.Lugt phap hang h5i
^ V ^
C ^ '
mien trach nhiem do bat Icha Ichang trong hop dong mua ban hang hoa quoc te hien nay
THS.TRANVANDUY HcK vien Chinh sachSfPhIttrien
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l n kinh le I h l gidi ngay cing bien ddi khdng ngUng, Md rdng kinh te ddi ngoai, phat huy t h i manh trong nUde, tham gia ngay d n g sau rdng hon vao qua trinh phan edng Iao ddng qude t l , tranh thu moi thanh tuu ciia v i n mmh nhan loai nhim khdng ngdng ddi mdi Ipi the so sanh da t r d t h l n h quy l u l l p h i t tnen cua mdi qudc gia, Hoat ddng mua bin hang hda qude te eiing ngiy eing dien ra h i t sde sdi ddng. Diy eiing 11 linh vUe chii ehdt dem lai ngudn Ipi kinh te Idn hien nay MOI qudc gia mudn phat tnen thi khdng the khdng dUa vIo hoat ddng giao luu kinh te vdi khu vUc va the gidi, xuat nhap khl'u dang dem lai ngudn loi to Idn cho bat ky qudc gia nao.Hop ddng mua ban hing hda qudc te (HDMBHHQT) ra ddi de dam b i o viec trao doi hang hda, dich vu gida cac nudc ma khdng xam pham den loi ich eua ele ben tham gia. Cic ben khi tham gia quan he HDMBHHQT deu mudn dat
duoc hieu q u i lOi nhuin cao nhlt, han ehi d mUc t h I p nhat rui ro m l minh se gap phli. Cho nen khi thUc hien HDMBHHQT da sd d e ben thuc hien nghiem chinh quyen v l nghia vu ciia minh.
Tuy nhien, thue t l thUe hien HDMBHHQT cd v i n de niy sinh la lien quan den I p dung ve v i n de mien trach nhiem do bat kha khing trong HDMBHHQT hien nay dudng nhu chua dupc quan tam diing mUc, Cic quy dinh cua phap l u l l chua chi tiet, eu the. thdng nhlt ve van de niy nen g l y khd khan trong viee edng n h i n mdt trudng hop dupe COI la b i t k h i khang hay khdng de gili quyet van de trlch nhiem eho ele ben. Vi viy, qua bai viet nay, t i e g i l mudn l i m rd hon ve v i n de mien trlch nhiem trong HDMBHHQT de thdng nhat nhan thdc va I p dung chung,
Nhan diln trach nhiem va mien trach nhiem trong HDMBHHQT
Nhdn dien trach nhiem trong HDMBHHQT
Trong linh vuc mua ban hang hoa, die biet l i mua ban hang hda qude te, khi nhle den trlch nhiem. ngUiA ta hay noi den trlch nhiem do vi pham hop dong Oiy eung la mdt dang ciia trldi nhiem mang die tinh phap ly chung cua trach nhiem p h i p ly
Trieh nhiem phap ly dUOc hilu lavi^
mdt ehii the p h l i g i n h chiu nhimg ehe l l i do VI pham ele quy dinh eiia phap luat v l d c linh vUe khic nhau.
Trieh nhiem do vi pham HDMBHHQT 11 trlch nhiem i l i sin mang tinh chat qudc t l va duoe thpc hien bing bien phap CUdng ehe do phap luat quy djnh n h i m khdl phuc lai quyln lOi da bi xlm pham v l mang lai h l u q u i phap ly bat Ipl cho ben bivi pham.
Day la mdt dang cu the eiia trlch nhiem p h i p ly p h i t sinh trong linh vpc mua b i n hang hda. Vi pham hop ddng ehinh la c l n cd d l xae djnh trlch nhiem hop ddng. Vi pham hpp ddng II
3 2 - T a i hi HanghdiVietNam • 9/2012
viee mdt b i n trong hpp ddng thpc hi^n khdng dung, khdng d i y dii hole khdng thue hien d e nghia vy d l thda thuan trong hpp ddng.
Cae y l u td d u i h l n h trlch nhi^m do vi pham HDMBHHQT bao gdm:
- Phli edsUvi pham hop ddng - Cd thiet hai v l t chit thpc te xiy ra - Cd mdi quan h^ nhin q u i gida hlnh vi vi pham hpp ddng va thiet hai vlt chat,
- Cd loi ciia ben vi pham hpp ddng.
Ve d c c h i t i i ap dung do vi pham HDMBHHQT bao gdm: Budc thue hi&n dung hpp ddng; phat vi pham hop ddng; bdi thudng thiet hai; lam ngUng, dinh chi v i ehlm dUt hpp ddng.
Nhdn dien vdn de miin trach nbi^m trong HDMBHHQT
Miln trlch nhiem trong HDMBHHQT la su gat bd nhdng c h i tai ma thdng thudng van duoc I p dung trong trudng hpp cd sU vi pham hop ddng ddi vdi ben bi vi pham. l i m cho ben cd quyen m i l di su b i o d i m trach nhiem thdng thucmg Hay ndi mdt d e h khac, mien trlch nhiem trong HDMBHHQT II viec ben bi vi pham duoc giai thoat khdi trach nhiem do vi pham nghia vu HDMBHHQT do dua ra duoc nhdng cO sd, d n eU mien trlch nhiem
We cdc trudng hap miin trach nhiem hap dong
Theo Cdng ude Vien 1980, Bd nguyen tae UNIDROrr n i m 2004, phip luit Viet Nam v l phip l u l l mdt sd nudc thi d c Irudng hop mien trach nhiem trong HDMBHHQT bao gdm:
- Mien trach nhiem do gap sU kien bat kha khdng: day II trUdng hop mien trach nhiem phd biln nhat Khi ben vi pham chirng minh dupe minh gap p h l i trd ngai khich quan m l khdng the chdng dd dupe budc phai vi pham nghia vu hpp ddng mac du d l nd lUc de vUOt qua v l khic phuc hau qua nhung khdng dem lai ket q u i . Bat kha khang la dieu kholn trong hop ddng dUOc d c ben thda thuin, ddng thdi cung la d n cU mien trlch nhiem do vi pham hop ddng duoe phap luat quy dinh.
- IVIien trach nhiem do toi cua ben bi vi pham: Ben vi pham khdng the thuc hien ele nghia vu hay thuc hien khdng dung, khdng day dii nhung xuat phat td ldi ciia ben bi vi pham thi ho se dUOc mien trieh nhiem hop ddng.
-Mien trach nhiem do ngUdi thCrba gdy
ra ldi khiln mdt b i n khdng thpc hi^n duoc nghia vu eua minh, hole ngudi thd ba eung gap phli b i t k h i khing, NgUdi thd ba dupe hilu 11 ngudi ed quan he hop ddng vdi mdt b^n duong sU {Niu ngudi thCrba gdy ra I6i chi c6 quan h^ vdi mdt bin trong trudng hap khdng phdi bdt khd khdng thi "mdt bin" dd khdng du<?c miin trdch nhiim. VI du: A bdn hdng cho B. A mua hdng cua C de giao cho B. C c6 I6i khdng giao duoc hdng cho A vl khdng mua duac nguySn liiu disdn xuSt (khdng phdi do bdt khd khdng). Do dd, A khdng duac miin trdch nhiim v&i B)
- Miin trdch nhiim do hap ddng quy dinh: d c b^n ed the thda thuin vdi nhau ve d c trudng hpp miln trlch nhiem trong HOMBHH,
Ngoli ra, phip luit d mdt sd nUdc cdn ed nhimg trudng hpp miln trlch nhiem khic nhU: linh trang p h i sin ciia d c ben; mien trlch nhiem do phai thuc hien quyet dinh eiia co quan nhi nUdc cd tham quyln,..
Nhan dien v i n de bat k h i khang trong HDMBHHQT
Trudng hop bdt khd khdng Bit cd hop ddng n i o deu b i t budc mdi ben dUong su ed trach nhiem thuc hien nhdng dieu da cam ket.The nhung, ed nhung liic khdng ihUc hien duoc nhu viy ve v l t chat hole phap luat. Vi du:
Sau mot con sdng than phi huy nha m i y duy nhlt cd the san xuat mat hang b i n dl v l viee thuc hien dung han hop ddng trd nen khdng the duoc ve vat chit Hole 11: mdt suihay ddi ciia phip luat sau ngay ky hop ddng lim cho su thUe hien hop ddng trd nen khdng the duoc, Nhdng tinh hudng nhU viy duoc goi II bat k h i khing,
"Sukien bat khd khang" Va mot thuat ngd ed ngudn gdc tieng Phap "force majeure" ed nghia 11 "sde manh tdi cao"
hole "sUc ngUdi khdng the khing eU ndl". Su kien niy xay ra chi sau khi ky hop ddng, khdng phli do ldi eua bat ky ben tham gia hop ddng nio. m l xiy ra ngoli y mudn v l eic ben khong the d u doin trUde, cOng nhu khdng the trlnh v l khIe phuc dupe, dan den khdng the thue hien hole khdng the thue hien diing hole diy dii nghia vu, ben ehiu sU CO niy ed the dUoe mien trd trlch nhiem cLia hap ddng hole keo dai thdi gian thuc hien hop ddng.
Nguyen tae chung, sU kien bat k h i khang cd nhdng die diem sau diy:
Luqt phap hang h6L v ^ - L i su kien khich quan xiy ra sau khi ky hop ddng;
- L l sp kiln xiy ra khdng do Idi ciia d c ben trong hpp ddng;
- L i sp ki^n ma cAc b i n trong hop ddng khdng t h i dp d o i n va khdng ehi duoe.
//(H/ (/(/(; ci'ui .vy kit^n hat khd khi'n/g Khi ed sU kidn bat k h i khing xiy ra thi ben bi I n h hudng bdi sp ki^n b i t k h i khing se:
- Duoc mien trlch nhilm n l u nghia vy khdng dupe ihue hi^n, khdng dupe thue hi&n d i y du hole khdng dUOc thue hien dung do sU ki§n bat k h i khing g l y ra;
- Duoc k l o d l i thdi han thuc hien hop ddng neu viee thue hien hpp ddng bi ehlm tre do su kien bat k h i khing.
Ngoai ra, neu su kidn bat khi khing k^o d l l hole gay ra h l u q u i nghiem trong dan d i n viee thue hien hop ddng se khdng cd loi cho cae ben thi d c ben cd the ehlm dUt viec thue hien hop ddng.
Phan biet bat khd khang vcfi hoan canh kho khan (hardship)
Hardship duoc quy dinh trong Bd nguyen tae PICC ciia UNIDROIT 2004 v l 86 nguyen tac Lull Hpp ddng chung chlu Au (PECL phien bin 1999-2002).
Theo PICC 2004: "Hodn canh hardship duac xac Idp khi xay ra cdc su kien Idm thay doi ca ban su cdn bdng giUa cdc nghia vu hap ddng, hodc do chi phi thuc hien nghia vu tdng len, hodc do gid tn cua nghia vu doi trdgidm xuong...".
Hardship - cd the hieu la dieu kholn quy dinh cho phep mdt ben trong hop ddng ed quyen xin dieu ehinh hpp ddng, khi ed nhimg thay ddi ve hoan d n h va mdi trudng kinh te. tdi mdc g l y I n h hudng dac biet xau den quyen loi cua mdt ben, l i m mat di c l n bang kinh te ciia hap ddng, lam eho viec thue hien hop ddng trd nen cue ky khd khan va tdn kem Theo do. dieu kholn hardship quy dinh nhdng co ehe can thiep hop ly v i o hieu lUc hop ddng. nhu eho phep eae ben yeu cau tda an dieu ehinh hole neu khdng dieu chinh duoc thi cho ehlm dirt hop ddng, nhim tai l i p sucan bang ve loi ich gida cae ben trong hop dong, theo nhdng can cd, thii tue, dieu kien chit ehe va han ehe,
Cd the nhan thi'y hoan canh hardship vdi trudng hop bat khi khang cd nhifrig
(Xem tiep trang 55j Tapchi Hdnghc- s^'iet^T^m • 9/2012 3 3
A N T O A N G I A O T H O N G A n ninh h d n g hdi _ ^ f ^
Khi tdu cd dang trong vung dnh hudng eda baa, ngoli vile duy tri ehe do true canh nhu trong dieu kidn thdi t i l t binh thudng, d c t l u c l hoat ddng t d viing b i l n A2 trd ra phli gid lien lac Hdn tuc 24/24h trong ngdy vdi D l l cCia Bd ddl Bidn phdng t r l n tan sd sdng ngiy 9339 kHz, sdng d i m 6973 kHz, he thdng d l i TTDH Vilt Nam trdn t i n sd 7903 kHz v l edc t l u cd gan nhlt v l vj trf tdu e l eua minh dang hoatddng v l phit tin hl^u d p edu khi phuang tidn bj nan.
Khi bdo tan, ngodi vi^c duy tri e h i dd trpc canh nhu trong d i l u kien thdi tiet binh thudng. ele t l u e l hoat ddng trong vung bien t d A2 trd ra p h l i sd dung moi bien phip CO the thdng bao cho Bd ddi Bien phdng noi g i n nhlt, Uy ban nhin d i n d c x l phudng, thj t r l n noi cU tru hodc ehinh quyln dia phuong noi tdu dang tru I n ve, vj tri, tinh trang ngUdi v l tau e l eua minh, ddng thdi duy tri li^n lac lien tue 24/24h vdi dai cua Bd ddi Bidn phdng tinh tren t i n sd sdng ngay 9339 kHz, sdng d i m 6973 kHz, h^ thdng d l i TTDH Viet Nam tren t i n sd 7903 kHz de tham gia d i l u ddng edu nan. edu hd neu ed ngudi hay phuong tien gap nan,
Khi phat hien ed hien tuong thien tai tren bien, thdng bio ngay eho he thong d l i TTDH Vi^t Nam v l h& thdng thdng tin cua Bd ddi Bien phdng de d c co quan chi dao phdng. ehdng thien tai d l ra nhdng bien p h i p xd ly kip thdi.
Khi tdu thuyen hoatddng trin bien bi tai nan:
-Ddi vdi trudng hop tau e l eua minh (hole tdu c l trong td) bi tai nan d n sU giup dd, cdu hd, edu nan phli kip thdi thong bao cho ele tau e l ndi gan nhlt va ddng thdi thdng bio eho he thdng dai TTDH Viet Nam tren tan sd 7903 kHz hoac Bd chi huy Bd ddi Bien phdng tren tan sd sdng ngay 9339 kHz, sdng dem 6973 kHz ve vi tri tau c l eiia minh dang hoat ddng va cd bien phap dng phd kip thdi,
- Ddi vdi trudng hpp p h i t hien t l u d khae bj nan, phai dua tau den hd tro Ung cdu kip thdi v l nhanh chdng thdng bio cho ele tau el, eae d l i thudc he thdng d l i TTDH Viet Nam hoac d c dai thudc Bd ddi Bien phdng nai g i n nhat biet de eung hd tro va p h l i chap hlnh su chi dao. dieu dpng eiia co quan, don vi cd tham quyen ve tim kiem cdu nan tren bien.
He thdng dai TTDH Viet Nam vdi quy md 32 d l i TTDH trai dai tU Mdng Cai den Cl Mau ludn duy tri true canh 24/24h hang ngay tren tan sd 7903 kHz de tiep nhin d c thdng tin ve yeu cau trp giup tim kiem edu nan, cap cdu khan cap t d mpi tau thuyen hoat ddng tren bien. Ngoli ra, he thdng eon cung elp, cap nhat lien tuc d c b i n tin canh bio khi tUpng - thdi tiet bien hang ngay. d n h bao thien tai nhU: d n h bao bio. I p thap nhiet ddi. tin thdi tiet nguy hiem nhu gid manh, sUdng mil, khong khi lanh tang CUdng, cac ban tin canh bao hang hli, thdng tin tim kiem eifu nan., tren tan so 7906 kHz vPi phuang thdc thoai va tren tan sd 490 kHz, 4209 5 kHz phuong thdc Navtex.
Oe dam bao an toan tren bien. nhat la trong mua mUa bio. tau thuyen ra khOi can nghiem ehinh chap hanh d c quy i^nh eua eo quan quan ly v l thudng xuyen gid hen lac vdi he thdng dai TTDH Viet Nam de duoc hudng dan va tro giiip t^
SUY NGHI VE.
(Tiip theo trang 33)
n i t tUdng ddng, tren thpc td tdn tai nhCfng trUdng hpp ed the dupc coi II hardship v l sp ki|n b i t k h i khing, Tuy nhi^n, ndi dung v l h l u q u i phip ly cCia hai trudng hop niy Id hodn toan khic nhau, vi t h i cdn phdn bilt dupe hai khii nilm niy.
Thd nhdt, b i t k h i khdng Id d c spki^n khach quan d i l n ra Idm cho mdt b^n khdng t h i thue hiln dupe nghia vu cOa minh, trong khi dd hodn eInh hardship ch! Idm cho vi^c thuc hien hpp ddng trd l&n khd khIn hon do cd nhdng su kien dien ra Idm thay ddi v l e o b i n s u d n b i n g gida ele nghia vu eua hap ddng
Thd bai. xdt v l hlu q u i phip ly thi khi xiy ra sd kidn bat k h i khing, b i n vi pham dupe hoin t o i n mien trlch nhiem hole d e ben ed t h i gia han mdt khoing thdi gian hpp ly de t i l p tue thue hidn hap ddng khi sp ki^n bdt khd khing kit thiic. Vdi bat khd khdng moi nghia vu trong hop ddng dUdc gili phdng md khdng phli chiu b i t cd ehe tdi gi. Cdn khi g I p phdi hodn d n h hardship thi ele b i n v i n phli tiep tue thue hien cac nghia vu eua minh.Theo PICC 2004, khi g I p hoin d n h hardship thi d e ben ehi cd quyln y&u eau d i m phin lai hap ddng, chd khdng cd quyln cham ddt hop ddng. Hop ddng ed the dupe cham dUt nhung phli do phan quylt ciia tda an, Ngoli ra, tda I n cd the sda ddl d e dieu kholn ciia hpp ddng nhim lam eho cac nghia vu cua hap ddng cd the duac can bang, tao d i l u kien cho viec tiep tue thue hien hdp ddng.
Phdn biet dieu kbodn bdt khd khdng vdi dieu khodn mien trdch nhiem trong HDMBHHQT
Oieu khoan bat khd khang v l dieu kholn mien trlch nhiem trong HDMBHHQT cd sUkhae biet ca bin:
Thd nhdt Id ve nghia vu thdng bdo vd ehdng minh: d i l u kholn ve bat k h i khing mac du cd quy dinh hay khdng quy dinh ve nghia vu thdng bio, chdng minh ghi trong hpp ddng thi ben vi pham van phli thpc hien day dii hai nghia vu nay mdi cd the gill thoat dUpc khdi trlch nhiem. Cdn ddi vdi dieu khodn mien trlch nhiem, ben vi pham ehi cln thuc hien dung d e nghTa vu n h u d i ghi trong dieu kholn hop ddng,
- ThCf hai Id ve hinh thdc ghi nhdn suthda thudn: dieu kholn bat k h i khang ed duac ghi nhan trong hop ddng hay khdng thi ben VI pham van dupe vien dan bat kha khang lam mien trach nhiem, do day cdn II can eU mien trach nhiem do phap luit quy dinh, Cdn dieu kholn mien trlch nhiem chi ap dung rieng cho trudng hop dd. d c ben chi dUOc mien trach nhiem theo dung quy dinh tai dieu kholn dd.
- Thdba Id ve tinh ehdt eua sukiin: sU kien xay ra theo quy dinh eua dieu kholn bat k h i khing phai la su kien khIeh quan d c ben khdng ludng trudc dupe tai thdi d i l m giao k i t hpp ddng, va khdng the tranh khdi cung nhU khdng the khac phuc duac. Cdn sU kien xay ra theo quy dinh eiia dieu kholn mien trlch nhiem la sU kien ed the iudng trUdc,
Nhu vay. dieu khoan mien trlch nhiem do cac ben thda thuan se tam cho ele ben chu ddng hdn khi thUc hien hop ddng, do d c ben cd the hoan toan ludng trUdc dupe nhdng trd ngai cd the xay den.
fCdn nu:a)
Tapchi HdnghdiViet^'-'m • 9 / 2 0 1 2 5 5
