72 Tap chi Nghi§n cilu vd Phdt triln, s l 2 (91).2012
MOI TRU'dNG - SINH T H A I
NGHIEN Clfu T A C D O N G C 6 A CAC YEU TO KINH TE - XA HQI DEN THt/C V^T NGAP M^N
6 DAM L4P AN, HUY$N PHtJ LQC, TINH THl/A THIEN HUE
Ph^m NgQC Dung*
I. D$t vdfn de
Dim Ldp An thupe thi trd'n Ldng Cd, huyfn Phu Lfc, tinh Thifa Thidn Hud', cd dang nha mpt tui nadc ldn dn sdu vdo d^t liln, gidi han td chdn ddo Phd Gia vl phia bde vd chdn ddo Hdi Vdn vl phia nam, thdng vdi biln Ddng tai eda Ldng Cd, cd difn tich mdt nadc khodng 1.655ha vd bift l$p vdi cdc "dim phd khde trong hf thd'ng ddm phd eua tinh Thda Thidn Hu^.
Ngodi mdt nadc ddm dep, khu vifc ndy cdn n6i bdt bdi sif da dang cua dia hinh rdng ndi, khe sud'i, cdc khu ddn ca ldng mac rdi rdc d ven dim vd hf ddng thifc vdt da dang, phong phu.
Theo Phan Nguydn Hong [2], trade ddy tai bdi trilu rfng khodng 300ha d phia tdy vd ddng eua dam, thdm thifc vdt ngdp mdn (TVNM) phdt triln khd td't, thdnh phan lodi phong phu. TVNM d ddm Ldp An Id hf sinh thdi rd't quan trpng dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng eua ngadi ddn, bdi nd Id mdi tnfdng s^ng, sinh sdn cua nhilu lodi hdi sdn ed gid tri kinh td', Id bde tadng xanh bdo vf vung eda sdng ven biln, bdo vf dd't bli, bai b6i, bd dim han chl" xdi Id dKt do tdc dfng cua sdng, gid bdo...
Tuy nhidn, hifn nay thdm TVNM d ddy da bi suy thodi nghidm trpng, nguydn nhdn chu yd'u Id do nhQng tdc dpng bd't lpi eua edc hoat dpng kinh td'-xd hdi (KTXH) eua khu vifc nha sif gia tdng ddn sd' nhanh chdng, sif phdt trien eua hoat dfng nudi trlng thuy sdn, do td'e df dd thi hda cao ldm tdng nhu cau dd't de xdy difng edc cdng trinh ha ting... Vi vdy, nghidn cdu ddnh gid tdc ddng cua cdc yd'u to KTXH dd'n TVNM d ddm L$p An Id cdng vifc cd'p thid't, ed nhilu y nghia khoa hpc vd thifc tiln.
II. Phvldng phap nghien cufu
Cung vdi vifc nghidn cdu, tong hpp cdc sd' lifu, thdng tin thd cd'p lidn quan dd'n hoat ddng phdt trien KTXH vd TVNM d ddm L^p An, chdng tdi da thifc hifn cdc phaong phdp dilu tra xa hfi hpe vd nghidn cdu thifc dia sau:
Sd dung bdng hdi bdn cd'u true de phdng vd'n 50 ngadi dan. Id ngadi ldn tuoi, da sinh sd'ng d dam Ldp An it nhd't td ndm 1975 (20 ngadi d bd tay
* Hdi Khoa hpe Ky thuat Ldm nghifp t?nh ThQa Thidn H u l .
Tap chi Nghi§n cijCu vd Phdt triln, sd 2 (91). 2012 73
vd 30 ngadi d bd ddng) d l thu thap cdc thdng tin vl: NhQng vung trade day vd hifn nay d ddm Ldp An ed TVNM; hifn trang TVNM vd tdc dfng cua cdc yd'u td' KTXH chu yeu de'n thdm TVNM d dim Ldp An td trade dd'n nay; cdc hoat ddng phdt t r i l n KTXH da vd dang dien ra d ddm Ldp An cd tdc dfng bat lpi dd'n TVNM.
Thifc hifn 3 cude thdo ludn nhdm vdi edn bf UBND thi trd'n Ldng Cd, cdc thdn tradng vd mft sd' ngadi ddn dia phaong. Trong thdo ludn rfhdm da sd dung cdc cdng cu: (i) True thdi gian lich sd (Historical line) de tim hieu cdc sif kien KTXH chu yd'u da tdc dfng den TVNM d ddm Ldp An td ndm 1975 dd'n nay vd mdc df dnh hadng cua chdng de'n difn tieh, chd't lapng cua TVNM; (ii) Ve bdn do tdi nguydn (Resource mapping) d l phdc hpa hinh dnh, trinh bdy thdng tin dadi dang cd dpng vd nhin thd'y dape vl cdc dia dilm ed TVNM ed trade ddy vd hifn nay d ddm Ldp An.
- Khdo sdt thifc dia d l ddnh gid tdc dfng cua cdc yd'u td' KTXH chu yd'u dd'n TVNM d ddm Ldp An td ndm 1975 dd'n nay. Cdc npi dung ddnh gid gom: (i) Xdc dinh vd khoanh vung dia dilm da xdy ra hoat dfng KTXH trdn thifc dia vd trdn bdn do hdnh chinh thi trd'n Ldng Cd; (ii) Ghi nhdn hifn trang kdt qud cua cdc hoat ddng KTXH da xdy ra vd nhQng tdc ddng eua nd dd'n TVNM, cdnh quan, mdi tradng xung quanh; (iii) Sd dung mdy dinh vi vf tinh GPS 76CSx d l xdc dinh tpa dp dia dilm xdy ra hoat ddng KTXH vd xdc dinh difn tich TVNM da bi md't hodc suy thodi ndng.
m . Thdri g i a n v a d i a d i e m n g h i e n cvtu - Thdi gian nghidn cdu: Td 2009 dd'n 2011.
Dia dilm nghidn cdu: Todn bd d i m L^p An, nhQng khu vifc ed sif hifn difn cua TVNM.
IV. K e t q u a v a t h a o l u a n
i . Ho^t dQng KTXH trUdc nam 1975 dnh hUcfng den TVNM tq,i ddm Lap An
Trade ndm 1954, d i m Lap An cdn hoang so, dan ca thaa thdt. Xung quanh d i m ngadi dan sinh sd'ng tap trung thdnh 2 cum, gom cum dan ca ldng chdi d phia bd ddng vd cum dan ea d phia bd tdy cua dim. Vung bd phia ddng cua dim, doe theo qud'c Id lA, td khu vifc Loan Ly dd'n eda d i m cd bai trilu rdng trdn ed tram hdeta, tai dd thdm TVNM phdt t r i l n rd't td't, vdi du cdc lodi cay ngdp man d d i m Lap An nha dade, vet, su, b i n , gid, tra...
Nam 1954, mdt bd phdn ngadi dan theo dao Thidn Chua d Gio Linh, Quang Tri di ea tif do vdo day ldp ndn ldng Loan Ly. NhQng ngadi dan nay da chat pha mdt sd' dif ji tich rdng ngdp mdn (RNM) tai Loan Ly d l lam nhd d. Cd the xem, sif kifn figadi dan phd TVNM lap ldng Loan Ly vao nam 1954 la md'e ddnh dd'u khdi diu sif tan phd TVNM cua eon ngadi tai dim Lap An.
74 Tap chi Nghi§n ciJu vd Phdt triln, s6' 2 (91). 2012
Vdo ndm 1967, d l tdch bift, ngdn chdn ngadi ddn sd'ng d vung bd tdy lien hf vdi edeh mang, chinh quyln Sdi Gdn da thifc hifn chinh sdch din ddn, ldp d'p. Hp da di ddi todn bf ngadi ddn sd'ng d bd tdy sang s^ng d bd ddng cua dim, ldp ndn thdn Ldp An vd thdn An Ca Tdn. Day Id cufc phd TVNM l l n thd 2 vdi quy md ldn hon ndm 1954. Tai khu vifc An Ca Tan, chinh quyln cu da phd bd mft vung TVNM khd ldn vdi chieu ngang khodng 50m dpe theo qud'c If lA d l ld'y dd't ldm nhd tdi dinh ca cho ngadi ddn. Khu tdi dinh ea gdm 3 ddy nhd, mdi n i n nhd khodng lOOm^.
Ndm 1975, ngay khi dd't nadc thd'ng nhd't, todn bf ngadi dan d ddy da trd ve que cu, bd lai cdc vung dd't trd'ng.
2. Hogit dgng KTXH sau ndm 1975 dnh htCdng den TVNM tgi ddm Lg.p An
2.1. Hogt ddng phdt triin sdn xudt ndng ldm nghiip 2.1.1. Trdng dda Binh Dinh
Trong 2 ndm 1975-1976, chinh quyln dia phacmg t r i l n khai trong dda Binh Dinh vdi mong mu^n ldp ndn vung chuyen canh dda tdp trung tai Ldng Cd. Khu vifc dape chpn dl trong Id vung dd't RNM giQa qu^c If lA vd bd dim hifn nay, kdo ddi td nga ba Loan Ly den khaeh san Yd'n Hoang Anh. Ke hoach dir kien trong
16ha, nhifng chi trong dape lOha. De lay dat Hhh 1. Hon lOha dd't rCfng ngdp m$n d bd ddng ddm Ldp An t r l n g dda chinh quyen bj chdt tr^ngdl trlng dCra Binh Dinh, nay dCfa chl cdn sdt vdi j g . i , - ^i'^^ ux f^a>n hh edy trong vudn nhd ngudi ddn. ° ^ ^ " ° ^^'^^ " ° ^^^^ •
(chdt trang) tham TVNM trdn difn tich khodng lOha. Dda t r l n g sd'ng mft thdi gian, sau do thui chot, chd't d i n , de'n nay ehi cdn ldc ddc vdi cay trong vadn nhd ngirdi dan (hinh 1).
2.1.2. Trdng cdy luang thUc
Trong nhQng ndm td 1975-1987, do tinh trang thid'u thd'n nghiem trong ve laong thifc ndn ngadi' dan dia phaong da chu dfng phd TVNM de lay dat trong khoai sdn. Khodng lOha TVNM cao trilu vdi cdc loai chu yeu la gia, tra, edc vdng td khu vifc Tradng Ding dd'n Loan Ly (dpe theo quoc 16 lA) va d mui Doi da bi phd bd.
Tap chi Nghi§n cufu vd Phdt triln, s6' 2 (91). 2012 75
Hifn nay, tai bd tay mui Doi, vdn xdy ra tinh trang edc hd dan chat phd cay ngdp mdn d bd vdng, bd thda d l coi ndi, md rfng them difn tich dd't canh tdc, tuy nhidn nhd sif qudn ly eua chinh quyln dia phaong ndn nhQng vi pham ndy ehi xud't hifn nhd Id, khdng ddng k l (hinh 2).
2.1.3. Sdn xudt mudi dn
Ndm 1986, chinh quyln ed chu traong ld'y nadc td d i m Lap An d l sdn xud't mud'i dn. Kd' hoach ban diu se xdy difng mdt ednh ding mudi ed difn tich ldn dd'n 32ha, nhang sau dd ehi thifc hifn dape lOha. D l thifc hifn k l hoach ndy, chinh quyln xa Lfc Hdi (nay Id thi trd'n Ldng Cd) da cho d i p mft bd dd bao phia ngodi dim, cdch dadng bd ddng hifn nay khoang 50m vd t l chde chdt bd todn bd thdm TVNM (phln ldn Id cay mdm vd dade) d l xdy difng cdnh dong mud'i. Do mud'i sdn xud't khdng dat dp man eIn thid't, khdng tidu thu dape, ndn hoat dfng san xud't mud'i chi ton tai dape 2 nam (1986-1987) thi kd't thdc. Tuy nhidn, hoat ddng ndy da lam md't hon lOha TVNM cua d i m Lap An.
Hhh 2. Khoai lang trlng trdn ddt rC/ng ngdp mdn d bai b l i phia bd tdy cOa mui Doi, dim Ldp An.
2.1.4. Nudi tdm sd
Hinh 3. Ao nudi tdm sii tren da't rCrng ngdp man tgi hdi MIt, bd tay dam Lap An.
Nudi trong thuy sdn d vung Lang Cd khdi diu bdng mdt vai ao nudi tdm ridng le trdn bd tay cua dim Lap An d vung hdi Mit vd hdi Can vdo nhQng ndm 1999, 2000, sau dd phdt triln thdnh phong trdo nudi tdm sd o at trong cac ndm 2002-2005. Trong giai doan ndy, ngadi dan trong vd ngodi dia phaong da phd bd khoang 20ha TVNM d l xay dufng hang chue ao nudi tdm su. Trong dd khu vifc hdi Mit khoang
76 Tap chi Nghidn cO;u vd Phdt triln, s6 2 (91). 2012
13ha chd yd'u Id gid, tra, bin vd khu vifc hdi Can khodng 7ha chu yd'u Id mdm, bin, cdc vdng (hinh 3).
Hifn nay ngadi ddn dia phaang vdn quen gpi vung ao tdm d hdi Can Id vung "Chdm Mdm", bdi ddy nguydn Id mpt cdnh rttng mdm rfng khodng 3ha da bi phd bd d l ldm ao nudi tdm. Phdi ndi rdng, phdt triln ao nudi tdm tif phdt, thid'u quy hoach Id cdch tdn phd thdm TVNM ndng n l nhd't, bdi ngodi vifc "ddo tdn gd'c, trd'c tdn rl" tdt ed cdy ngdp mdn trdn difn tich ao tdm dl chdng khdng t h l sd'ng dape, thi cdc bd ao cao hon bdi trilu td 1-1,5m trd thdnh nhQng dd ngdn khdng cho thuy trilu xdm nhdp vdo vung dd^t phia ben trong, da bid'n nhQng vung dd't ven bd dim ngdp trilu trd thdnh vdng dd't khd. Mdi tradng ngdp mdn khdng cdn, ndn nhOhg edy ngdp mdn edn sdt lai cung din din bi thui chft, thodi hda vd chd't di. Hifn nay, gin nha khdng cdn tim thd'y edy ngdp mdn d khu vifc hdi Can, ridng khu vifc hdi Mit vd hdi Dda chi cdn mpt ddm edy gid, tra phdn bd' dpe theo bd hdi.
2.2. Hogt ddng xdy ddng ea sd hg tdng
Vdi nhilu lpi the vl vi tri dia 1^, dilu kifn phdt triln KTXH, ndn t^'c df dd thi hda cua thi trd'n Ldng Cd trong nhQng ndm qua khd cao. Nhilu cdng trinh ha ting mdi dape diu ta xdy dong dl ddp dng nhu clu phdt triln KTXH eua thi trd'n, eua tinh Thda Thidn Hud' vd cd vung kinh te' trpng diem miln Trung, trong dd ed nhQng cdng trinh ha ting md qud trinh thi cdng, xdy diftig da ed nhilu tdc dfng ldn dd'n TVNM d dim Ldp An, diln hinh Id tuy^n dadng d td phia bd ddng, bd tay cua dim vd cdng trinh him dadng bf Hdi Van.
2.2.1. Tuyin dudng d bd ddng eda ddm
Tuyin dadng ndy dape diu ta xdy dong trong 2 ndm 2001-2002, ddi 3,2km, mdt dadng rfng 10m, chay dpe theo mdp bd ddng eua dim td Loan Ly dd'n gin eda dim. Dl xdy difng con dadng ndy, don vi thi cdng da phd b6 khodng 3ha cdy ngdp mdn, chu yd'u Id dade, cdc vdng, gid, tra vd rdng. Mdt khdc, con dadng khi hodn thdnh Id mpt tuyd'n dd cao, vQtig ehai, ldm cho phln ldn nadc thuy trilu khdng t h l xdm nhdp <iQcrc vdo bdn trong, khid'n eho mft sd' bai trilu d bdn trong dadng trd ndn khd cdng, mdi tradng ngdp mdn khdng cdn, ndn nhilu quin t h l edy ngdp mdn taofi td't din din bi thodi hda, thui chft, mft sd' chd't (hinh 4).
Theo ngadi ddn dia phaong, khu vifc ndy nguyf n Id nhOtig bai trilu rfng ldn, ting bun ddy, dd't td't ndn edy ngdp mdn rd't phdt triln. Trade ddy c6 nhQng quin t h l dade vd gid dd'n vdi hecta, cdy thdn gd, cao hon 10m, tdn rfng ldn vd xanh um, nhang sau ndy khdng cdn nQa. Qud trinh khdo sdt, chdng tdi cung thay cdn sdt lai mft sd' cdy dade cao hon 10m, trong san nha ngadi dan, ndm sdu phia trong tuyd'n dadng vd gin nha cdch ly hodn todn vdi mdi tradng nadc lp-_mdn eua dim Ldp An. Rl chd'ng cua nhQng cay nay da bi thodi hoa,
nhilu rd bi khd vd chd't. Id cay vdng vpt, khdng ra hoa, ke't qua. j
Tap chi Nghidn cxJu vd Phdt triln, s6"2 (91). 2012 77
Hint) 4. Tuyen duong 6 bd dong cua dam Lap An da pha bo hon 3ha TVNM.
2.2.2. Tuye)} dudng d bd tdy eiia dam
Tuyen diJo'ng nay diiofc dau ta xay diJng trong 2 nam 2007-2008, dai 10,5km, mat diJdng rong 8,5m, chay doc theo mep bd tay cua dam td chan deo Phu Gia den gan eda dam. Tren tuyen dudng
di qua a khu VLTC hoi Dda, Da
Bang va td Da Bang den eda dam, don vi thi cong da pha bo mot so dien tich TVNM chu yeu la cac dam cay gia, GOC vang va rang. Tuy nhien, jio d viing nay TVNM phan
bd' rdi rdc thdnh tdng dam nhd, ndn khdng thl xdc dinh dape difn tich TVNM da bi anh hadng (hinh 5).
2.2.3. Hdm dUdng bd Hdi Vdn
Day la cum cdng trinh bao gim him Hdi Van vd tuyd'n dadng, clu dan vao him, daoc xay dang vd hodn thdnh trong 4 ndm td ndm 2002-2005 (hinh 6). Hoat ddng thi cdng, xdy dong cdng trinh da ldm ha hai khoang l,5ha TVNM'chu yd'u la mdm, cdc va gid. Trong dd mdt sd' cdy bi don vi thi cdng chat bd de lam dadng va clu, mft sd' chd't do bi dat, dd td him Hdi Van lap vui.
2.3. Hogt ddng sdp xip bd tri lgi ddn cU
Hoat ddng ndy cd tdc dfng ldn dd'n TVNM d dim Lap An, bdi nhilu difn tich TVNM da bi phd bd dl la'y da't lam edc khu tai dinh ca va lani nha d. Co 2 hinh thde chd yd'u la chinh quyln thifc hifn quy hoach sap xd'p, bo tri lai dan ca va ngadi dan dia phaang tif phat tai dinh ea
H;n/7 5. Tuyin dadng d bd tdy ciia dam Lap An.
A . '
78 Tap chi Nghidn cilu vd Phdt triln, s6 2 (91). 2012
Hhh 6. Cdu ddn vdo h i m dUdng b | Hdi Vdn da gdp phdn ldm md't 1.5ha TVNM.
Vifc ngadi ddn dia phapng tif f chdt phd edy ngdp mdn d l ld'y dd't ldm nhd d dd diin ra trong nhilu ndm, k l td sau ndm 1975 cho dl^n cu£fi nhQng ndm 1990, tdp trung chu yl'u d khu vife bd ddng cua' dim.
Tuy nhidn, hoat dfng ndy diln ra nhd Id, tif phdt vd khdng t h l thdng kd c6 bao nhidu difn tich TVNM dd bi phd di.
Trong edc ndm 1980 din 1982, UBND xa Lfc Hdi cd chu traong vdn dfng ngadi ddn song rdi rdc xung quanh dim gom khu vifc Tradng Dong dadi chan ddo Phu Gia, xdm Chp d eda dim, hdi Can vd hdi Dda... vl dinh cif dpe hai bdn quoc If lA, td khu vac Loan Ly den thdn An Ca Ddng de lap __^ ndn thdn An Ca Tdn. Tat . - ^ ed nhong ngadi dl^n dinh
ca diu dape chinh quy&i cd'p dd't d i ldm nhd d vd canh tdc. Ngodi difn tich d§^ da dope cdp, nhCbH^
ngadi dinh ca lai tilp tuc chdt phd thdm TVNM de lay da't canh tdc. Theo ghi nhdn eua ngadi ddn dia phaong thi cufc vdn ddng dinh ca ndy^da ldm md't di khodng 5ha TVNM (hinh 7).
2.4. San ldp ddt TVNM di xdy dUng cdc cdng trinh ha tdng vd phi Id ldm nhd d
NhQng ndm qua, KTXH cua thi trd'n Ldng Cd phdt triln nhanh da ddn dd'n sif tap trung ddn ea vd day nhanh td'e df dd thi hda ldm cho nhu elu cfdt d, da't xdy difng cdc cdng trinh ha ting, ddn dung (tradng hpc, tram xd, tru sd CO quan chinh quyen...) ngdy cdng cao.
Hhh 7. Nhd ddn d thdn An CU Tdn dupe xdy di/ng trdn d i t rCfng ngdp m$n.
Tap chi Nghign cu'u vd Phdt trien, s6' 2 (91). 2012 79
Chinh quyen huyfn Phd Lpe vd thi trd'n Ldng Cd da san Id'p nhilu difn tieh TVNM cdn lai d bdn trong tuyd'n dadng bd ddng (chu yd'u d thdn An Ca Tdn) d l la'y da't phuc vu cac nhu clu trdn (hinh 8).
Hhh 8. San Id'p dd't ed TVNM d l xdy di/ng cdng trlnh hg tang vd ldm nhd d.
Vifc san Id'p da't TVNM d l xdy dang edc cdng trinh ha t i n g vd ldm nha d chu yd'u didn ra td nam 2005 trd lai day va hifn nay vdn dang edn tid'p tue. Tradng hpc cd'p H, tram xa, sdn van dfng, tru sd cdng an cua thi trd'n...
diu dape xay dong trdn da't TVNM.
2.5. Cdc hogt ddng ddn sinh khdc
2.5.1. Khai thdc cdy ngdp man ldm chdt ddt (cdi)
12?" v C ^ i ^ ^ Vifc khai thac cay ngdp man lam chd't
^ ' ? c ^ " ^ ^ ^ dd't didn ra lidn tuc trong hang may chue nam qua, cao dilm nhat la giai doan
1975-1987, hifn nay van cdn nhOng khdng dang k l . Ngadi dan dia phaong lifa nhQng canh to, chac, hodc nhiJng cay dd dd'n ha d l ld'y cui. Hoat dfng ndy khdng lam md't nhilu difn tieh TVNM nhifng da lam suy thodi chd't lapng thdm TVNM tai d i m Lap An, do chi nhQng edy than go, ed chd't lapng cui td't mdi bi khai thac.
2.5.2. Khai thde cdy ngdp mgn ldm cdy cdnh
NhQng ndm g i n ddy, nhilu ngadi dan d thi trd'n Lang Cd da ddo nhQng gd'c cay gid ed hinh dang dep d l lam cay cdnh.
, u *u , Do gid sd'ng trong mdi tradng ngdp man,
Hhti 9. Cay gia XU nhien dUdc khai thac lam ^ " S^^ 6 5 & ^uirfr-Ar^tr cay cinh tai thj tran Lang Co. n h a n g k h i l a m cay canh t h i p h a i t r o n g
80 Tap chi Nghidn ciJu vd Phdt trien, so 2 (91). 2012
d .san virdn nha hoac trong chau xi mang, khong con ngap mSn, n e n chi nhCrng cay co kha nAng thich nghi cao vdi moi trifdng niTdc ngot, mdi co the ton tai. Do co difoc mot gdc gid canh dop, sdng di/oc, phai m a t k h a nhieu goc gi;i kliac. i) tiii Iran Lang (!6 liicn nay, khi vao cac qudn ca phe vUdn hoac mot sd khaeh san, cluing ta co the do diing tim t h a y nhufng cay gia rat dop diroc trong trong chau, tren hon non 1)6 hoac trong san viTdn de lam cay canh (hinh 9).
3. Bien d()ug di('n lich thuc vgt nggp man cf ddm Lap An tit ndm 1975 den nay
D a n h gia chinh xac sif hien dong cua d i e n tich TVNM a dam Lap An Id nam H)75 don nay hi mot cong vice hot sdc kho k h S n va gan nhu k h o n g thc\ h()i mac dau da r a t no lUc, nhiing c h u n g toi v a n k h o n g tim t h a y mot tai lieu nao ghi n h a n sd lifu dien tich TVNM d d a m Lap An vao thdi diem 1975 hoac tri/dc do do so s a n h ddi chieu. Cac n g h i e n cdu ve TVNM d vung n a y tri/dc day p h a n ldn t a p t r u n g vao viec xac dinh t h a n h p h a n , td t h a n h loai cay. chifa t h a y co n g h i e n cdu ve bien dong dien tich cua TVNM.
Tuy n h i e n , td ke't qua nghien cdu ve tac dong cua cac yeu to KTXH chu yeu den TVNM d d a m Lap An td n a m 1975 den nay cung co the biet dirac SL/ bien dong dien tich cua TVNM d day theo thdi gian (bang 1) va (hinh 10).
H'lnti 10. Cac khu vUc TVNM d dam Lap An bi mat do tac dpng cua hoat dong KTXH.
Tap chi Nghien cufu vd Phdt triln, s6' 2 (91). 2012 81
Bang 1. Difn tich TVNM tai d i m Lap An bi md't do tdc ddng cua cdc yd'u to KTXH.
TT Thdi gian Sij kifn dnh hifdng den TVNM Didn tfch b| mit
1 Ho^t dgng phdt triin sin xuit ndng ISm nghidp 50ha 1975-1976 Trlng dira Blnh Djnh 10 ha
1975-1987 Phdt triln sdn xud't cdy lUdng thi^c 10 ha 1986-1987 Sdn xud't mud'i dn 10 ha 2002-2005 Nudi tdm su 20 ha 2 Ho^t dgng xiy dgng ca sd h^ ting Trdn 4,5 ha
2001 -2002 Xdy di/ng dUdng bd ddng eCia dim 3 ha 2002-2005 Xdy di/ng cym cdng trlnh him dUdng b | Hdi Vdn 1,5 ha
2007-2008 Xdy di^ng dudng bd tdy cua dim Khdng xdc djnh dupe DT
3 Ho^t dgng sip xip bi trf l^i din cU Trdn 5 ha 1980-1982 SSp xIp b l trf lai ddn cU d bd ddng Trdn 5 ha.
4 San lip dit rCrng ng$p m$n di xiy dgng cic cdng trinh h^ ting vi Trdn 5 ha phin 16 lim nhi d
2005-2010 San l i p tao quy dd't d l phdn Id bdn n i n Trdn 5 ha
5 Cac ho^t dgng din sinh khic Khong xac djnh dUpc DT
Tong cpng Tren 64,5 ha
Ke't qua d bang 1 cho thay, cd it nhd't 65ha TVNM d d i m Lap An da bi mat di do tdc dfng cua cac yd'u to KTXH. Nd'u so vdi 13,5ha difn tich TVNM hifn cdn, thi sd' difn tich bi md't di rd't ldn. Td dd cd t h l khdng dinh rang, TVNM d d i m Lap An hifn nay da bi suy thoai ldn v l difn tich, to thanh va sif phan bd' cac loai cay.
V. Ke't l u a n
1. Ke't qua nghien cdu da ghi n h a n 5 boat ddng KTXH chu yd'u lam suy thoai hf TVNM d dam Lap An ca v l difn tich, sa phan bd', chd't lapng vd to t h d n h lodi cay, dd la: (i) Hoat ddng san xud't ndng nghidp;
(ii) Hoat dpng xay dang cae cdng trinh ha t i n g ; (iii) Hoat ddng sap xd'p, bd' tri lai dan ca; (iv) Hoat ddng san Id'p da't RNM vd (v) Cac boat ddng dan sinh khac.
2. Difn tieh TVNM d d i m Lap An bi md't di do tdc ddng cua cac yd'u td' KTXH rd't ldn, trdn 65ha, gd'p nhilu l l n difn tich TVNM hifn edn cua dlm.<*^
P N D
T A I L B E U THAM KHAO
1. Pham Ngpc Dung (2011), "Nghien ciJu biln ddng thi/c vdt ngdp mdn tai dim Ldp An, huydn Pha Ldc vd d l xud't giai phap qudn ly", Ludn vdn thac sT Khoa hpe Mdi trudng vd bdo v? mdi trudng, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc H u l .
Bai bao nay la mdt phan kit qua cOa d l tai khoa hpc cdng nghe cdp tinh: "Nghidn cufu danh gia va thCf nqhiem trlng phgc hoi cay ngdp man tai Tdn My, huydn Phu Vang va phfa tay dam Lap An huydn Phu Ldc". Thdi gian thi/c hien 2009-2011. IVIa s l TTH.2009-KC.10. Cd quan chu tri:
Hdi Khoa hpc Ky thuat Lam nghiep ThC/a Thidn Hul. Chu nhidm de tai: Pham Ngpc Dung.
82 Tap chi Nghidn cufu vd Phdt triln, sef 2 (91).2012
2. Phan Nguydn Hing (chCi bidn) (1999), RC/ng ngip m$n Viit Nam, Nxb Ndng nghifp, Hd Nfi.
3. Phan Nguydn Hing (2003). "PhUdng phdp dilu tra rCrng ngdp m$n", Si tay hUdng din giim sit vi diiu tra da d^ng sinh hgc, Nxb Giao thdng V$n tdi, tr. 315-331.
4. Nguyin Khoa Ldn (1999), "Thi/c vdt ngdp m$n trong mdi trudng sinh thdi ven biln ThCfa Thidn Hul", t^ip chl Thing tin Khoa hgc vi Cdng nghi, Sd Khoa hpc Cdng nghf vd Mli trudng Thaa Thidn H u l , s l 2 (24). 1999, tr. 34-39.
5. Mai Vdn Phd, Dodn Ngpc Dinh (1993), "Cdc lodi cdy ngdp mdn d d i m Ldng Cd", tap chl Thing tin Khoa hgc vi Cdng nghi, Ban KH&KT Thilra Thidn H u l , S l 2 (1993), tr. 105-108.
6. Nguyin NghTa Thin (1997), Cim nang nghlin cdu da d^ng sinh vit, Nxb Ndng nghifp, Hd N|i.
7. Ld Thj T r I , Phan Trung Hilu (2002), "Nghiln cijfu hifn trying hf TVNM d Ldng Cd, huydn Phu L|e, tinh Thira Thidn Hul", Ky- y l u Hfi nghj khoa hpc D9I hpc H u l l l n thuf nhlt - Khoa hpc Tl/nhidn. tr. 140-144.
8. UBND thi trd'n Ldng C l (2010), Bdo cdo tinh hinh thi/c hifn nhidm vg kinh tl-xd hOI, quic phdng-an ninh ndm 2010 vd phUdng hadng nhidm vg ndm 2011, Bdo cdo s l 38 BC-UBND.
9. UBND tinh ThCra Thidn H u l (2005), Dja chl ThCta Thiin Hui- Phln Tg nhidn, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi. Hd N|i.
10. UBND tinh ThCra Thidn H u l (2004). Quylt djnh phd duydt Quy hoach t i n g t h l Khu du ljeh sinh thdi vd nghi dudng quic t l Ldng Cd, huyfn Phii Lfc, tinh ThCra Thidn H u l , Quylt djnh s l 1655/QD-UB, ngdy 27/5/2004.
11. UBND tinh ThCra Thien H u l (2009), Quylt djnh phd duydt Quy hogich chi tilt xdy dgng thj tran Ldng Cd vd Idng Chdi thudc thj trin Ldng Cd, huydn Phu Ldc tinh ThCra Thidn Hul, Quylt djnh s l 237/QD-UBND ngdy 23/01/2009.
12. Vidn Quy hoach Xdy dgng ThCra Thidn H u l (2010), Thuylt minh tdm t i t Quy hoach chl tilt xdy dgng khu vgc ven dudng phia tdy d i m Ldp An giai do^n 2010 -2025.
TOM TAT
Bai bdo trlnh bay k i t qua nghidn cufu tdc ddng cua cdc y l u t l kinh tl-xa hdi chu y l u den thgc vat ngdp mdn 6 dam Ldp An bdng cdch dp dgng edc phuong phdp d i l u tra xa hdi hpc, khao sat thgc dja vd GIS. K i t qud nghidn cufu da xac djnh cd 5 hoat dfng kinh tl-xa hdi chu ylu ldm suy thodi hd thgc vdt ngdp mdn d d i m Ldp An cd v l difn tfch, sg phdn b l , c h i t lupng vd to thdnh loai cdy dd Id: (i) Hoat ddng sdn xult ndng nghifp; (ii) Hoat dOng xdy di/ng cdc cdng trlnh ha ting; (iii) Hoat ddng s i p x I p , b l trf lai ddn eU; (iv) Hoat dfng san Id'p dd't riTng ngdp mdn va (v) Cdc hoat ddng ddn sinh khdc. Da cd trdn 65ha thgc v f t ngfp m$n d d i m Ldp An bj mit di do tdc ddng cOa cdc y l u t l kinh tl-xa hdi, gd'p nhilu l l n difn tich thi/c vdt ngdp mdn hidn con etjadam.
ABSTRACT
RESEARCH ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ON SALT-MARSH PLANTS IN LAP AN LAGOON, PHU L O C DISTRICT, THlfA THIEN HUE PROVINCE
The article presents research results of socio-economic impact, mainly on salt-marsh plants, in Ldp An lagoon from the application of methods in sociological investigation, field monitoring and GIS (geographic information system). The results determine 5 key socio-economic activities degrading the area, disposition, quality and components of salt-marsh plants in Ldp An lagoon, which are activities of: (i) agricultural production; (ii) infrastructure building; (iii) inhabitant re-arrangement; (iv) leveling of mangrove swamp; and (v) other people's livelihood. Due to socio- economic impact, there were over 65 hectares of salt-marsh plants in Ldp An lagoon disappeared, many times as large as the remaining area of salt-marsh plants in the lagoon.
