Ngd QuIc Diing. Ngheo da chiiu & Viit Nam:.
®2020 Vi$n Nghien cu'u An £)$ va TSv Na") ^ T^p chi Nghien cu'u An DQ vd Chau A S5 7 (92), thang 7-2020 http://vMsas vass .gov.vn ISSN; 0866-7314
Ngheo da chi§u 6^ Viet Nam: Thirc trang va khuyin nghi chinh sach
^go Quoc Dung' NCS. Trtr&ngDgi hpc Kinh ti Qudc ddn
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 17/06/2020, ngdy gin phdn bien: 17/06/2020. ngdy duyet ddng: 29/06/2020
J^&o cdo "Tiing ndi ciia ngu&i ngheo " cua Ngdn hdng Thi giai (2000) khdng dinh nhirng biiu hiin JLf chinh cua ngheo ddi Id: (i) su khdn ciing vi vdt chdt; (ii) khdng co khd ndng tiep cgn cdc djch v^i xd hgi ca bdn; (iii) ddi mgt vai nguy ca tdn thuang cao; (iv) khdng co "tiing noi" vd "quyin luc". Nhu vgy, chinh bdn thdn nguai ngheo ciing dd cdm nhgn dugc linh chdt da chiiu cua ngheo doi. O Vi^t Nam, ehudn ngheo da chiiu dirge bdt ddu dp diing tu ndm 2016 vd birc tranh ngheo & Viet Nam ngdy cdng tr&
nen ro net han. Bdi viet tap trungphdn tich thirc trgng ngheo da chieu a Viit Nam trong giai dogn vira qua, tim ra mpt so nguyin nhdn cua tinh trgng ngheo da chiiu, fir do di xudt mpt sd gidi phdp gidm tinh trgng ngheo da chiiu, hu&ng den thuc hiin thdnh cong muc tieu phdt trien ben vung.
Jit khda: Nghdo da chieu, tieu chi nghdo da chi6u, ViSt Nam
Gidm ngheo d Viet Nam da dgt nhiing thanh tgu ddng ke vd dugc quoc te ghi nhgn: ty le ngheo tren dau ngudi (tinh ±eo chi ti8u tiln tp) da giam mgnh tij 57% ndm 1990 xudng cdn 13,5% nam 2014 (Le Vipt Ha vd cdng sg, 2015). Ve eo ban, ngheo thu nhdp da dugc giai quyet; thgc te nay d|t ra cho Viet Nam thdy sg can thiet phdi thay ddi cdch tiep can vdn de gidm ngheo, bdi neu tiep tue hdnh dpng nhu hien nay, viec doi mdt vdi gidm nghfeo thi6u ben viing Id tdt yeu. Khi trinh dp phdt ttien cao hon, cdc nhu cau phi vat chat lien quan den su phdt trien todn dipn con ngudi ngdy mdt cao hon. Su lua chgn phu hgp rtiidt chinh Id thay doi td each tilp can gidm ngheo tiieo phuang phap don chilu sang da chilu. Nhdn thiie dugc dilu dd, ndm 2015, Chinh phu Viet Nam da ban hdnh chuan Ngheo da chieu ap dung cho giai dogn 2016-2020, ddnh ddu budc quan ttpng dau tien ttong qua trinh chuyen ddi tir do ludng ngheo theo thu nhdp sang do ludng da chieu. Vi vdy, bdi vilt tap trung phan tich "hue ttartii" ngheo d Viet Nam theo each tiep can da chieu. Ben cgnh dd, Idm rd mgt sd nguyen nhdn cu the ddn din thuc trang ngheo da chilu cua Vipt Nam giai dogn qua, tii dd dl xudt rapt so chinh sdch dl giam ngheo da chieu, tiln den thgc hien thditii cdng muc tieu phdt tnIn ben vimg.
1. N$i hkm va thirdc do nghdo da chieu ' [email protected], vn
Nghien ciiu An Do vd Chau A. Sl 7 - 2020, tt,65-73
Ngo QuIc Diing. Ngheo da chiiu a YiitNam:...
1.1. Khdi nifm ngheo da chiiu
Ndi hdm ngheo da chilu dugc dua ra ddu tien vdo ndm 1997 vd ngay cdng hoan tiiipn phu hgp vdi dieu kipn hipn nay: (i) UNDP (1997) cho rang ngheo da chilu khdng dk cap din chilu vl vgt chdt; (ii) Tiep do, Ngan hdng Thi gidi (2000) bd sung them khia canh vl chdt lupng cugc sdng nhimg lgi chua ep tiie ttong viee phdn biet givta gido dgc va y tl (hai khia canh rdt quan ttpng ttong viec phdt triln todn dipn con ngudi);
(iii) Quan dilm cua Vipt Nam nam 2015 da kl thira ddy du cac khia cgitii tii cac quan diem trudc va bo sung thfim khia canh vl thu rtiidp ttong ngi hdm nghfeo da chilu; ddy ciing Id each tilp can ve ndi hdm ngheo da chieu cua bdi vi6t.
1.2. Thu&c do ngheo da chieu
d Viet Nam, ehudn ngheo giai dogn 2016-2020 dugc xdy dgng theo hudng su dung ket hgp cd chuan ngheo ve thu nhdp vd miic dd thiSu hpt tigp cdn cdc dich vg co bdn (dua tren each tiep can cua UNDP, 2010). Theo dd, tieu chi do ludng ngheo dugc xay dgng dua tten co sd cdc tieu chi: chuan miic sdng toi thieu ve thu nhdp, chuan ngheo ve thu nhap, ehudn muc sdng trung binh ve thu nhdp; miic dp thieu hyt ttong tiep can cac dich vp xa hdi co ban, bao gom tiep cdn ve y te, gido due, nhd d, nude saeh vd v§ sinh, tiep cgn thdng tin (Thu tudng Chinh phu, 2015). Day ciing la thude do dugc su dung ttong tmh todn cua bdi viet ndy.
2.1. Thuc trgng ngheo da chieu chung
2.1.1. T^ifc/rang ng/ieo cAung dugc the hien qua bieu dd sau:
Bieu 6h 2.1. Ty I| ngheo da chilu v i ngheo thu nhap d Vi|t Nam (2014-2018) (Dan vj: %)
8.216.38 9.2 7.56 7.9 6.85 5.53 •
• 0 Ma MB m ma
2014 2016 2017* 2018 HNgheo da chieu DNgheo thu nhap
Ngudn: Tinh todn ciia tdc gia tii Khdo sdt muc sing hp gia dinh Viet Nam (VHLSS) 2014, 2016,2018 cua Tdng cue Thdng ke; *: Sd lieu tii GSO, 2019
Bieu dd tren cho thdy:
(i) Ty le ngheo da chiiu dcmg co xu hu&ng gidm ddn nhimg tdc dg gidm ngheo con chgm Ndm 2018, ty Ip ngheo da chieu cua Vipt Nam dgt 6,85%, cd xu hudng gidm ddn tir ndm 2010 din nay. Toe do gidm ngheo tnmg binh vdo khodng 0,6 diem phan ttam mdt nam trong cd giai doan tir 2010-
Nghien cdu An Dp va Chdu A. Sl 7 - 2020, tt.65-73 5^
Ngd Quoc Diing. Ngheo da chiiu & Viet Nam:...
2018, thdp hon so vdi mpc tieu khodng 1-1,5 diem phdn tram hdng nam do Chinh phu dat ra. Ben canh dd, tic dp gidm nghfeo dang cdxu hudng chgm Igi, nam 2017 giam 1,3 dilm phdn ttam so vdi 2016, ndm 2018 gidm 1,05 diem phdn tram so vdi 2017.
Sir dung phuang phdp cua Alku-e va Foster (2011), cd the tinh dugc mdc do thieu hut vd chi sd ngheo da chilu (MPI). Tinh todn cua tac gia tir VHLSS cho thdy; (i) Miic dp thilu hpt theo ehudn ngh^o da chilu qudc gia cd xu hudng giam nhp ttong giai doan 2014-2018, hd ngheo da chilu nam 2018 (0,361) ed mdc dp thilu hut it trdm ttpng ban nam 2016 vd 2014 (0,367). Miic thieu hpt cua ngheo da chilu qudc gia ndm 2018 Id 0,361, cd nghia, hg ngh^o da chilu cd trung bmh cua chi so thilu hgt bdng 0,361, ndi each khdc la thilu hgt 36,1% sdcbiSu ngheo. (ii) Chi sd ngheo da chieu (MPI) cdxu hudng gidm ttong giai doan 2014- 2018, vdi ndm 2014 dat 0,054; 2016 dat 0,042 va giam xudng cdn 0,033 vao ndm 2018.
(ii) Buc tranh ngheo tr& nen ro net han niu ddnh gid theo tieu chi da chiiu
Ndm 2016, so vdi ty Ip ngheo ve thu nhdp thi ty le hd ngheo da chieu cao hem (9,2% so vdi 7,56%
ngheo vl thu nhdp); nam 2018, tji 1$ hd nghfeo da chilu la 6,85%, ttong khi dd ty le hd ngh^o thu nhdp khodng 5,53% (Bi6u dd 2.1). Dieu ndy Id hgp ly, bdi nhieu hp Ididng ngheo theo tieu chi thu nhgp nhung vdn g$p rdt nhilu khd khdn ttong vi|c tiSp cdn cdc dich vg xa hpi ea bdn. Cd the thay, nghfeo da chieu dd bao phii nhi6u ddi tupng ngh^o ban, qua dd cdc chinh sach hd ttp cho ngudi ngheo ciing cd hieu qud hon do ho ttp diing ddi tugng ngheo.
2.1.2. Mire dp thiiu hut theo cdc chiiu phiic lgi
Bilu d l dudi ddy cho thdy ty Ip hp gia dinh bi thilu hgt theo cdc chieu ngheo da chilu.
Bieu do 2.2. Cac chilu tbieu hgt trong ti^u chi ddnh gid nghto da chilu cua cdc hp ngh^ (2014-2018)
u
2014 2 0 1 6 2 0 IS
d o g^ao
" i ^
, 1 6 ^ ' 15.42 12-9
T i n h t r a n s a
" i l l 2.18 1.74
Ti>p
y t e 0 0.02^1 0.075
J ^ ^ ^ t i
3.64 2 . 3 6 0 2 0 1 4
1 Ch4t
'X"!
j 11.09 1 9.02
~ TZ03 5 2 0 1 6
r > i ^ t i c h
6.4 8 5.93 4.54 EB201S
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14.21 . 13-94
1 3 ^ 6 "
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l 4 _ 5 S
~Ys.2 2 7 ^ " !
Sir d u n g
.TaC
1 10.13 7^06 -i ^ ^
T a i s a n
t i n 7.0S 7.06 7J24
Ngu6n; Tinh toin ciia tic gia tit VHLSS 2014,2016, 2018 Bi6u d6 tren clio thiy;
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. S6 7 - 2020, tr,65-73
Ngd Qudc Diing. Ngheo da chieu & ' (i) Ty li thiiu hut cdc chi so ngheo da chiiu quoc gia cd su gidm xudng trong giai dogn 2014-2018.
ngogi trie "tdi sdn tiep can thdng tin "
Ty le thilu hut vl sii dung djch vg viln Uidng gidm mgnh (tu 10,15 ndm 2014, gidm gdn gdp doi, xudng con 5,2 vao nam 2018) do sg phdt triln ciia dien thogi di dpng vd intemet. Dilu kipn nhd d dd dupc cdi thien, sd lieu vl ty le nhd tam tinh tten cd nude cd xu hudng giam qua cac ndm, cu the, ndm 2008, cd nude edn tdi 13,1% hp cd nhd tgm thi din ndm 2016 chi cdn 2,6% vd nam 2018 Id 1,7% (Tdng cue Thing ke, 2019). Dat dupc kit qud ndy Id do Nha nude dd cd rdt nhilu chinh sach hd ttg ngudi dan cd hoan cdnh khd khdn xay dgng nha d, thgc hipn cac chuang trinh xda rJid tgm, cdi thien nhd d cho ngudi ddn d nong thdn, vimg sdu, vung xa, ven bien vd hai ddo.
Chi sd ve bdo hiem y te gidm manh, gdn 3 Idn (tii 6,3 nam 2014 edn 2,36 vdo nam 2018) Id do chinh sdch bdo hiSm y te todn ddn dugc day manh ttong thdi gian vira qua Chi sd vl muc dp tiep can dich vp y te thdp;
cdn luu y rdng, chi sd nay dugc do ludng bang ty le ngudi dm nhung khdng di khdm chiia benh, tii dd cd the khdng phan anh chmh xdc miic do thieu hut ttong tiep c^n y te. Thgc te ed the thay, khodng cdch tir nhd den bpnh vien d vimg sdu, mien nui edn khd xa, va dich vu khdm chiia benh d cdc benh vien Idn thudng trong tinh ttgng qud tdi.
Ket qud tren cho thdy su thanh cdng nhat dinh ttong cdc chinh sach ho tic; ngudi ngh^o ve y te ciia Chinh phu ttong thdi gian viia qua. Dong thdi ciing ddt ra vdn de, cdn phdi hd trg ngudi ngheo nitieu hon ve tieu ehi dieu kien sdng.
(ii) Miic dg thiiu hut vdn cdn cao theo cdc chi tieu vi trinh dp gido due & ngu&i l&n. ngudn nu&c sinh hogt vd nhd tieu hap ve sinh
Nam 2018, cd 16,9% ddn sd tir 15 tudi ttd ign khdng cd bdng cdp hogc chua bao gid den trudng. Ty t?
ndy d nh6m hd ngheo nhdt Id 34,6%, gap 5,3 lan so vdi nhdm hp gidu nhdt (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2019), Dieu ndy cho thdy ngdnh gido due can phdi cd nhieu chinh sdch thiet thgc hon niia ttong vipc hudng den nhiing ddi tugng yeu the ttong xa hdi, giup ho cd them nhieu co hdi tich luy tri thuc.
Chi sd ve v? sinh mgc du ciing dugc cdi thien nhung tdc dp khd thdp. Trong nhiing ndm gdn day, tten cd nude, tinh trgng d nhiem ngudn nude ngdm d khu vuc ndng thon diln biln phiic tap, nhilu noi nude gi8ng khoan khdng ddm bdo ve sinh hogc chua dugc kiem nghiem, chua nhieu dpc td nhung ngudi ddn van su dgng, gdy dnh hudng den sue khde. Con sd 21,6% ngudi ddn cdn sii dgng nude gilng khoan ed bom tren ca nude ndm 2018 (Tdng cue Th6ng ke, 2019) la kha dang lo nggi khi md tinh trgng d nhilm nude gieng dang c6 dau hipu gia tang.
2.1.3. Phdn rd nguyin nhdn ciia ngheo da chiiu
Phdn tich phdn ra ngheo da chieu theo eac chi so thanh phdn cho phep tim hieu nguyen nhdn cua ngheo da chieu, va cho biet cai thien cdc chi sd va chieu ngheo ndo thi se lam gidm ngheo Idn hem.
Bang 2.1. Ty l | ddng gdp ciia cdc chi so vao chi so ngh^o da chieu quoc gia (Dan vi %)
Trinh dp giao due cua ngucri Ion Tinh trang di hpc tre em
2014
14,10 2,60
2016
14.50 2.90
2018
14.40 3.10 Nghien cmi An Dp va Chau A. S6 7 - 2020, tr.65-73
Ngo Qudc Diing. Ngheo da chieu & Viit Nam:...
Tiep can dich vu y te Bao hiSm y te Chat lupng nhi 6 Dien tich nha 6 Ngufin nude sinh hoat Nhi tieu hpp v6 sinh Su dtJng dich vu vien thong Tii sin tiSp can thong tin
0,00 3,60 13,40 6,10 15,30 25,10 10,40 9,40
0,00 2,20 13,00 6,50 16,70 25,00 8,50 10,70
0,00 1,80 11,90 6,30 17,40 25,20 7,50 12,50 Nguon: Tinh todn cua tac gid tix VHLSS 2014, 2016, 2018
Bdng tten cho thdy, cdc ehi sd ve "bao hiem y tl", "chat lupng rtiid d" vd "sii dung dich vu viln thdng"
cua hp cd xu hudng gidm, cdn lgi cdc chi sd khdc deu cd xu hudng tdng. Xet theo 5 chieu chinh, cd the thdy dong gdp gidm ciia ITnh vgc y tl, nhd d (tii 19,5% ndm 2014 xudng cdn 18,2% nam 2018), ttong khi dd 3 chilu CO xu hudng tdng la giao dgc {tix 16,7% tdng len 17,5%), dilu kien sing (40,4% tdng len 42,6%) vd tilp can tiidng tin (hi 19,8% tdng len 20%) (tinh todn tir VHLSS).
Nhu vdy, mudn giam nhanh ngheo da chilu d Vi$t Nam, ttong tiidi gian tdi cim phdi cd nhiing gidi phdp quylt lipt, xay dung chiitii sach, hoan thien thi ehe nham ndng cao khd nang di hoc, cdi thien he thdng nha d, chdt lugng ngudn nude sinh hoat vd tang viec sd hiru tai san ttep can thdng tin.
2.2. Thfrc trpng ngheo da chiiu theo cdc tiiu chi phdn logi
* Ngheo theo gi&i tinh cua chii hd
Ty le nghfeo cd dan chilu va da chilu cua hd cd chu hp la nd tiidp hon hd cd chu hp la nam, eg the nam 2018, cd 7,22% hg ngheo da chilu, 5,81%. hd ngheo thu nhgp cd chu hp Id nam gidi; sd lieu cua hp cd chu hp la nii gidi l4n lugt Id 5,81% vd 4,73% (tinh toan tii VHLSS, 2018). Nguyen nhdn cd till do khac biet vl nhan khdu. Nhiing gia dinh cd nii Idm chu hg thudng do ngudi chdng di cu, di ldm an xa, khi dd ngudi chdng cd till giri tiln vl, gdp phdn ldm tdng tiiu nhgp vd gidm ngheo cho gia dmh.
* Ngheo theo khu viec
Ngheo theo khu vgc thdnh thi va ndng tiidn dugc tiie hien d bdng sl lieu dudi ddy.
Bdng 2.2. Ty Ip nghio da chilu va chi so ngheo da chieu theo khu vyc (2014-2018)
Ty l^ nghio da chieu (%) Thanh thi
Nong thon
CbisS ngheo da chieu (MPI) Thanh thi
2014
2,24 10.91
0,015
2016
3,48 11.86
0.009
2018
1.49 9.61
0,009 Nghien ciru An Dp vi Chau A. So 7 • 2020, tr.65-73
Nong thon
Muc dg thiiu h^tt chi so ngheo da chieu Thanh thi
Ndng thdn
Ngo QuIc DOng. Ngheo dachiiu&J^^fJ^j^
0,044
0,333
Nguon: Tinh todn cua tac gid tir VHLSS 2014, 2016, 2018
Bdng tten cho thay, so vdi khu vgc nong thdn, ty Ip ngheo da chieu vd chi sd ngheo da chieu d khu vgc tiianh till tiidp ban, cu till d tiidnh tiii, nam 2018, ty le ngheo da chilu Id 1,49% vd chi sd ngheo da chilu Id 0,009; sd lieu ttrong dug d khu vuc ndng tiidn la 9,61% va 0,044. Ben canh dd, chi sl ngheo da chieu d ed hai khu vuc nay deu cd xu hudng giam ttong giai dogn 2016-2018.
Tdc dp gidm ngheo d khu vuc thdnh thi ciing rtiianh hon so vdi khu vgc ndng thdn; the hien, mue dp ddng gdp cua khu vgc thdnh thi vao chi sd ngheo da chilu chung cd xu hudng tang tu 6,2%i ndm 2016 len 7,9% vdo ndm 2018; cdn khu vuc ndng flidn Igi gidm, tir 93,8% ndm 2016 cdn 92,1% ndm 2018 (sd lipu dupc tdc gid tinh tii VHLSS, 2016, 2018). Phdn ra tiieo cdc chilu cho tiidy, khu vuc ndng tiidn cdn tap ttung ho ttp ngudi ngheo d linh vuc gido due va dilu kipn sdng, cdn khu vuc thanh thi cdn hd ttp ngudi ngheo manh hon is chilu tilp can thdng tm, va khiem tdn ban d chilu dilu kien sdng (Bang 2.3 cho tiidy dieu dd).
Bdng 23. Muc aO ddog gdp cua khu vuc vdo tiing chi sl Bnh vuc cua chi s6 ngheo da chilu {Dan vj: %)
-
Giao due Y t l Nhad Dilu kien sing Tilp c^n thdng tin
Ngudn: Tinh toan
* Ngheo da chieu
2fl Nong thon 1 16,20
_ 3.30_
19.10 41,40 20.00 cua tic gii ttr \ heo viing
14 1 2016 Thanh Thi | N6ngth6n | Thinh Thi
22,70 1 7.00
-
23,70 '. 29,20 1 17,40 1
16.90 1,80 19,40 42,60 19,40 TILSS 2014,2016, 2018
25,50 9,10 21,00 29,20 15,20
20 Npng th6n
17,10 1,30 17,90 43,50 20,10
18 Thinh Thj
22,30 6,50 21,50 31,20 18,60 J
Sd lieu vl ngheo da chieu theo vimg tai Vipt Nam, giai dogn 2014-2018, dupe trinh bdy d Bang 2.4 dudi day.
Bdng 2.4. Ty I? ngheo da chilu theo vung (2014-2018) (Dan vi %)
Dong bing song Hong Mien niii phia Bic Duyen hai mien Trung
2014 2,97 21,22 11,12
2016 2,87 22,89 12,77
2017* I 2018 2,6 i.36 21 19,34 10.2 ' 8.23 Nghien cuu An Dp vi Chau A. S6 7 - 2020. tr.65-73
Ngo Quoc Dung. Ngheo da chiiu & Viit Nam:...
Tay Nguygn Dong Nam B$
Dong bing sdng Cihi Long
17,07 1,53
5,7
16,61 0,79 7.81
17,1 0,9 7,4
16,96 0,42 5.65 Ngudn: Tinh todn cua tdc gia tii VHLSS 2014,2016,2018; *: Sd h6u tii GSO, 2019
Bdng tten cho thdy, miic sing ctia ngudi dan d cac vung co su khac biet Idn. Ty le ngheo da chilu tap ttung phdn Idn d Trung du, miln nui phia Bdc, Tdy Nguyen va khu vgc Duyen hdi miln Trung ttong hdu hit cdc ndm; sd lieu tuong ting cua cac viing ndm 2018 Idn lugt Id 19,34%, 16,96% vd 8,23%. Trong khi dd, khu vgc Ddng bdng song Hdng vd Ddng Nam Bp cd ty Ip ngheo da chilu tiidp nhdt. Tuy nhien, ttong giai doan 2016-2018, hdu het ty IS ngheo da chiSu diu gidm d cdc vimg.
Qua su thay ddi ttong miic dp ddng gdp cua tiing vung 2 nam 2016, 2018, cd thi tiidy tdc dp giam ngheo d cdc dia phuang cd sg khdc nhau (Bilu dd 2.3).
Bieu do 2.3. Mire do ddng gdp cua viing vdo chi so ngh^o da chieu chung
13.50%
15.10%
S S 6 n g baxig s d n g H&ng 13 T a y N g u y e n
n M i e n niJi p h i a Ba<
E2t S o n g N a m B Q
15.70%
m I 3 u y e n h a i tru^n T m n g
^ S o n g b ^ n g s o n g C u u L o n g Ngudn: Tinh toan cua tac gia tii VHLSS 2016, 2018
Ro rdng, tic dp giam ngheo tiidp nhdt van d cac viing Trung du, ntiln nui phia Bdc, vd vung Duyen hai mien Tnmg; ttong khi dd, vung Ddng bdng sdng Hdng van cd tdc do giam ngheo nhanh nhat. Dieu ddc biet la, toe dp gidm ngheo cua vimg Ddng Nam Bp cd xu hudng chdm lai, ttong khi vimg Tdy Nguyen vd Ddng bdng sdng Cim Long lai "but tdc", CJ khia cgnh chinh sdch, Chinh phu da cd nhung chinh sach dau tu tuong doi binh ddng giiia cdc viing chdm phdt ttiln ttong cd nude, nhung qua ddy cd thi thdy, chinh quyln dia phuang va ngudi dan d Tdy Nguyen va Ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long da biet tan dung rtiiung diem mgnh eua dia phuong de kit hgp vdi sg ddu tu va chinh sdch cua Chinh phu, tu do buc tranh gidm ngheo d nhuug dja phuang ndy ciing tdt hon so vdi hai vung cham phat ttien cdn lai ttong cd nude la Trung du, ntien nui phia Bde va Duyen hai mien Trung,
3. Nguyen nhan ngheo da chieu ^ Viet Nam
"Bite tranh" ngheo da chilu d Viet Nam dupc neu d tten, xuat phdt tu mpt sd nguyen nhan nhu sau:
Nghian cuu An Dp vd Chdu A. So 7 - 2020, tr.65-73
Ngo QuIc Dung. Ngheo da chieu a VijiNam:..
Bdt binh ddng dang cd xu hu&ng tdng len tren dia bdn cd nude va d cac khu vgc trong nen kinh te. Dieu nay dd Idm gidm tdc dpng ciia tdng tmdng kinh tl din gidm ngheo. Dae biet, nhiing ngudi ngheo sfi dugc hudng Igi ngdy mdt it hon tir tiidnh qud cua tdng ttudng kinh t|. Theo tfatii todn ciia tdc gia tu VHLSS 2014-2018, hp sd GDMI dang cd xu hudng tdng, nam 2014 Id 0,417, ndm 2016 Id 0,415 va nam 2018 la 0,441.
Thiiu ndng luc ve tdi chinh gop phdn vdo viic sir dung ddt dai khdng tdi uu cho cdc hg ngheo. Theo Tdng cue Thing ke (2019), ttung bmh khoang 23% ddt ndng nghipp do cdc hg gia dutii canh tac khdng dupe cdp giay chiing nhdn su dung dit, Cac ngdn hdng hilm khi dp dung cdc yeu cau the chap thdp hon quy dirtii ciia Nghi dinh 55, vi vdy, nhung ngudi khdng cd quyln su dyng ddt se khdng the dung ddt de the chap, dilu ndy cdn ttd khd ndng tilp can tai chinh eiia hp. Nguyen va cpng su (2017) chi ra ring, cdc hd gia dmh cd nhd d rdng (tai san the chdp cd gid tri cao) cd xu hudng dau tu them vdo sdn xudt cdy ttong lau nam va nhiing hd cd ttang thiet bi nong nghipp {nhu mdy keo) cd xu hudng ttdng them hoa mdu eua vp miia chinh. Nghien ciiu nay cho rang, nhiing ttd ngai v6 tai chinh cd dnh hudng din md hinh su dung ddt ciia hp gia dinh.
Thiiu trinh dg ldm gidm khd ndng tiep cdn viic ldm tdt. Ldm cdng dn luong la mpt vi dp rd rang. Hdu het ngudi Idn d cdc hd ngheo diu cd trinh dd trung hgc ho?c thdp han, ma mpt khi da cd trirtii dp hpc van thap thi ngay ca cd vipc dugc hudng luong, thu nhgp cua bp ciing rat thdp. Ben cgnh dd, cdc hp ngh^o thudng canh tdc k6m ndng sudt ban cdc hp khdng ngheo khi ttdng cimg mpt logi cdy tten cimg mpt loai ddt, cho thdy ky thugt canh tdc vd quan Iy cua cac hd ngheo thudng k^m ban cac hp khdng ngh^o.
4. M^t so giai phap giam nghdo da chieu 6* Vift Nam
Vdi nhiing nguyen rtiidn dugc neu d muc 3, de gidm ngh^o da chieu hudng den thgc hipn rape tieu phdt tridn ben vihig, ttong giai doan tdi edn thge hipn mpt so gidi phdp sau:
Tdng cu&ng chinh sdch phdn phoi lgi gidn tiip thdng qua cdc chinh sdch xd hgi khi tiip cgn dich vg cdng cda ngu&i ngheo. (1) Nhd nude tdng cdc dich vg cdng, nhu du an y te cdng cpng, bpnh vipn mien phi cho ngudi ngheo, chuong trinh nude saeh, chuang trinh dinh duong cho tie ngheo trudc tudi den trudng, chdm sdc ngudi gid cd don khdng nai nuang tua, tte mo cdi. (2) Hoan thien hp thdng phuc lgi xd hpi todn dipn eho ngudi ngheo, nhu hp thdng bdo hiem y te, hp thing phuc Igi xa hgi todn di^n cho ngudi cd thu nhdp thdp, gia dinh ddng con, suih vien, ngudi that nghipp. (3) Cd cac chirtii sdch uu dai hgp ly eho ngudi nghSo khi hp tham gia djch vg cong. Ngodi ra cdn van dpng nhdn ddn gdp quy xda ddi gidm ngheo, giup dd vimg gdp thien tai.
Thdc ddy chuyin doi ca cdu nong nghiip thdng qua thay ddi cdch sic dung ddt ndng nghiep, tdng cudng quyen su dung ddt va cai tltipn kj ndng eho ndng dan ngheo, dugc coi Id diem quan ttpng dl ddnh thuc tilm nang ndng nghiep eiia cac hp ngh^o bdng edeh lien kit vipc su dyng ddt vdi eac Igi thi so sdnh cua vung. De lam dugc dilu ndy can: (I) Tdng cudng quyln su dgng ddt thdng qua cdp gidy chung nhgn quyln sii dyng dat de tgo dilu kien thudn lgi cho cdc hd tiep can tui dung (su dgng ddt ldm thi chap) vd giup ngudi ngheo ddu tu vao nhuug cdy trdng cd ndng sudt hem. (2) Cdi thipn quan ly trang trgi vd cdc ky ndng kinh doanh cho cdc ndng dan ngheo Id mdt viee cdn thilt de thuc day ndng sudt ndng nghipp, tir do giam khodng each vdi nhdm ndng dan it ngheo hon.
Thifc hi^n cdi cdch gido dgc nhdm cdn bdng ca hgi vd phdt trien ky ndng cua luc luong lao dgng. Ddu tu vdo phdt trien ky ndng ldm tdng nguon cung lao dpng ed ndng lgc, tgo dieu kien thudn Igi md rpng chuoi Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sl 7 - 2020, tt.65-73
Ngo Qudc Diing. Ngheo da chiiu & Viit Nam:...
gid tti sang nhiing hoat dpng phdc tgp hon vd hd ttg tdng ttudng nhuug ngdnh mdi, Md rdng kha ndng tilp can vdi gido due chdt lupng cao gifia cdc nhdm Id mdt viee quan ttpng khdng chi dl phat ttiln ky nang, md con lam gidm bdt binh ddng vd tdng ca hpi tilp c|in vdi nhung cong vipc dugc ttd luong cao hon cho tdt cd mgi ngudi.
Kit luan
Kit qud gidm ngh^o cua Viet Nam dd dat dugc nhung tiianh tim dang ghi nhdn, hiy nhien, khdng chi cpng dong qudc te md bdn than Chinh phu Viet Nam cung khdng dinh la chua bin vimg. Nguy co tai ngheo cao, doi ngheo vd bdt binh ddng dia phuang vdn cdn tdn tai. Ngodi ty le cdn cao ddi vdi ngheo vl muc tiiu nhap, c6n tiidy vdn dS ngheo tuong ti,r d nhiing ITnh vgc khdc nhu gido due, y tl, nude sgch, ve sinh vd nha d; ben canh do, cdc hinh tiiuc mdi cua ngheo dd thi dd xudt hien d nhdm nhimg ngudi nhgp cu vd ngudi lao dpng khu vgc phi chinh thuc. Nhu vdy, cd thi ndi, hue ttanh vl ngheo d Viet Nam edn kha phiic tgp. Bk gidm ngheo da chilu, ttudc mdt, ttong giai dogn tdi, cdn tap ttung vdo nhiing nhdm gidi phap nhu dd dugc tiinh bdy d muc tten, Tuy nhien, dg hudng tdi gidm ngheo bin vihig, Viet Nam cdn thgc hipn nhdm gidi phap mang tinh ddng bd hon ttong cd giai dogn ddi hgn vd ngdn hgn.
Tai lif u tham khdo
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Nghien ciiu An Dd vd Chdu A. Sd 7 - 2020, tt.65-73
