960,1980, 1992 va 2013. Cung vdi Hign phap, Chinh phti Vigt Nam da ban hanh mpt sd lugng ldn cac van ban phap luat lidn quan dgn phu nir va binh ddng gidi, Luat Binh ddng gidi (2006) cdng nhan va mang den hieu luc phap luat de gidi quyet cac van dg gidi quan trpng, bao gdm bdt binh ddng gidi. Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh sua ddi nam 2014 cting khdng dinh quyen binh ddng gitia nam va nii, nghidm cam phan biet ddi xii tren CO sd gidi trong mgi linh vuc cua ddi sdng xa hpi. Luat Phong, chdng bao lire gia dinh cung da dugc ban banh vao thdng 11 -2007.
Trgn phuong dign qudc tg, vdi tu cdch la qudc gia tiianh vign cua cdng udc CEDAW (Cdng udc qudc te xda bd mpi hinh thiie phan biet ddi xu vdi phu nil) tii nam 1982, Viet Nam the hien su cam kgt day du cua mmh ddi vdi viec xda bd mgi hmh tiiiic phan biet ddi m va xam hai eac quygn cua phu nir. Nhiing cam kgt nay da dugc eu the hda ttong nhigu van ban ed hieu lue thi hanh d ca cap qudc gia va cap dia phuong. Cd thg ndi,
nhin ehung Viet Nam da cd khung thg chg tuong ddi day du cho hoat ddng thuc day binh ddng gidi ndi chung, bao ve cdc nhdm phu nii ygu thg ndi rigng. Tuy vay, ttong thue tg, viee dau ttanh ddi lai cdng bdng eiia phu nu bi bao luc gia ffinh bdng cac cdng eu phdp Iy van cdn gap khd nhieu khd khan, do nhieu nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan.
Nhin chung, tir kgt qua nghien cuu chi ra rdng, cdn tdn tai khoang each kha ldn giiia ndi dung cua cde khung khd phdp ly chinh thdng vdd thue te tiep can cdng ly eua cac nii nan nhan b| BLGD d Viet Nam. Trdi ngugc vdi viec cd rdt nhigu van ban phap ly vg thue hien mue tieu binh ddng gidi ndi ehung, phdng, chdng BLGD ndi rieng, trong thue te, cae nan nhan hi BLGD cd rat it nd luc tim kigm su bo ttp tii cac thigt chg va chu thg phdp ly. Tinh trang phd bign tdn tai a tat ea ede dia ban nghign ciiu la da sd nan nhan lua chpn im lang va chiu dung BLGD. Mdt bd phan khdng nho phu nu bi bao luc chua timg cd bat ky ddi hdi nao vg cdng ly, vi nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau. Chi mdt sd nu nan nhan cam nhan dupe nhu eau va da thue su sit dung cac he thdng phdp ly de tim kiem edng ly cho minh. Tuy nhien, hau hdt nhung ngudi da tiing tiep can he thdng phdp ly dg giai quygt vu viec BLGD cua minh dgu la nan nhan cua cdc vu bao lire thg xac, vdi hau qua kha nghigm ttpng va rd rang. Ddi vdi cac trudng hpp bi bao luc tinh than, bao luc tinh due hoae bao luc kinh tg, cd rat it ngudi da timg tim dgn cdng eu phdp ly de giai quyet vu viec. Ndi dung ede cudc phdng vdn lap lai - cho du dugc thuc hien sau gan niia thap ky - ciing vdn thg hien rd net khuynh hudng nay.
2. Nhung lire can cua cac nan nhan bj bao luc gia dinh trong tiep can cac thiet che, chu the phap ly
LY LUAN CHINH TRI - So 10/2019
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T H L T C T I E N - K I N H NGHIEM* Su phd biin cda tinh trang im ling, chfu diflig
Kgt qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, eac nu nan nhan it tiep can he thdng phap ly chinh thdng khi xii ly vu viee BLGD cua minh. Nhin ehung, hp thudng chgn each im lang hoac chi tiep can cac su trp giup phi ehinh thdng ngu trudng hgp bao luc cdn ttong kha nang chiu dung cua ban than, va xac dinh van tiep tuc ehung sdng vdi ngudi chdng.
Thue tg cho thay, BLGD cd the dg lai nhiing h£iu qua nghiem trgng ddi vdi phu nir nhung van cd khdng it ngudi chap nhan phuong dn "ddng ciia bao nhau" hoac im lang va chiu dung ma khdng tim kiem su tra giup phap ly nao de ddi lai cdng bdng eho ban than. Thdng tin thu dupe ttr cac cudc thao luan va phdng van sau eua ea hai dgt nghien eiiu d cac dia ban nghien ciiu deu chi ra rdng, chinh eae gid tri van hda truygn thdng da lam hinh thanh khudn mau chap nhan va chiu dung bao luc dd d phu nii.
Su im lang va cam chiu bao luc ciia cac niinan nhan ed ngudn gdc ttr cac quan niem va gia tri truyen thdng ve vi tri va vai ttd ciia ngudi phu nir ttong gia dinh. Phan ddng phu nii khi dugc hdi vdn cho rdng phu nii can diu dang, mem mai, nhan nhin, kin ddo...; sau khi lay chong, phu nii vg nha chdng tbi phai tdn ttgng, nhudng nhin va phuc tting chdng vi chdng la ehii gia dinh, la thg dien eiia gia dinh. Chinh vi vay, mdt so ngudi quan niem rang, hanh vi bao luc trong mdt sd trudng hpp la cd thd chap nhan duoc, chang han nhu trong quan he vp chdng thi vg phai phuc tiing chdng, neu vg ma cd loi hoae vg khdng chieu theo y mudn cua chdng thi chdng cd thg danh de day va. Cdc "ldi" ma khdng it nan nhan tu ndu ra nhu "vg ndi nhieu", "vgkhdng dap img dugc nhu cdu tinh due cua chdng", "vp khdng lam ra dugc nhieu tien bdng chdng"... the hien
rang ap luc xa hdi lech lae vdn dang de nang Ign ngudi phu nti.
Thdng tin tir eae dia ban nghidn cuu eho thay, dii noi cu trii la dd thi, ndng thdn hay mien nui, ngudi phu mi vdn ludn duac mong dgi la ngudi chiu ttach nhiem chinh trong viee gin giii hanh phuc gia dinh. Vi vay. khi BLGD xay ra, ban than ngudi phu nir thudng cam thdy xau bd va cd ldi do khdng dam nhan tdt vai trd
"giii lua" eua minh. Ap lire xa hdi trudc ndi lo bi mang rieng nhu "khdng bigt lam vg", "khdng biet chieu chdng", "loai dan ba vd phuc"... la ly do khign nhigu phu mi bi BLGD khdng dam ndi ra van de ciia hg. Ndi am anh vg nguy co bi mang tieng khdng chi dimg lai d pham vi ca nhan ede nti nan nhan. Nhieu phu nii khdng mudn ndi ra tinh trang bi bao luc cua minh vi bp mudn giu the dien cho gia dinh, khdng mudn lam anh huong xdu tdi cae thanh vien khac trong gia dinh, tham chi la khdng mudn lam xdu hinh anh ciia ngudi chdng da cu xu khdng tdt vdi hg. Do dd, ed khdng it nan nhan da phai tu "bia" ra ly do giai thieh eho nhiing thuong tich ma ngudi chdng gay ra trdn ca tilie minh nhu "chdng danh cho tham tim mat may ma cii phai nhan la minh hi nga".
Tuong tu, ddi vol cac trudng hgp bi bao luc kinh te va tinh than, ciing cd khdng it y kidn tta ldi phdng van d tdt cd cdc dia ban nghien ciiu eho rang phu nii bi bao luc ndn im lang vi "ndi ra thi xau chang hd ai", va hg lo sa "lam con cdi xdu hd vdi ban be nd", "lam mat si dien cua chdng", "lam mat hinh anh ciia chdng", "khidn chdng tiiem tiic gian". Dac biet, da sd phu nti bi bao Iuc tmh due chgn cdch giii im lang, bdi vi hg quan niem "tinh due la viec rieng tu chi gitia vg vdi chdng", "tinh due la dieu cam ky, khdng ngn ndi ra", va han thg, "viec thda man chdng la trach nhiem cua ngudi vg, ndi ra xau bd ldm".
LV LUAN CHlNHTR!-So 10/2019
Mdt sd nan nhan tin rang, giu im lang la giai phdp an toan cho ehinh ban than phu nir, vdi nhiing ly do kha da dang. Vdi dinh kien truydn tiidng, nhigu ngudi eho rang, vide chia se chuyen bi chdng eu xii te bac vdi cha me de va anh, chi em rudt - nhiing ngudi gan gui va dang tin cay nhat - eung khdng gidi quygt dugc tinh ttang cua hg. Chinh vi vay, vdn cdn cd trudng hgp mac du phai chju bao luc thudng xuyen nhung nhigu nti nan nhan van kien quyet khdng ndi eho ngudi than bidt chuyen. Mot sd phu nii lo sg viec ndi chuyen trong nha ra vol ngudi ngoai, ngay ca vdi nhung ngudi cd tham quyen thi van khdng giai quyet dugc van de cua hg, tham chi edn cd thg khidn cho ngudi chdng them tiic gian, cu xir te han, banh phuc gia dinh tan vd. Mpt sd nan nhan khde lai ehgn edch im lang bdi hg khdng tin rdng cdng an hay he tiidng tu phdp, cac ca quan chiic nang ed thd ngan chan tinh trang bao luc hoac cd thg giiip do, bao ve ho.
Nhu vay, hn lang va chiu dung bao luc dang la each ma mdt bd phan phu nii chgn de ^n giii hanh phuc gia dinh. Day la giai phdp mang tinh tieu cue boi nd khdng giai quyet hay lam thay ddi duoc nguygn nhan dan dgn cac hanh vi bao luc.
Bdn chat cita viee gdy bao luc thudng la nhdm kigm sodt quyen luc nen mpt khi ngudi chong con mudn khdng dinh vi thg cua hg cao hon so vdi vg till nhigu kha nang hp cdn Ugp tuc cd cac hanh vi bao luc. Nhigu phu nir eho biet du khdng cd ly do ^ chinh ddng thi ngudi chdng vdn cd tiie ddnh hp. VI thg, cho du bg hn lang va chiu dung, cdc hanh vi bao luc van khdng cham dirt ma ngupc lai, vdn tigp tuc tdi dign.
* Si^yiu kdm trongh6 txgr tiip cin cic thiit chipMpl^
Cac tiiigt chg va chu tiie tiiupe he tiidng phi nha nude, bao gdm gia dinh, hang xdm, ban be
va nhung ngudi cd uy tin trong cdng ddng tiiudng dugc eae nan nhan tiep can dau tien de tim kiem su chia se, giiip dd sau khi xay ra vu viec BLGD, bdi tigp can cac chu the nay la dg dang va thuan tien nhdt. Thdng tin thu dugc tu tdt ed cac dia ban nghien ciiu dgu cho thay, gia dinh va ho hangli chd dua tm cay nhat cua cac mi nan nhan bi BLGD, bdi vi mdi quan hg nay dugc hinh thanh dua trgn cdc rang budc ve huygt thdng, tinh cam va phap ly. Tuy ribien, do quan niem "di lay chdng la da thanh ngudi cita nha chdng" nen su giup ddcua bd me de va anh, ehi, em rudt gap phai kha nhidu rao can. Chinh vi thg, khi bi bao luc, phu nu thudng thdng bao vd tim kidm su giup do ttr gia dinh chdng nhigu hon, va it khi tim kiem su giiip dd tir bd me de va anh, chi, em rudt. Ho eiing thudng tri hoan viec thdng bdo tinh hinh vdi phia gia dinh "bgn ngoai" do khdng mudn bd me, anh chi em rudt eiia minh bi budn, lo lang, hay bi mang tteng la
"benh con nha minh". Ben canh dd, do d gan, dg bdo tin va dg cd su trp giup nen bang xdm cung la mdt trong nhiing ddi tupng dugc nan nhan BLGD tiep can nhd giup dd khi xay ra bao luc. Dac biet, ddi vdi cac trudng hgp ma hanh vi bao lire trd nen nguy higm, cd thd de dpa tinh mang ma gia dinh va ho hang khdng d gdn thi ngudi phu nii cd xu hudng tim each tiidng bdo cho hang xdm trudc tien de nhdn trp giiip kip thdi. Ban be cting la ddi tupng dugc nan nhan tim den chia se vd nhd cay, nhung digu nay thudng chi dign ra sau khi vu viec bao luc daxay ra duoc mdt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh. Ngoai ra, ddi vdi mgt sd tmdng hop, r±at la d nhiing cpng ddng cd tinh gdn ket cao, sau khi vu viec bao luc xdy ra, eac nir nan nhan edn tim gap nhung ngudi cd uy tin trong cdng ddngnhu gia lang hay trudng hg hoac cha xtr dg nhan dugc ldi khuyen va su giup dd.
LYLUAN CHINH TRj-So 10/2019
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THUC T l i N - K I N H N G H I S MCdc thigt chg va ehu the thudc be thdng phap ly nhd nude va mang tinh nha nude {vi du cac td chiie ehinh tri • xa hdi), mac dti ed thg cung cap su trg giup chdc chdn va toan dien hon, nhung khdng phai la lua chpn hang dau va ngay lap tire ciia cac nir nan nhan bi BLGD, bdi nhigu ly do khdc nhau. Phdp luat chinh thdng eiia nude ta quy dmh rat rd vg trdch nhiem va bien phap ma cac ca nhan, eo quan, td ehiic cd tham quygn cdn thuc bien nhdm dam bao edng ly cho phu nii bi bao luc.
Tuy nhien, thdng tin thu dugc ttr cac dia ban nghien eiiu eho thay tam ly e ngai, khdng mudn tigp can vdi eae ehu the thude he thdng phdp ly nha nude d dia phuang cdn khd phd bien. Phu nii cd xu hudng chi tigp can vdi cac chu the thudc he thdng phdp ly nhd nude va mang tinh nha nude khi hanh vi bao luc hen tuc tai dign, gay hau qua nghigm trgng va dd vugt ra khdi pham vi ma hg cd the tu giai quygt. Ve thii tu tiep can, sau khi tim su giup dd tir cac thigt chg vd chii thg thude he thdng phi nha nude, chdng ban nhu gia dinh vd ngudi than, cdc nti nan nhan mdi tim kiem su trg giup tir cac chu thg thudc he thdng mang tinh nha nude (chdng ban ngudi dimg ddu khu vue dan cu, ehi bdi trudng chi hdi phu nir, thanh vidn td hda giai...). Cudi cting, hg mdi tigp can cde thigt che vd chu thg thupc be thdng phap ly nha nude nhdm tim kiem su edng bdng cho minh.
Ngudi ddng dau khu vuc dan cula ngudi dai dien cho chinh quygn co sd, chiu trdch nhiem ndm bdt va can thiep kip thdi cdc hanh vi bao lue ttong khu vuc. Trong khu dan eu, hp duoc ngudi dan bau chgn vdi tu each Id ngudi ddng tin cay, bieu biet vd cd trdch nhiem doi vdi cdng viec chung. Vi vay, cac nii nan nhan bi BLGD cung thudng ttgp can hp dg nhd cay giup dd, dac biet
la d giai doan nan nhan bdt dau thn kigm su hd trg ehinh thdng de giai quygt tinh trang eua minh. Mdc dii vay, qua ket qua nghien eiiu, rao can gidi Id mdt vdn dg tuong ddi ldn khidn viec tigp can nay khdng phai luc ndo eting di dang va thudn tien, bdi hau bdt nhiing ngudi diing ddu khu vue dan eu la nam gidi.
Chi hdi trudng chi hdi phu nO la ngudi dai dien bao ve quygn Igi eho phu nir d eo sd va thudng la thanh vidn to hda giai co sd, vi thg hg thudng dugc phu nG bi bao lue bao tin va nhd can thidp, giiip dd ca khi dang xdy ra vd sau khi da xay ra bao lue. Tuy nhign, sd lupng can bd hpi phu nu cap ca sd d cac dia phuong tuong ddi it, ttong khi khdi lugng edng viee hg dam nhdn lai rat nhieu. Cd le cimg chinh vi vay, nhigu phu nd dugc hdi cho bigt hg khdng mudn trinh bdo ve viec BLGD cua hg.
Cdng an va Chu tich UBND xa/phirdnglk nhung ngudi cd tham quygn xu ly cdc hanh vi BLGD cao rtiiat d cap ca sa, giu vai trd quan trpng ttong viec bao ve phu nii khdi eae hanh vi bao luc. Chinh vi vdy, dg tim kidm cdng 1^, phu nii bi bao luc edn phai thdng bao va yeu cdu su trg giup tir chinh quygn va cdng an ca khi dang xay ra vd sau khi da xdy ra bao luc. Tuy nhien, phu nii bi bao luc rdt e ngai va khdng muon ygu cau chinh quygn va edng an trg giup, vi so mang tieng la" vg ma lai di kign chdng", sg tigp tue hi bao lire neu su trg giup khdng mang lai ket qua nhu mong dpi... Thdng thudng, khi ngudi phu nii da viet dan yeu cdu cdng an vd chinh quygn can thiep thi cung cd nghia Id vdn dg eua bp da tro nen nghigm ttpng, nan nhan khdng thg ttgp tue chiu dung hoac tu gidi quygt dugc niia.
Nhan vien tuphap, vdi vai trd cung cap, phd bign tai lieu, thdng tin, kien thiic phdp ludt va theo ddi, kigm tra viec thi hanh phdp luat tten
LYLUAN CHlNHTR!-SolO/2019
dia ban'^', la mdt chu thg ma phu nir cdn tun dgn de tim kiem sir hfl ttg vd dam bao su tiep cdn cdng ly. Tuy nhidn, ddi tuang nay rat It dupe dg cap dgn trong cac eude thao luan nhdm va phdng van sdu d tat ca cac dia ban nghign ciiu. Day Id mdt hign tupng rat ddng quan tam, dac bigt la d nhiing dia ban cd phdn ldn phu nii la ngudi dan tgc thigu sd, vdi hidu bigt xa hdi va nhan thiic vg phdp ludt edn ban che, rdt cdn dugc hd ttg phap ly nhu trudng hop xa Duong Phong (Bae Kan).
Nhan vien y tital cdng ddng ed kha nang va ttach nhigm cham sdc siic khde, tu van y te cho nan nhdn bi bao luc, nhung kgt qua nghidn ciiu thg hien rdng mdt sd nii nan nhan bi BLGD vdn chua tiep can dugc nhan vidn y tg. Tai Duong Phong (Bdc Kan), cac nan nhan cho bigt ehua nhan dupe su cham sdc y te va tu van tu can bd y tg eo sd, mac du d dia bdn da ed nhiing trudng hgp phu ntr bi bao luc nghiem trpng (bi chong danh gay tdn thuang phai nhdp benh vien tuyen huyen de cap ciiu bay bi chdng gay bao luc tinh than tdi miic ed cac bigu hien hi dm anh, dau ddn, ddn vat ve tinh than, hoac phdi chiu dung ddng thdi ea 4 loai bao luc the xac, tinh than, tinh due vd kinh tg tu chdng Id ngudi nghign ma tiiy nhigm HIV). Kha nhieu nan nhan tta ldi phdng van da khdng nhan biet dupe het van de ciia ban than, cho rdng can bd y tg khdng ed hgn quan, va do dd khdng cd y dinh tim ddn can bd y tg de dugc hd trg.
Ddi vdi cae ban ngdnh khde d chinh quyen dja phuong, su tiep can cita cac nii nan nhdn cQng rat ban che. Mac du Ludt Phdng, chdng BLGD quy dinh, dai didn cua ede ban, nganh lign quan nhu Van hda, Lao dgng, Thuong binh va Xa hdi ed ttach nhiem trg giup cho phu nu bi BLGD, song y kien trao ddi ciia cde ddi tugng phdng van va thao luan nhdm ddu thg hien rdng
vide tim kiem su ttg giiip tir cdc ban, ngdnh nay edn rat it. Digu ndy thg hien dac biet rd d xa Duong Phong - nod chua cd du dn phdng, chdng BLGD duge trien khai.
Kgt qua nghien cuu eung cho thdy, viee cde nii nan nhan bi BLGD tiep can ede ngudn ttg giup thupc he thdng phap ly nha nude d eae cap eao hon nhu cdng an, tu phdp, tda an... cap huyen, tinh va trung uong lai cang It. Tai Duong Phong (Bdc Kan), ttong sd cae hd so dupe dia phuang quan ly chua cd trudng hpp BLGD ndo dugc dua ra xet xu d tda an cdp huyen.
Tai Nghi Hda (Nghe An), mac dii sd vu BLGD duge yeu cau can thiep khd nhigu, song ehi cd radt vu dugc dua ra tda cap tten xet xu. Phu nii cd xu hudng chi tigp can cac chu thg phap ly cao hon khi dd la trudng hpp bat budc, vi du nhu viec BLGD dan den ly hdn, cd nhiing ttanh chdp ddt dai, tdi sdn. Ly do thudng duoc neu ra gdm thu tue phap ly phiie tap, su tdn kem vg kmh phi va thdi gian ttong viee theo dudi cdc thu tuc phap ly dd. Dac biet, ngu viec xet xii vu viec BLGD ma khdng ddn den ly hdn, ngudi vp thudng phdi dling ra chi ttd cac phi tdn khi ngudi chdng hi yeu cdu chap hanh binh phat. Do vay, cac nan nhan thudng khdng mudn day vu viec eiia minh len xu ly a cap cao ban.
3. Mot so gpi mif vl giai phap nang cao kha nang tiep can cong ly cua phu nu hi bao lure gia dinh fr Viit Nam trong thdi gian toi
Cd the thdy, viec tiep can cdng ly eiia cdc nii nan nhdn bi BLGD cdn gap rat nhigu khd khan, ttd ngai. De thuc day su tigp can cdng ly ciia cac nii nan nhan, can cd nhirng giai phdp pha va su im lang va chiu dung eiia bg, ddng thdi tim cdch gidi quyet cdc thach thiic, rao can khidn hg e ngai trong viec lim kigm su trg giup. Do vay, edn thue hien ddng bp nhieu gidi phdp, ddi bdi sutham gia eiia cac ben Hgn quan, cu the la:
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THl/CTliN'KINHNGHlEM Mdt la, nang cao iiiiu biit xi hdi vi nhan thuc pbip luat cua phu nti di thuc day su tiip can cdngly- Tiep tue tang eudng cde boat ddng nang cao nhan thiic ve binh ddng gidi, BLGD va Luat Phdng, chdng BLGD, nhat la ve eac quygn ciia phu ntr dupe phap ludt bdo ve khdi BLGD. Can dac biet quan tdm phdt trign cac boat dOng nay tai cdc cdng ddng dan tde thieu sd.
- Tang cudng tdp huan, nang cao kien thiie phap ludt, ky nang tu van va hd trg cho cdn bd phu nii CO sd vd thiet lap mang ludi phu nii tham gia bao ve phu mi bi BLGD t^ ca sd.
- Xdy dung va md rpng hoat dpng cua cac cau lae bd phu mi hi BLGD nhdm ndng cao nhan thlic vg BLGD, tu vdn va hd trp phap ly cho phu nii hi bao lire, tao didu kien cho phu nii duge chia se kmh nghiem, hpc hdi each giai quygt van dg BLGD, hd ttg tam ly va tinh cam, va tham gia xdy dung cdc ke hoach ung phd vdi BLGD tai cdng ddng.
- Day manh vai trd eiia truyen thdng dai chung, tang cudng viec truygn thdng vg luat bmh ddng gidi vd Ludt Phdng, chdng BLGD, tang eudng truyen tai cac thdng diep Ign dn cde hdnh vi b£io luc dudi mpi hinh thiic va hudng ddn each tim kigm sir hd trg trong trudng hgp cdn thiet, ddng thdi md rpng tuygn truyen xda bd cac dinh kign gidi.
Hai la, ting cudng cac dich vu hd Uaphap ly nhim giai quyit nhimg khd khan cua phu nQbi bao luc gia dinh trong tiep can cdngly
- Nang cao hieu biet phap luat va ky nang hd ttg phdp ly cho cdn bp hd ttgphdp ly co sd, nhat Id ddi vdi cae cdng ddng dan tdc thigu sd - nai cac nii nan nhan rat cdn duge hd trg phdp ly.
- Md rdng pham vi tu van va ho trg phap ly gilip phu nii bi BLGD thao gd khd khan ttong khi theo dudi edng ly. Dich vu ho trg phap ly cdn
cung cdp thdng tin va tu van cho phu nii ve quygn cua hp ddi vol tdi sdn vd dat dai hoac quyen nudi con ciing nhu cdc van de khdc dg giup hp vupt qua dugc rao can trong qua ttinh theo dudi cdng ly.
- Khuygn khich su tham gia ciia cdng ddng vao hogt ddng hd ttg phap ly, de giai quyet khd khan khi nhu eau hd ttg phdp ly ldn, nhung ngudn luc nhd nude danh cho cac dieh vu hd ttg phdp ly cdn ban ehe.
Ba la, tiip tuc sua ddi va hoan thidn khung khd phap luat dining cao hieu qua giai quyit vaxulyvan dibao Iuc gia dmh
- Tigp tuc nghien eiiu eai tign dg cdc thil tue phdp ly ttd ngn don gian hon, giiip cho nan nhdn dg ghi nhd dg ed the thuc hien. Cae thu ti^c ciing cdn duge digu ehinh theo hudng Imh boat hon de cd the kjp thai thuc hien cac hoat ddng can thiep vd tang eudng su phdi hgp chEit che giira cac ca nhdn, co quan chiie nang ttong gidi quydt cdc vu viec BLGD.
- Tigp tue xay dung khung binh phcit eu the cho nhung loai hanh vi bao luc ma hign nay ehua cd quy dinh ve binh thiic xii phat, vi du bao luc tinh tiidn, bao luc tmh due, b£io lire kinh te. Ben canh dd, eung can dieu chinh cdc bign phdp xir phat chua hpp ly, vi du nen cham diit sii dung bien phdp phat tign {xtr phat banh chinh) va thay bdng viec ttuy td trudc phap ludt, dp dung nhiing muc phat nang hon ddi vdi cac tnrdng hpp cd hanh vi bao luc gay rathuongtichdmiic dudi ll%nhung da duoc xii ly nhigu ldn ma van tdi dign.
- Bd sung chg tdi xu ly ddi vdi cac trudng hgp cdc ed nhan, td ehiie ed tham quyen nhung khdng thuc hien hoae thuc hien khdng ddy du chirc ndng, nhiem vu tiieo quy dinh khi gidi quygt vu viec BLGD.
Bdn la, ning cao hieu qua hoat dong giai quyit khiiu kien, khieu nai cua cac caquan chdc nang
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- Cam ket thuc hien phdng, chdng BLGD d tat cd cac cdp chmh quygn, xay dung vd sii dung ehi tigu phdng, chdng BLGD lam tieu ehi ddnh gid ket qua boat ddng ciia cdc cd nhan va ban, nganh chiic nang.
- Day manh hoat dpng tuyen truyen nhdm xda bd dinh kign gidi va nang cao nang lire giai quygt khigu kien, khieu nai eua can bd cosd. Ben canh do, ciing can td ehiic eac boat ddng tap huan vg each thiie can thiep vd xu ly khi xdy ra BLGD.
- Thlic day su hgp tac da nganh trong phdng, chdng BLGD, xay dung kg hoach chung ve phdng, chdng BLGD, trong dd ldm rd each phdi hpp boat ddng phdng, chdng BLGD giiia cdc ban, nganh, doan the tai dja phuang.
Nam la, phat buy su tham gia hieu qua cda cac td chm: chinh tri - xi hoi
- Tang cudng su tham gia eua eac td chiic chinh tti - xa bdi eg sd, tigp tuc tuyen truygn xda bo dinh kidn gidi va nang cao nhdn thiic phap luat vg binh ddng gidi va phdng, chdng BLGD;
md rpng tap huan nang cao nang lire hda gidi va hd ttg phdp ly eho can bd dodn thg ca sd.
- Tigp tuc ndng cao nang lire vd tao cahdi cho can bp nii tham gia vdo cdc vi tri lanh dao a chinh quyen ea sd. Can day manh viec tao digu kien dg can bd nti cd quyen tham gia vd gidm sat qud triinh didu tta va xet xii cdc vi pham lign quan tdi BLGD ddi vdi phu nu.
- Thlic day su ehu dpng cua cdc cap hdi phu nii trong viec tham gia hd trg cdc nu nan nhdn tigp can cdng ly thdng qua eae boat ddng cu tile nhu hd trg co quan bdi phu nti dam nhdn viec lap hd so, theo ddi va quan ly cae vi pham lien quan tdi BLGD ddi vdi phu nu d tat cd cac cap.
Saula, ting cuong sutham gia cua cdngddng, tihatia su tham gia cua nam gidi
- Nang cao nhan thiic eho cdng ddng ndi chung va nam gidi ndi rieng ve binh dang gidi va phdng, chdng BLGD. Cdn dac biet chii y thuc hien cdc boat ddng tuygn truyen, van ddng dg nang cao nhdn thiic va y thuc thuc bien Ludt Phdng, chdng BLGD eho nam gidi, tign tdi xda bd dinh kien gidi trong cdng ddng.
- Cdn xdy dung cdc cau lac bp eho nam gidi cd hanh vi bao luc de giup bp nang cao kign thiic va thay ddi banh vi, tap trung vao cdc ndi dung nhu tang cudng higu biet ve cdc quy dinh phap luat binh ddng gidi va phdng, chdng BLCS), hpc hdi va thuc hanh cde ky ndng sdng trong gia dinh, khuyen khich lingxu binh dang... •
(1) Tong cue Thdng ke: "Chju nhin la chit day" - Kit qua Nghien cuu qudc gia vS Bao Iuc gia dinh ddi vai phu nU d Viet Nam, KaNdi, 2010.
(2) Martha Nussbaum [1999), "Women and Equal- ity: The Capabilities Approach", International Labour Review, 138(3), pp. 227-245; Amartya Sen (2009), The Idea of Justice, Harvard University Press.
(3) UNDP: Power, Voice and Rights: A Turning Point for Gender Equahty in Asia and the PaciScMacnul- lan Publishers India Ltd, 2010.
(4) Evalyn G. Ursua: Access to Justice for Women in Plural Legal Systems hi South East Asia, UN Women, Bangkok, 2014.
(5) Bd Tu phap - Bd Npi vu: Thong tu Lien tich sd 01/2009/TTLT-BTP-BNV ngay 28-4-2009 vg Hudng din chiic nang, nhiem vu, quyen han vi ca cau td chdc ciia Sd Tuphap thuoc Uy ban nhan din cap tinh, Phdng Tuphap thuoc uy ban nhan din cap huyen vi Cong tic Tuphip cua Uy ban nhin din dp xi, 2009.
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