VCHINH SACH HIEN DAI HOA L^C Ll/ONG HAI QUAN CUA MOT SO Nl/dC DONG NAM A TRONG BOI CANH HIEN NAY
NGUYEN THANH MINH*
Tom tat: Trong nhiing thap ni^n ddu cua thi ky XXI, cdc nguy ca xung ddt tiim dn tii nhiing tranh chdp chii quyen biin ddo ludn la moi de doa true tiip din an ninh khu vUc Bdng Nam A, nhdt Id tinh hinh Biin Bong ngdy cdng trd nkn cdng thdng, da tac ddng manh me dd'i vdi cdch nhin nhdn vi cdc thach thui: co thi dUn ra trong ti&mg lai.
Nh&m tdng cUdng site manh phbng thu ndi chung, phong thd biin ddo ndi ri&ng, cdc quoc gia Bong Nam A dang thdc ddy manh me tiin trinh hien dgi hoa qudn ddi, thay dSi quan niem tdc chiin, ddc biet xdy dung phdt triin lUc luang hai qudn theo cdc md hinh, cdch thUc vd tdc dd khdc nhau phu thudc vdo nin kinh ti ciia mdi ni^e. Bi cd each nhin tSng thi ve vdn di ndy, bdi viit se phdn tich vd ludn gidi chinh sach hien dm hoa luc lugng hdi qudn mot so nUdc Ddng Nam A trong bdi cdnh hiin nay.
TU khoa: Chinh sdch, Hien dgi, Hdi qudn. Bong Nam A.
Md dSu
Trong nhflng ndm g i n day, cdc nhdn t l chinh tri npi tai cung vdi sU tdc ddng cua cdc yd'u to bdn ngodi dd d^y cdc qud'c gia Ddng Nam A vdo tinh trang cd nhieu bien dpng tranh chap Idnh t h i vd bien gidi giffa cdc qud'c gia hffU quan, tinh trang effdp biin vd effdp cd vu trang chd'ng lai tdu thuyen, di dan tU do, xdm pham ngff trffdng da va dang Id nhffng van d l nhffc nhd'i de dpa xung dot tiem tang vd khdng loai trff kha ndng bung n l trong tuong lai.
Trong dd, ddc biet Id vide Trung Qud'c tiep tuc day manh cai tao, xay dung cdc ran san
hd chim dffdi nffde d q u i n dao TrUdng Sa thude ehu quyIn ciia Vidt Nam d l tao thdnh cdc hon dao n h d n tao vdi cdc kich thudc rdt Idn cting vdi cdc he thd'ng cdng trinh quan sff. Trdn mot sd' dao nhan tao ndy, mdt so cdng trinh quan sff dd dUcffi hodn thdnh nhff dudng bdng Idn cd kha ndng tie'p nhdn may bay chie'n dSii hien dai, cau cang quan sU ed k h a ndng tiep nhan nhflng tdu chien cd trpng tai Idn, cac tram ra da, he thd'ng hda luc va nhd d cho quan don tru. Ro rang, Trung Qud'c dang thffc hien y do t r i l n khai sffe m a n h quan sff ciia minh dd'n t a t ea cac diem d khu vUC
" TS. Nguyin Thanh Minh, B6 Tu lenh Cdnh sdt Biin
Nguyen Thanh Minh - Chinh sdch hien dgi hoa luc luang Hdi qudn... 31 Bien Ddng ma Trung Qud'e dang chie'm
dong trai phep. Hanh ddng rdo rie't xay dung dao nhdn tao tai cac bai da d Bien Ddng khdng ehl gay lo ngai cho cac nude trong khu viic, ma cbn cho thd'y thai dp thach thffc true tiep cua Trung Qud'e dd'i vdi ehinh sach xoay true ciia My ve chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Chinh cac hanh ddng nay d Bien Ddng cua Trung Qud'c dang thue day cac qud'c gia khdng chi d Ddng Nam A ma ca chau A - Thai Binh Duong tang cUdng chi tieu qud'e phbng mang tinh phbng thu tu ve, chuan bi eho moi tinh hudng CO the xay ra. Tranh chap chii quyen, quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phan d Bien Ddng da trd nen phffc tap va bi day len mffe dp ngay cang gay gdt hon, no khdng chi bat ngudn tff mau thuan hay ton tai tranh eha'p ve chii quyen lanh hai do Ijch sff de lai, quyen tai phan dd'i vdi cac vung dae quyen kinh td', vimg chong la'n eiia nhieu qud'e gia ddi yeu sach, ma con xuat phat tff sU dan xen loi ich, mUu cau dia chinh tri, trUde het la quydn quan ly, kiem soat tuye'n hang hai, hang khdng chie'n lUge va nguon tai nguyen bien giau cd, tff dd md rdng anh hudng ra toan khu viic chau A - Thai Binh Duong.
Dd'i vdi eae qud'e gia Ddng Nam A, tranh chap chii quyen, quyen ehii quyen va quyen tai phan d Bien Ddng khong chi lien quan tnic tid'p de'n Ipi leh an ninh va phat trien eiia mdi qud'c gia thanh vidn, ma cbn la pham vi dia chinh tri ciia ASEAN, vdi tU each la cdng dong khu vUc, trung tam ke't ndi, kien tao mdt cau true an ninh mdi 6 chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Vl vay cac quo'c gia CO Igi ich tai Bien Ddng kho cd the chap nhan mot nen ehinh tri cUdng quyen, chie'm doat hay phan cbia anh hudng eiia cac nudc Idn tai khu \'Uc nay, bdi \'i Bien
Ddng la khdng gian sinh ton cua cac qud'c gia xung quanh Bien Ddng. NgUdi dan va chinh phii eae nUdc ven Bien Ddng mud'n sdng hffu nghi hba binh vd hgp tac vdi tat ca cac nudc, khdng mud'n cd thdm hoa dia chinh tri tai Bien Ddng. Ben canh dd, sii canh tranh quye't liet cua eae cUdng qudc d khu viic Ddng Nam A se tie'p tuc theo xu hudng manh me hon, tat ca nhffng dieu dd khie'n cho cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A deu co nhffng ly do de tang cUdng mua s&m vu khi, thiic day tien trinh hidn dai hoa cdc liic lugng Yu trang, hien dai hoa quan dpi, dac biet la lUc lugng hai quan, nhdm nang eao quyen va tieng noi trong tranh chap ehu quyen d Bien Ddng, khie'n eho khu vUc trd thanh mdt diem nong trong eupe chay dua mua sdm vu khi trang bi mdi.
1. Chinh s a c h h i e n dai hoa life liiOng Hai q u a n c u a Singapore
Quan diem vd muc tieu chien lugc: Quan diem hien dai h3a liie lUpng Hai quan eua Singapore la mang tinh toan dien ve phdng thii qud'c gia tff budng bien. Singapore dang timg budc hien dai hda liie lugng vii trang ndi chung va !uc \iigng hai quan noi rieng dUa tren tiem liie kinh te va nguon tai ehinh qud'c gia. Singapore la da't nude eo dien tich nhd nhat Dong Nam A, ndm canh eo bien Malacca, noi hdi tu eiia eae tuye'n dudng bien quan trpng cua the gidi qua eo bien Singapore va Malacca. Quan diem qudc phbng Singapore la phong thu todn dien, vdi 5 tru cot la: phbng thu ve quan sU, dan sU, kinh te, xa hpi va tam ly. Cac lUe lugng vu trang ciia Singapore gpi tdt la SAP nhan thffc dupc nhiing bat Igi ciia dat nude ve mat dien tich tren dat hen Khdng c6 khong gian van ddng de liji lai phia sau, vi
32 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A, so_ll20Vl
the phbng thu phia trffdc rat quan trgng vd life Iffpng vu trang Singapore phai duy tri mffe dd sdn sang chien dd'u cao. Singapore da phat t r i l n khd ndng phbng thu len mdt mffe eao v l hffdng biin, vUgt ra ngodi vung bien cua ddt nUdc vd dang nd life d l y manh nhflng Igi tiie vd cdng nghd d l thffc hidn bffdc nhay vpt xdy difng /Ufc lUgng vd trang Singapore thi M thd ba. Quan diem bdo vd ehu quyen lanh t h i bkng each rdn de tff moi moi de dpa doi vdi an ninh qud'e gia.
Rdn de vd ngoai giao Id nen tang ciia an ninh qud'e gia, vi Singapore mong mud'n bao dam vdi ede nffde Idng gilng nhff Malaysia vd Indonesia ve nhflng quan diem khdng xam pham lanh tho cua nhau. Do vay, tren quan diim t u vd phbng thu, Singapore dd tdp trung vdo vide mua s ^ trang t h i l t bi vu khi hidn dai vd phdt t r i l n cdng nghe cao, coi dd Id phuong ti?n nhan len sffe manh phbng thu, quan diem ndy da the hidn rd trong trang bi eua Iffe Iffpng Hai qudn Singapore.
Cdc chucmg trinh hien dgi hda cda lUc lugng hdi qudn: Hai qudn Singapore dang thffc hien dff an then c h i t la thay the mdi 12 tdu tuan tra Idp Fearles. Thilt ke va c h i tao tdu mdi se do Cdng ty cdng trinh ky thudt Singapore ggi t a t Id ST phu trach, hgp dong c h i tao 8 chile dd duge ky thdng 01 nam 2013. Viec t h i l t k l da tie'n hdnh vd chile dau tidn dffgc ha thiiy ngay 03/7/2015. So vdi Idp Fearless, kilu cai t i l n dffOc thie't ke' thdm san dap may bay, Iffpng gian nffdc khoang 1.200 tan, ddi 80 m, pham vi boat ddng 3.500 hai ly, toe dd hdnh trinh td'i da 27 hai ly/gid, hoat ddng hen tue dffgc 14 ngdy trdn hiln, tdu dffgc trang hi mdt phao ham Oto Melara cd 76 mm, 2 bd sung Oto Melara Hitrole cd 12,7 mm, mdt he thd'ng phao Rafael cd 25 mm
vd mdt he thong phbng khdng VL Mica cua MBDA ed 12 ong phdng t h ^ g 6.(in^^\
Chinh cdng ty eon ST Electronics eua ST Engineering se tich hgp vd eung cap h | thd'ng chien d§fu cho ede tdu mdi. Ben canh dd, cdng ty ST Engineering dang ddng 4 tdu do bd Idp Endurance eho hai quan nudc ndy vd mgt chile cho Thdi Lan. Cud'i thdng 11 ndm 2013, Singapore cdng bd' nffdc ndy da 1 ^ hop dong mua hai tdu ngam phi hat n h a n mdi Type 218SG tff edng ty ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems ciia Ddc.
Hgp ding bao gom ede dilu khoan ve sufa chffa vd humi luydn, n h a m n a n g cao nang Iffc ehid'n dau dffdi nffdc eua Iffe Iffgng Hai qudn Singapore.
2. C h i n h s a c h h i ^ n d a i h o a Irfc Itfptng H a i q u a n c u a I n d o n e s i a
Quan diim vd muc ti§u chiin litac:
Indonesia Id qud'c gia quIn dao, ehinh vi vdy viec xdy diing life lugng hai quan du manh de bao ve toan ven lanh t h i bien dao cua qud'c gia trffdc nhCftig dien bien m6i eua khu vffc Id noi dung quan trgng trong trien khai thffc hidn ehinh sdch b i i n cua Indonesia. Tranh chd'p lanh tho, Idnh hai gifla Indonesia va Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Australia, t r a n h cai quyen quan ly eo bien Malacca gifla Malaysia va Singapore dd a n h hUcfng de'n I n dinh m6i trudng an ninh ciia Indonesia. Kilm soat tuyd'n dudng b i i n d l thffc hien nhidm vu bao ve quyen, Igi ich hai dffong trd thdnh vd'n d l an ninh chii yeu md Indonesia dang phai ddi mat. Vi vay, Indonesia xde dinh, mdt mat ffng phd ed Iffa chgn vdi nhffng uy hi^'p an ninh phi truyln thd'ng, mdt khac chuyen trpng d i i m phbng thu tff bd hffdng, ra biin, tich cffc dilu chuyen xu hffdng xay
Nguyin Thanh Minh - ChJnh sdch hien dai hoa luc luang Hdi qudn... 33
dffng qudn ddi, nd Iffe phdt t r i l n Iffc luong hai quan, khdng qudn, day manh xdy dffng hi$n dai hda quan dpi, n h ^ xay dffng mot qudn dpi hien dai, ehiiyln nghiep phan ling nhanh vd du sffe canh tranh vdo ndm 2024, sdn sang ffng phd vdi cdc trffdng hgp khan cap, hinh thdnh thd' chien Iffgc Ddng Tay, lay dao Java 1dm t m n g tam. Life IffOng Hai qudn Indonesia cung dang tdng effdng k i l m soat vung dac quyen kinh te 200 hai ly, md rdng trung tam phong ngff, tffng budc thay doi chie'n luge tii phong thu Idnh thS sang phong thd biin gdn. Tren co sd dd, Indonesia xdy dung the trdn phbng thii 3 1 ^ : Mot Id khu vife phbng thu bdn ngoai, chu yiu Id viing lanh hdi vd khdng phdn ben ngodi khu vUc ddc quyin kinh ti;Hai Id khu vffc phong thu chu yeu, khu vUc til bitn gidi tr^n bd din khu vUc d0c quyin kinh ti. Ba Id khu vUc phbng thu trdn khdng, chd yiu la cdc ddo Idn nhu Sumatra, Kalimantan vd Java.
Cdc chuong trinh hikn dgi hda lUc lUgng hdi qudn: Ngay sau khi gianh thdng Igi trong eugc bdu eff t i n g tho'ng vdo thdng 7 ndm 2014, dng Joko Widodo da quyet dinh tdng ngdn sdch qud'e phbng tff 8 ty USD ndm 2014 len khoang 14 ty USD nam 2015. De t r i l n khai cdc muc tieu chien lugc, Indonesia da tie'n hdnh ndng cap cdc khi tai trang bi lac hdu, nhdp k h i u trang bi vu khi cdng nghd eao eua cdc nudc nhu My, Hdn Qud'c, Hd Lan, Tdy Ban Nha, dong thdi tich cue thue d l y phdt trien cdng nghp qud'c phbng trong nffdc. Chinh phii Indonesia ddt muc tieu xay dung mdt lUc lugng nbng cot toi thieu gom 300 tdu chien cdc loai vd it nhat 12 tdu ngam. Hien nay, so lugng tdu chiln cua Indonesia la 115 chile vd de dap ffng dffgc muc tieu de ra can bo sung mdt so Iffgng Idn tdu chie'n cac
loai mdi. Ke tff khi bien chd' tau 4 tdu hd tong nhd Idp Sigma va 4 tdu d l b6 Idp Makassar, Hai qudn Indonesia mdi bien ehe t h e m mot so' lugng nho cac tau tuan tra vd tdu tie'n cdng ndi dia loai nhd.
Nguyen nhdn la do ngdn sdch M hep va ffU tien ddnh eho nhu cau cai tien, ndng cap doi vdi cac tdu hien cd. Sau 4 tdu hd tong Idp Sigma, Indonesia tiep tue trien khai dU an ddng tau khu true dUOc thiet ke d ^ trdn tau ho tong kieu Sigma 10514 vdi hd thd'ng d^y kd't hgp ddng co dizen vd didn, tau ddi 105 m, rdng 14 m ed bien chd' kip thijy thii 120 ngffdi vd cd lugng choan nffdc tdi 2.400 tan. Du an ndy dffgc 1^ thang 6 ndm 2012 vd thffi h a n bdn ^ a o Id ndm 2017 vdi thda thudn gid tri 220 trieu USD bao gom vide chuyin giao cdng nghe va cdc cdng ty d d i ^ tdu Indonesia goi t a t la FT Pal, cho phep Indonesia c6 t h i tu ddng them tau mdi trong tUOng lai. Chi tid't ve vu khi cijng nhU tinh ndng ciia tdu chffa dugc cdng bo, nhung ndng lugng phbng khdng, chd'ng ngam vd cho'ng ham cd file dffgc bie't thdng qua ban liet kd yeu cdu tinh ndng dia tdu.
Indonesia het sffe chu trpng vao viec xay difhg cdc phien ban ndi dia cua ede loai tau eao toe tiln cong gpi tdt la FAC. Trong du dn tau cao tde mang ten Iffa KCR bao gom 3 loai thiet ke: KCR- 40, KCR-60 vd KCR 3 than tdng hinh, hai loai KCR-40 va KCR-60 du k i l n trang bi ten lijfa C-705 cua Trung Qud'c, Indonesia dang dam phdn vdi Trung Qud'c ve vide chuyin giao quyen san xud't loai ten Iffa ndy. Muc tieu cua Indonesia la den ndm 2024 se cd 44 chide, nhiftig cho dd'n thdi diim hien nay mdi dii ed 3 chile KCR-40 dugc dffa vdo sff dung, nhffhg chffa dUge trang hi ten Iffa C-705 vd ed t h i keo ddi de'n nam 2017'^'. Ngdy
34 Nghien cOu Dons Nam A, s6112017
27/9/2012, chile tdu KCR 3 thdn dIu tidn trong don hang 4 chile, mang tdn KRl Klewang bi hda hoan. Bdt chap t i n t h a t ndy, Hai qudn Indonesia vdn kidn tri hodn thdnh don hdng 4 chie'e KCR 3 thdn. Cdc tau ndy dffgc trang bi: 4 ten Iffa chIng ham RBS15 Mk3 vdi khd ndng tff d i n bkng r a da chii ddng ed t i m b i n tdi 200 km, ra da Sea Giraffe lx3D mdi eiia hang Saab, mdt phdo 40 mm Mk4 ciia Bofor dffgc dilu k h i i i bkng he tiling quan 1^ chie'n da'u 9LV Mk4 cua Bofor^^'. Thdng 12 ndm 2011, Ind' nesia da ky vdi hdng Daewoo cua H a n Quoc mOt hgp d i n g gia tri 1,1 ti USD d l ddng 3 tau n g l m kilu 209/1.400 Idp Chang Bogo, theo ke' hoach dau nam 2018 se ban giao, chile cudi ciing se dffOc hodn thien tai xffdng ddng tdu PI Pal cua Indonesia. Tdu cd chilti ddi 61,2 m, rdng 6,25 m, t i e do dudi nude 21,5 hdi ly/gid, td'c dd trdn m a t nUdc 11 hai ly/gid, thuy thu dodn 32 ngUdi, dpng CO dizen dien, phan dau tdu l i p 8 d'ng phdng ngU Idi 533 mm. Ba chile tdu ngam nay dugc t r i l n khai tai can cff hdi quan Palu d m i l n Trung Sulawesi, n h i m tdng effdng bao vd eae vung b i i n dao, ddc bidt Id d phia Ddng cua Indonesia.
Thdng 5 nam 2014, Hai qudn Indonesia da thdng bdo mua 16 mdy true thdng AS 565 Mbe P a n t h e r cua hang Airbus Helicopters, de xdy dUng lUc lugng tac chien chd'ng ngam gpi t i t Id ASW vd trien khai tren cdc tdu hp vd ten Iffa Idp Sigma 10514. Thdng tin v l thdi han chuyin giao cung nhff thdi gian chinh xdc lue lugng ndy di vdo boat ddng vdn chUa dffpc tid't Id.
Ngdy 26/6^014, Hai qudn Indonesia edng ho dd chinh thffc ddt mua 2 tau tuan tra h i trg ngodi khoi cd kha ndng ve bdn d l day biin d dd sdu 6.000 nl vd tdc ehiln chd'ng ngam mdi gpi tat Id OSV, do hang ddng tdu
OCEA SA eua Phdp e h l tao, hop d i n g ndy cd tri gid 100 tridu USD. Loai tau nglm ndy cd Iffgng gidn nffdc khodng 500 tKh, ddi 60 m, tl'c dp td'i da 16 hdi 1^/gid, thiiy thfi dodn 30 ngffdi, trang bi 01 k h i u sdng 20 mm vd 02 sung 12,7 mm, chile d I u ti&n da dffgc bdn giao trong n a m 2015*'*'. ,;;
Hffdng di cua cong nghd qud'c phbr^
Indonesia cung g i n gilng vdi Singapore: ky hgp ding bao gom ede dilu khoan chuyin giao cdng nghd, due rut kinh nghiem, tiln tdi t u thiet ke s a n xudt. Vdi quyet tam tff nhfliig nguM lanh dao dd't nffde, Indonesia dd dat thdnh qua cbn Idn hon Singapore.
S I tau ehiln tif ddng cua Indonesia chilm khoang 40-50%. NhiJlhg ndm g i n ddy, Indonesia bat dIu ddng cdc tdu eao tde ten Iffa tidn tid'n, d i l n hinh Id 2 tdu eao tic KCR-40. Trong tuong lai gan, hp se sdm hodn thdnh 3 tdu cao toe KCR-60 trang bi t l hgp ten Iffa hidn dai. Thdnh tuU Idn nhd't | | | | | trong ngdnh edng nghiep ddng tdu qudn s\i eiia Indonesia vdi sff trg giiip tff tap dodn Daesun - Hdn Qud'e, Indonesia ddng thdnh cdng 2 tau vdn tai do bp Idp Makassar. B§n canh viec ddng tdu, Indonesia dang t^p trung tim hffdng phdt t r i l n vu khi tren ham. Trong thdi gian g i n day, Indonesia da dat dffgc thoa thuan vdi Trung Qud'e vl vide hgp tac eung sdn xud't loai ten Ida ham t i m ngan C-705. Vdi nhffhg bffdc di do, tffong lai Indonesia ehae c h i n se tff minh thie't ke' che tao mot ten Iffa chd'ng ham ;...
ddnh rieng cho cdc tdu ehid'n eiia minh.
3. C h i n h s a c h h i $ n d a i h o a li^c hiftng H a i q u a n c u a M a l a y s i a
Quan diim vd muc ti&u chiin lugct^lf^^
Malaysia Id mpt trong nhOhg qud'c gia d Ddng Nam A cd su dau tU co ban vd cd 1$
Nguyin Thanh Minh - Chinh sdch hi$n dgi hda lite lUdng Hdi qudn... 35 trinh d i i vdi Iffe Iffgng hai qudn. Trong b l i
canh hidn nay, Malaysia dang cd nhilu chuong trinh dIu tff, xay dffhg d l phdt t r i l n Iffc lugng hai qudn todn dien. Lanh t h i Malaysia bao gom hai phIn: phia TSy Malaysia la bdn dao Ma Lai vd phia Dong Malaysia la vung Sabah va Sarawak, nguIn tdi nguyen thidn n h i l n phong phii 6 khu vffc ndy Id muc tidu tranh gidnh cua cac t h i liie ben ngoai. Vfo d l bao ve loi ich nguIn tdi nguydn khi dot vd n g h i ed trong viing ddc quyin kinh t l eua hp t a t yd'u gdy ra mdu thudn vd bat dong vdi ede nffdc khdc. Cdc vdii de n h u chu nghia khiing b l , budn Idu ma tuy, di ddn phi phap, tranh gidnh nguIn tdi nguyen b i i n va hai tdc da dnh hudng den an ninh vd on dinh cua Malaysia. Do vdy, Malaysia xdy dffng phuong cham chien IffUe phbng thu Idu ddi, llTy Biin Ddng Idm muc tieu chiln Iffgc chii yeu, ffU tidn xdy dffng vd phdt t r i l n lUc lugng hai qudn vd khdng qudn. Malaysia ehu trpng viee md r^ng cdn eff khdng quan va hai qudn d Langkawi, Labuan, Kota Kinabalu, tang eU&ng kha n d i ^ tdc ehiln hiep (^ng giffa khdng quan va hai quan.
Qudn dpi Malaysia thffc te dang thffc hidn theo ki hoach phdt triin chiin lugc bdn hudng gpi tat Id 4D MAF, tffc Id: Iffe Iffpng lidn hgp, uu t h i thong tin, da chieu trong moi mdi trffdng cu the la dUdi nUdc, mdi nudc, mdt ddt, tr§n khdng vd thdng tin.
Hai qudn Malaysia dang dff dinh thdnh lap mdt Iffc lugng tong hgp gom tdu mat nude, mdy bay, tdu n g l m va binh si tniih dd cao hop thdnh. Nhflng ndm gan day, Hai qudn Malaysia d5y manh ndng cdp ham dpi hidn cd cua minh thdnh ham ddi tUCng lai.
Phuong hudng phdt t r i l n cua Hai qudn Malaysia Id xdy dffng mdt ham ddi da n d i ^ it nhung tinh nhu^, nhdm ngdn chan
sff xdm pham cua nffdc ngodi doi v ^ vdi lOi ich b i i n dao d i n g thdi dam bao cd hi$u qud an ninh t r e n bien cua Malaysia.
Cdc chuong trinh hi&n dai hda cua. lUc lugng hdi qu&n: Ngan sdeh quoc phong ndm 2014 eiia Malaysia Id 4,9 ty USD, tang Idn 5,1 ty USD ndm 2015, nhffhg p h I n chi cho trang thiet hi quan sff mdi chi co 868 tridu USD. D l thffc hidn cdc muc tieu d l ra, Hai quan Malaysia dff kid'n b l simg 2 tdu hp vd, 18 tdu t u i n tra the he mdi, 3 tdu chi vidn da ndng, 3 tau hdu cin, 2 tdu nglm, 6 tnfe thdng Lynx vd nhilu mdy bay tuIn tilu biin. Cdc dff an ddng mdi eua Hai qudn Malaysia phdt trien khdng nhanh, do ngan sdch qud'e phbng hi tri hodn bdi cube blu CLf mdi ddy. Hai qudn Malaysia d a i ^ tien hdnh du an ddng 6 tdu ehieh da'u ven bd ggi tdt Id LCS t h i l t ke dUa theo tdu hd v§ Idp Gowind Id loai tau hp tong hang nhe mdi nhd't eua Cdng ty DCNS Phdp, thcd gian bdn giao chile ddu tien dU k i l n ndm 2017.
Ddy Id du an trgng ylu eua Hai qudn Malaysia, ban dau duge coi la dU dn tau tuIn tra t h i hd 2, hipn tai doi tdn Id dff an tdu chien dau ven bd. Ddc diim thiet k l gIm: 1 ddi chi huy tong hgp, 1 sdn dap cho mdy bay vd kho mdy bay, 16 hg thd'ng phong thang ddng, 8 qua tdn liia chong ham vd 2 bd phdng ngff loi, phdo ham 57 mm Mk3 eiia BAE Systems Bofors vd 2 phdo 30 mm cua MSI Defence, ra da Smart-S Mk2 ciia hdng Thales vd sdna mang kdo tau CAPTAS-2. Ngodi ra tinh tdng hinh cung Id trgng diim thiet k l ciia Idp Gowind, thdng qua vide xa khi thai xuong dffdi nffdc ed the giam thdp tin hipu hong ngoai tot hOn. Tdu hd vd Idp Gowind Id tau chie'n mdt nffde hang nhe, tinh ndng chIng ngam cao, sau khi dffia vdo sff dung se tdng sffe manh tdc chiln eho Hai quan
36 Nghien citu Dong Nam A. soj_[20l7
Malaysia. Trong ngan ban Hai quan Malaysia se tie'p nhan 2 tau hua'n luyen dai 76 m Idp Samudera, dugc che' tao trong nude dudi sU trg giiip ciia hang Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering ciia Han Qud'e. Ngoai nhiem vu huan luyen, tau cd the thUc hien nhiem vu tuan tra, Hai quan Malaysia len ke' hoach giai doan tii nam 2016 - 2020, se mua them 2 tau thiet ke tuong tu diing lam tau chie'n da'u, nham thay the cho loai tau cao td'c tie'n cdng da lac hau. Ben eanh do, 2 tau hp ve Idp Kasturi dang tie'n hanh tang ban sff dung them 15 nam nffa. Nhiing hang muc tang han gom: dai tu ddng eo, thay the'he thdng sudi, thdng gio va dieu hba Ithdng lihi, lap mdi sdna ngoai vo tau DSQS-24C ciia Atlas Eloktronik. Cac tau hd ve bien nay co 8 be phong ten Ida Exocet MN40 Block 2, 2 be phong loi AS244 EuroTor]), mot phao Bofors 57 mm Mkl va 2 phao MSI Defence 30 mm, lap he thdng quan ly chie'n da'u mdi TACTICOS eua hang Thales, Trong hang muc dai tu, eo 4 tau ho ve Idp Laksamana se duoe tan trang va ddi ten thanh tau tie'n cdng cao td'c trang bi phao. Cae he thdng ton lij'a lac hau dupc loai bo, cac be phong loi duoc thay the bdng phao 7fi mm va 40 mm trong vai tro ciia vij Idii chinh
Mot du an khae ciia Hai quan Malaysia la tau ehl vien chi huy da nang, theo du kid'n sd lugng it nhat 3 ehid'c, ngoai viee van chuyen xe cd, vu Ithi va may bay len thring, cbn co the ehd dugc 700 binh si vu trang day du NhUng dU an nay dUpc trien khai giai doan 2016-2020 dang d trang Id trinh thUc hien. Hai quan Malaysia con dat ra yeu cau co it nhat 6-12 trUc thang chdng ngam. Trong bdi cnnh hien nay, Malaysia dang len ke hoach thanh lap Binh chung Hai quan danh bo, nhUng
thdng tin chi tid't vd ke' hoach nay Ididng duge tid't Id. Malaysia se hpc theo md hinh Hai quan danh bd eiia My, Iffe lUOng se dugc rut ra tff ba quan chung va khung eiia liie lugng nay se lay tff Lff doan dii so 10 eiia luc quan Malaysia. Tuy nhidn, mdt van de chffa dugc quye't dinh la lUc \\Si3ng nay se thude sff quan ly ciia Bp Tu lenh Hai quan hay tuc quan.
4. Chinh s a c h h i ? n dai h o a liic li^Ong Hai q u a n c u a Thai L a n
Qaan diem vd muc tieu chien liCgc: Thai Lan la nudc dau tien eiia Idiu ^lic Ddng Nam A sff dung tau san bay, lUc lUpng Hai quan ciia Thai Lan duge dau tU eO ban ca ve vu khi trang bi va tau thuyen. Hien nay, Thai Lan thffc hidn ehinh sach phat trien toan dien va tang cUdng eao dd dd'i vdi luc lupng hai quan Thai Lan da thay doi tU tudng quan sU tff tap trung phbng ve sang tang cUdng phong thii lanh thd va bien, tif dd'i phd vdi cac cuoc xam luoe c6 the xay ra vdi eae nudc lang gieng den gianh thang loi trong cac cupc chie'n tranh cue bd quy md nhd va dd'i phd vdi cac tinh hudng Idian cap. Mat khae Thai Lan, tff chd dua vao sU bdo tra ciia My de'n tang cUdng idia nang tu phbng ve, tff kieu sd Iffpng sang kieu ky thuat do la it qudn nhiing trang hi him dgi, xae dinh phuong eham cdi to luc qudn, fang cilang hdi qudn, ndng cao khong quan. Giai doan 2011 - 2018, Thai Lan xac dmh muc tiou trong tam cua chie'n lugc la xii\- dUng sffe manh quan sU tUong dffOng hoac manh ban eae nude lang gieng va ddng minh ASEAN, du sffe ran de eae nffdc e6 tu tudng sff dung lue luang quan sU de gay sffe ep vdi Thai Lan Trong do, Thai Lan dac biet chii y ph.-it trien luc luang hai
Nguyin Thanh Minh - Chinh sdch hi$n dgi hoa lUc lugng Hdi quan.. 37
qudn de ed kha ndng hoat ddng ea d nhflng vung nffdc ven his vd tren dai dffong. Nudc nay tien hanh dieu chinh, phdt trien life Iffgng hai qudn cua H a m dpi khu vife bien so 1,2,3 thdnh 3 vung ehil'n Iffgc, tap trung phdt trien co sd ha tang hai qudn tai vung bien Andaman, d l riit ngdn con dUdng vffOn tdi Dia Trung Hai.
Cac chitang trinh hipn dgi hda lUc lUgng hdi qudn: Thdng 9 ndm 2012, Chinh phu Thdi Lan tuyen bd' se chi 1 ty USD d l mua 2 chie'e tdu hp ve cd Idn n h i m thay t h i cho tdu ho vg Idp Knox, va hdng DSME cua Hdn Quoc dd gidnh dffgc hgp d i n g ddng chile dIu tien vdi gid 468 tridu USD. Tdu mdi cd thid't ke' dUa t r e n tdu khu true KDX dang trong bien c h i cua Hai qudn Han Qud'e, phdn cai tiln gom: 1 thdp tong hgp chffa t h i l t bi xen xO vd thdng tin, du k i l n d i n ndm 2018 se ban giao. Cud'i thdng 4 ndm 2013, hdng DSME da duge chgn de eung cap tie'p 2 tdu ho tong c6 dd choan nffde tff 3.000 de'n 4.000 tan. Mdt dff dn ehii yeu khae eua Hai qudn Thdi Lan la tdu tuan tra ven bd ggi t a t Id OPV, do hdng BAE thid't ke, dffgc dong tai Bangkok, da diia vao sff dung thang 8 ndm 2013, tuong lai c6 kha ndng ehe' tao thdm 5 chie'e. Day dugc coi la mot trong nhffng du dn quan sff ffu tien phdt trien ciia liic lugng hai qudn trong 10 nam tdi. Iffc Iffcmg Hai quan Thai Lan dang tien hanh nang cd'p 2 tdu hd ve Idp Naresuan, trong dd, ndng cap hd thd'ng tdc ehid'n, ra da, thdng tin sd dung ra da Sea Giraffe cda hdng Saab, bd chi huy quang dien JM-83H se duge thay the bdng kieu EOS500, Idp them ten Iffa Sea Sparrow cai tiln. Ben canh dd, luc iugng Hai qudn Thai Lan cbn dugc trang bi he thong k i l m sodt hda lUe quang hpc MIRADOR do Ha Lan san xud't cho nhieu
tdu tuan tra, trang bi h e t h i n g dinh vi thijy dm chu dpng t i m xa kieu HELRAS cho phi ddi trifC t h a n g chIng n g l m S-70B- 2 Sea Hawk.
5. C h i n h s a c h h i ^ n d a i h o a life hidng H a i q u a n c u a P h i l i p p i n e s
Quan diem vd muc ti^u chiin lUCfc:
Philippines Id quoc gia ed Iffc Iffgng hai qudn tffong dd'i yeu, chinh sdeh phdt trien eho lUc iffgng hai qudn dUOc Philippines ehu trpng, tuy nhien do phu thugc vdo tilm ndng kinh te', cho nen sff dIu tff de phat trien Iffc Iffgng hai qudn chffa mang tinh todn dien va d i n g bd. Phihppines nkm d vi tri trung tam tuye'n giao thdng tren b i i n khu vffc Ddng Nam A, k i l m sodt eo biin Sulawesi vd Balabac, phia Tay gidp Biin Ddng, phia Bde gidp tuye'n dffdng bien tff Hong Kdng dd'n Suwa. Do cd vi tri dia ly ddc thu, Philippines coi vide kilm sodt vung bien xung quanh Id Igi ich cit loi cua qud'c gia. Tren co sd phdn doan m l i de dpa chiln Iffgc, Phihppines nd Iffc tdng effdng xdy dffng chiln Iffpc hai qudn vd tff tffdng tae chiln tffong ung. Phihppines thffc hidn ehiln Iffgc phong thd trgng diim, khu vffc phbng thu trgng diem la thii dd Manila va vung b i i n phia Tdy tie'p gidp vdi quIn dao TrUdng Sa, ddc biet nhan manh viec phbng thii vd kiem sodt vffng bien gidi bien. De doi phd vdi cdc sU kien bat ngd tren biin, Hai quan Phihppines tich eUc thuc day tie'n trinh hien dai hda, nd life phdt t r i l n kha ndng tde chie'n co ddng vd hiep dong gifla khdng quan vd hai qudn, Hai qudn Phihppines dd thanh lap Iffc Iffgng ddc nhiem trffe thude Tff Idnh Hai qudn, duge trang bi tdu tuIn tra vd may bay thuc hien nhiem vu chu yd'u hoat ddng d ven bd.
38 Nghien ci'fu Dong Nam A, so 1/2017 Cdc chucmg trinh hien dgi hoa luc
lugng hdi qudn: Philippines dang chu trpng tang effdng sffe manh hai quan bdng each nhap Idiau va cai tie'n vu khi trang bi. Thang 3 nam 2011, Philippines mua cua My 2 tau tuan tra cd Idn Idp Hamilton, sau khi dffpc cai tid'n da cd kha nang eiia tau khu true, nang cao ndng lUe ciia tac chie'n bien gan eiia Philippines. Ngoai ra, Iffe Iffpng Hai quan Philippines c6 ke' hoach dat mua 4 tau hd ve chd'ng ngam hang nhe 2.000 tan va dang xem xet dat mua tau ngam de tang binh lUc dudi nUde.
Du an dupe Uu tien nha't hien nay cua Hai quan Philippines la ehe tao 2 chie'e tau hd ve Ideu mdi, da eo nhieu nUdc bay td sU quan tam de'n dU an nay. Theo bao cao, ehinh phii Philippines se danh khoan ngan sach 1,73 ty USD dd" mua sam tau chien kieu mdi. Mot du an khac dang trong giai doan nghien effu la nang cap tau tuan tra Haininton dUpc trang bi ten Iffa chd'ng ham, du kid'n se sff dung ten Ida Harpoon ciia hang Boeing. Mot khi dU an duge hoan thanh thi hieu qua tae ehid'n cua tau chie'n Philippines se dugc nang Idn rat Idn trong Ithu viie.
Ket luan
Dffng trudc cac nguy co tiem an, cac nude Dong Nam A da dong loat gia tang ngan sach quoc phbng trong thap ky vffa qua. Mdt sd nha phan tich cho riing, day Ididng phai la mdt cudc chay dua vu trang, vl khu vUc Ddng Nam A la mot Idiu vUc kinh te nang ddng, mffe do tang trUdng kinh te hang nam tang on dinh. Vi vay, eae nudc mong ude dupe hien dai boa qud'e phong Idn nguon lUc tai ehinh cho phep T6ng thdng Indonesia khdng dinh: Vice tdng chi phi quoc phdng ndy cdn diioc xcni
la mdt tien trinh hien dgi hoa qudn sU chic khong phai mot cuoc chay dua qudn si/^K Nhin tong the nhffng gi dang didn ra d Ddng Nam A chua phai la mdt cupc chay dua ve hai quan, tinh de'n liic nay./.
C H U THICH
1., 2,3,4,5 Xu hudng hien dai hoa hai quan mot sd nudc Dong Nam A, Thong tin khoa hoc quan sU, sd S/2015
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
i Nguyen Thanh Minh (2016), Mot so van dk ly ludn vd thiic ticn ve tdng cUdng qudc phong - an ninh gdn v&i phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi tren cdc viing bien ddo ciia To qudc. Tap chi Tff dien hpc va Bach khoa toan thu, sd 2.
2 Nguyin Thanh Minh (2016), Nhin Igi chang dudng tham gia Cong Ude Lien hgp quoc vi Ludt Bien qudc te nam 1982 cda Viet Nam giai dnan 1994 - 2015, Tap chi Nghien ciili Lich sff, sd 2.
3. Dong Nam A cung co hdi qudn trUdc cang thdng Bien Ddng Bao dien td Vnespress, 15/6/2016
4, Nhiing nhu cdu mua sdm vd cdp nhdt tinh hinh lidi qudn cdc nUdc trong khu vUc. Tap chi Asian defence nam 2014
5 Stic manh Hdi qudn cdc nudc .ASEAN. Tap chi quan sU chau A, so ra thang 5/2014.
6 Tun /lieu thiic lUc hdi qudn eua cdc niiac xung quanh Bien Dong Tap chi ham tau hien dai, sd 7 nam 2014.
,. Xu hudng hien dai hoa hai quan mot so nudc Dong Najn A, Thdng tin khoa hoc quan sU, so' 8/2015
