XAY D U N G HE T H O N G BAO HIEM XA HOI DA TANG
DAM BAO AN'SINH XA HOI LAU DAI
BOisHgi
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bio hiimxd hpi todn ddn. Pbdt trien be tbdng bio himmhgi Iinb boat, da dgng, da t&ig, hiai dgi vi hpi nhdp quoe titheo nguyen tieddng-hudng, edng bdng, binh ding, ehia si va bin vdng. Tuy nhiin, di thuc day phdt trien bio biimxd bpi Ida ddi can trien Uiai ddng bp ede gidi phdp 111 khoa: Bdo hiim xd hdi, an sinh xa hdi. Quf Bdo iiiim xa Mi, ngtidi lao dong
BUILDING A MULTI-LAVERED SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEM TO ENSURE LONG-TERM SOCIAL SECURITY Bui Sy Loi
One of the new points of Resolution No 23-NQ/TW on reforming social insurance policies is ta build a multi-layered social insurance system with the goal that social insurance is really a main pillar of the social security system, step by step broadening the coverage, towards universal social insurance. To develop a flexible, diversified, multi-layered, modem and integrated system of social insurance on the principle of contribution - entitlement, fairness, equality, sharing and sustainability. However, to promote the development of multi-layered social insurance to ensure long-term social security, synchronous measures should be implemented.
Keywords: Social insurance, social security, social insurance fund employees
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Ngiy nhin bdi: 20/5/2020 Ngiy hoin thi^n biin tip: 27/5/2020 Ngdy duyet ddng: 4/6/2020
Thay d6l tiT tU duy den ca che chinh sdch
N g a y 23/5/2018, Hpi nghj Ban C h a p h a n h Trung u o n g 7 (khoa XII) ban h a n h Nghj quyet so 28-NQ/TW ve cai each chinh saeh bao hiem xa hpi (BHXH) la mgt b u o c ngo^t Ion thay doi toan b p tir t u d u y d e n co che chinh sach v e BHXH; cai each vira d a m bao on djnh vira p h a t trien ben viing; t h y e hi^n tot chinh sach
BHXH, giai quy^t cac v a n d e lien q u a n n h u n g n g u o i bj giam thu n h a p hoge k h o n g con kha n a n g lao dgng.
Mpt trong n h i i n g diem moi ciia N g h ; q u y e t so 28-NQ/TW la xay d y n g h e thong BHXH d a tang voi m y c tieu la d e BHXH t h y e s u la try cgt chinh eiia h ? thong a n sinh xa hgi, timg b u o c m o rgng viing chac di^n bao p h u , h u o n g toi BHXH toan dan, Phat trien he t h o n g BHXH linh hogt, da dgng, d a tang, hien dgi va hgi n h a p quoc te theo n g u y e n tac d o n g - h u o n g , cong b i n g , binh dang, chia se va ben viing.
H e t h o n g BHXH da tang bao gom: T a n g thii n h a t la Tro cap h u u tri xa hgi d o n g a n sach n h a n u o c (NSNN) cung cap mgt khoan trp cap cho n g u o i cao tuoi khong CO l u o n g h i m , hoac BHXH h a n g thang; T a n g thit hai la BHXH CO ban, bao gom BHXH bat b u g c va BHXH t y nguyan: BHXH bat b u g c (voi eae che dp h u u tri, tir tuat, tai n a n lao dgng, b e n h n g h e nghiep, om d a u , thai san) d y a tren d o n g gop a i a n g u o i lao d g n g (NLD) va n g u o i s u d y n g lao d g n g (NSDLD); T a n g t h i i b a la Bao hiem h u u tri b o s u n g la che d p h u u tri t y n g u y e n theo nguyen t5c thi truong, tgo dieu kifn va gia tang s y lya chpn cho NSDLD va NLD.
Ban chat a i a tang thii n h a t la N h a n u o c phai cham lo cho n h i i n g n g u d i h o a n toan k h o n g c6 dieu k i | n . Tang thii hai nguyen tac la eo dong-co h u o n g , d o n g cao h u o n g cao n h u n g phai la n h 6 m tham gia BHXH t y nguyan, hien c h i l m 70% lyc l u p n g lao dpng. Doi t u p n g nay tham gia BHXH t y nguyerv n h u n g den khi nghi h i m , l u o n g h u u chua d a m bao cupc song t h y e te a i a NLD. Do do, N h a n u 6 e can nghien ciiu san luong h u u toi thieu, d a m bao b l n g chuan ngheo hogc tien tdi miic tien l u o n g eo so, bao d a m miie song toi thieij. M u o n
vgy, Nha nu6c e ^ co chinh sach ho trg, khuy&\ khich nguoi dan tham gia dong gop 6 miic cao.
Nghj quyet so 28-NQ/TW co nhieu ngi dung cai each vol tiim nHn dai hgn, thiet thye va kha thi, nhung qua trinh trien khai kho tranh kh6i kho khan. Nguyen nhan chii ylii la do NLD chua nhgn thiic het dupc vi tn, vai tro h? thong an sinh xa hpi ciia dat nuoc va ehua thay dupc Ipi ich cCia vi^c tham gia BHXH. Do do, van de dgt ra la phai nhan thiic diing, day dii va khong chi trong dpi ngii can bg, eong chiic, viln chiic, NLD ma ph^i la nhan thiic ciia toan dan, dgc biet la nhiing NLD trong khu vyc phi chinh thiic.
Thye te cho thay, co che, chinh sach ve BHXH co ban dupc kien toan nhung qua trinh thye hien con ton tgi nhieu vuong mac phat sinh, dan den kl't qua chua dat nhu ky vpng. Do do, viec trien khai thye hien Nghi quyet so 28-NQ/TW doi hoi sy vao cupc ciia c^ he thpng chinh tri, nhu vgy moi tgo sy chuylh bien ve nhgn thiic va trach nhiem cua nguoi dan.
Thanh tUu va thdch thuTc hien nay Thdnh tUu cabin
He thong ehinh sach, phap lugt ve BHXH ngay cang phu hgp voi nen kinh te thj truang dinh huong xa hpi chu nghia; gop phan ngay cang quan trgng vao nhi|m vy bao dam an sinh xa hgi, phat trien ben viing dat nuoc. Cac co che, chinh sach BHXH da bao quat va tiem cgn thong le quoe te, bao gom ea logi hinh BHXH bat bugc va BHXH ty nguyen; doi vcri ca nguoi co quan he lao dpng va nguoi khong co quan he lao dpng; cho ca khu vuc kinh te chinh thiic va phi chinh thirc.
Lugt BHXH nam 2014 da bo sung mgt so diem moi theo hudng bao dam tot hon quyen tham gia va thu huong cac ehe dp BHXH cua NLD nhu: (i) Mo rpng doi tupng tham gia BHXH bat bupc, ap dung che dp
"bio hiem huu tri bo sung"; (ii) Co chinh sach ho trp tien dong BHXH eho NLD tham gia BHXH ty nguyen tiiy theo dieu kien phat trien kmh te-xa hgi, kha nang NSNN timg thdi ky; (iii) Tang cudng cac bien phap nham bao dam ben viing ve tai chinh ciia he thong BHXH, bao dam sy binh dang trong tham gia va thy huong BHXH giua cae thanh phan kinh te; (iv) Nang cao miic dg tuan thii chinh saeh thong qua bo sung quy djnh ve tham quyen xii phat vi pham hanh chinh, miie phat va bien phap khac phyc hgu qua; (v) Chii dpng hpi nhgp qupc te trong linh vyc BHXH thong qua quy djnh NLD la cong dan nudc ngoai lam viec tgi Viet Nam thupe doi tupng tham gia BHXH bat bupc; (vii) Day mgnh iing dyng cong nghe thong tin.
cai each thu tuc hanh chinh nham cong khai, minh bgch, tgo dieu kien cho NLD tham gia va thy huong cac che dp BHXH.
BHXH da timg budc khang djnh va phat huy vai trd la mpt tru cpt ciiinh ciia he thong an sinh xa hgi;
bao dam thay the, hogc bii dap mpt phan thu nhgp cho NLD khi ggp phai nhiing nii ro trong eugc song.
Trong qua trinh to chiic thye hien, phat trien BHXH da dgt dugc ket qua tich cyc. So lie" thong ke cho thay, trong giai dogn 2012-2016, binh quSn mdi nam tang 5,45% so ngudi tham gia (tir 10,565 trieu ngudi nam 2012 len 13,065 trieu ngudi vao nam 2016);
giai dogn 2017-2019, cong tac BHXH ed nhieu ddi mdi trong each lam. Chinh phu giao chi tieu phat trien doi tupng tham gia BHXH eho dja phuong. Thye hien nhiem vu dupe giao, cac dia phuong da trien khai nhieu giai phap va dgt duge ket qua tieh eye. Dd la, so ngudi tham gia binh quan moi nam tang 6,48%, dgt 15,774 trieu ngudi vao nam 2019, tang gan 45%
so vdi nam 2012 va chiem 31,9% lyc lupng lao dpng trong dp tudi.
Nam 2019, chinh sach BHXH ty nguyen dupe trien khai vdi nhieu ddi mdi ve phuang thiic to chiic thye hien, tgo budc dpt pha ve sd lugng ngudi tham gia, da cd them 296.753 ngudi, nang tong so ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen len 573.943 ngudi. Dgc biet, tinh tuan thii phap lugt ve BHXH da cd chuyen bien tich cyc trong nhiing nam gan day. Ty le np dpng BHXH cd tinh lai da giam tir 3% sd tong thu hang nam xuong cdn 1,7% so tong thu vao nam 2018.
Hien nay, ed hon 3,1 trieu ngudi hudng cac che dp him tri va trg cap BHXH hang thang. NSNN dang thuc hien trp cap xa hpi hang thang cho gan 1,7 trieu ngudi eao tudi (con gpi la trp cap huu tri xa hpi), ca nudc hien cd tien 4,8 trieu ngudi eao tudi hudng luong hini, chiein khoang 40% ngudi cao tuoi. Du tinh den nam 2021 ed khoang 45% so ngudi sau dp tuoi nghi huu dupc hudng luang huu, BHXH hang thang va trg cap huu tri xa hpi-dat myc tieu ciia Nghi quyet so 28-NQ/TW ve cai each chinh sach BHXH.
Phuong thiic chi tra dugc thuc hien bang nhieu hinh thue, linh hoat cho ngudi hudng vdi 63/63 tinh, thanh pho thuc hien chi tra cac che dp qua buu dien tai 11,159 xa, phudng (dat ty le 100%). Viec chi tra qua he thdng buu dien bao dam kjp thdi, day dii, diing che dp cho ngudi hudng, bao dam an toan cac nguon tien chi tra.
Thdch thdc va hgn chi
Ben canh dat duoc nhiing ket qua tren, toe dp tang
1*h PH3fcl>,^_.
so ngudi tham gia BHXH hang nam con chgm; sd ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguygn cdn it. Trong khi dd, ngudi hudng che dp BHXH mpt lan cd chieu hudng gia tang (nam 2018 cd khoang 891 nghin ngudi, tang 17%
so vdi nam 2017). Tinh trgng np, tron ddng BHXH ciia eae doanh nghiep (DN) van dien bien phiic tap, anh hudng nghiem trpng den quyen va tpi ich hpp phap eua NLD. Cimg vdi dd, khi thye hien Nghi quyet so 28-NQ/TW vg eai each chinh saeh BHXH cung ggp phai khong it khd khan, thach thiic, cu the nhu:
- Nhan thiic aia NSDLD, NLD va ngudi dan ddi vdi ca h | thdng an sinh xa hgi con hgn ehe. Dieu nay dan tdi viec phat trien doi tupng tham gia ciia nganh BHXH gap khdng it khd khan, thach thiic.
- He thdng chinh sach BHXH hien dang co 2 loai hinh la BHXH ty nguygn va BHXH hit bugc, thach thiic ehinh la sy chenh nhau ve chinh saeh dupc hudng aia BHXH ty nguyen vdi BHXH bat bugc.
BHXH bat bupc 5 che dp: om dau, thai san, tai ngn lao dpng nghe nghiep, huu tri va hi tuat; nhung BHXH ty nguyen ehi cd 2 chinh sach la huu tri va tir tuat.
- Hien nay, viec to chiic trien khai thye hien chinh sach BHXH la trach nhiem aia ea he thong chinh trj, nhung thye tien cugc song ehua th^ hien dugc quyet tam chinh tri ciia eae nganh, cae cap va ciia ca xa hpi.
Qua cac cupc giam sat, cho thay, edn it cap uy va chinh quyen dja phuang ehua quan tam sau sac den van de nay.
- Mge dii, BHXH Viet Nam da tieh eye daiy mgnh cai thu tyc hanh chinh, nhung van ehua dap iing dupe k^ vgng cua ngudi dan; nhgn thiic cua ngudi dan ve Ipi ich khi tham gia BHXH cdn hgn che....
Phat trien he th^ng b i o hiem xa hoi da t i n g nhcim 6Am bSo an sinh xa hdi lau dai
Thye hien Nghi quyet sd 28-NQ/TW can sy vao cugc aia ca he thong ehinh tn va toan xa hpi. Cap uy dang, ehinh quyen eac cap tang cudng lanh dgo, chi dgo cdng tac thong tin, tuyen truyen; doi mdi npi dung, hinh thiic tuyen truyen, phd bien chinh sach, phap lugt ve BHXH de can bp, dang vien, nhan dan hieu rd sy can thiet, Igi ich, vai trd, y nghia va nhiing ndi dung CO bin ciia eai each chinh saeh BHXH ddi vdi bao dim an sinh xa hgi, an ninh chinh tri, trgt ty, an toan xa hgi, tgo sy dong thugn, thong nhat trong thye hien chinh sach BHXH.
Truoc het, hoan thien he thdng phap lugt va giam sat viec trien khai thye hien phap lugt lien quan den cai each chinh saeh BHXH. Quoc hgi sdm nghien ciiu the che hda quan diem, myc tieu va eac npi dung cai
each ve BHXH trong cac Du an lugt, phap lenh, nghj quyet; ra soat cac dy an lugt, phap lenh, Nghi quyet cd lien quan can ban hanh mdi, sira ddi, bd sung phii hpp vdi Nghj quyet so 28-NQ/TW de de xuat dua vao Chuong trinh xay dyng lugt, phap lenh ciia Quoc hpi.
Trong giai dogn 2019-2025, chii trgng hoan thien ehinh saeh BHXH lien quan trong qua trinh xem xet, siia ddi cac van ban nhu: Bg lugt Lao dgng, Nghj quyet sd 93/2015/QH13 ve viec thuc hien chinh sach hudng BHXH 1 Ian ddi vdi NLD, Luat Ngudi eao tuoi, Lugt Viee lam, Luat BHXH. Nghien ciiu, de xuat sira ddi, bd sung cae chmh sach lien quan theo huong kip thdi khSe phyc cac bat hgp ly cua ehe dg BHXH hien hanh; thiet lap CO sd phap ly de md rpng dien bao phii, hudng tdi BHXH toan dan; cai each he thdng chinh sach theo hudng linh hogt hon ve dieu kien hudng ehe dg huu tri, ehgt che hon trong quy dinh hudng ehe dp BHXH 1 lan, tang tuoi nglii huu binh quan thye te ciia NLD;
dieu chinh each tinh luong huu theo nguyen tac ddng- hudng, cdng bang, binh dang, chia se va ben viing.
Tieh cyc doi moi va nang cao hieu qua giam sat ciia eac CO quan dan oi trong viec thuc hien chinh sach, phap luat ve BHXH gdp phan bao dam thuc hien cac muc tieu aia Nghj quyet sd 28-NQ/TW trong timg giai dogn theo Ip trinh de ra...
Can phai thay dpi nhan thiic ciia NLD va toan xa hgi ve ehinh sach BHXH theo muc tieu eua Dang va the chehda Hien phap nam 2013 ve an sinh xa hgi vira la quyen Igi va nghia vy ciia NLD de bao dam an sinh xa hpi trudc nhiing nii ro cd the xay ra. Quy BHXH aia moi ngudi dan chinh la ciia de danh, tieh luy khi dang lam viec de dupc hudng thy khi tud'i gia. Quy BHXH dugc Nha nudc bio hg, quan ly tgp trung, dau tu tang trudng de bio toan quy, duge cdng khai, minh bgch BHXH la chinh sach try cgt aia an sinh xa hgi, gdp phan thye hien tieh bg va cong bang xa hgi, bao dam on dinh chinh trj-xa hpi va thiic day phat trien dat nudc.
Dong bo cdc noi dung ciii cich de md rong dien bao ph^ bdo h i l m xa hdi t o i n d i n
Thie nhat, sua doi, bd sung quy djnh ve dieu kien thdi gian tham gia BHXH de dupe hudng che dp huu tri hi 20 nam xudng 15 nam, hudng tdi cdn 10 nam;
dieu chinh each tinh luong huu theo nguyen tac ddng- hudng, edng bing, binh diing, chia se va ben vting.
Md rpng doi tupng tham gia BHXH b5t bupc sang cac nhdm doi tupng khae theo hudng chuyen dich lao dpng khu vyc phi ehinh thue sang khu vuc chinh thiic, nham bao dam viee lam ben vung.
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Thie hai, xay d y n g chinh sach BHXH b a o d a m s y e d n g b a n g , k h d n g p h a n biet doi xir giiia cac n h d m doi t u p n g t h a m gia; tang c u d n g chia se giiia cac n h d m doi t u p n g t h y h u d n g n h a m khac p h y c bat h g p 1;^, chenh lech q u a ldn ve mite h u d n g . Day m g n h cai each h a n h chinh, ling d y n g cdng n g h e t h d n g tin, d o n gian hoa cac q u y trinh, t h u tyc d a n g ky, d d n g , h u d n g BHXH, n a n g cao chat l u g n g c u n g cap dich v y BHXH t h e o h u d n g t h a n thien, cdng khai, m i n h bach, tgo t h u a n Ipi chp n g u d i d a n va DN.
Thu ba, cd q u y d i n h phii h p p d e giam tinh trgng h u d n g BHXH m p t lan theo h u d n g tang q u y e n Igi neii b i o l i m t h a i gian t h a m gia BHXH d e h u d n g che dg h u u tri, g i a m q u y e n loi neii h u d n g BHXH mgt lan.
Dieu ehinh tuoi nghi h u u theo q u y d i n h a i a Bp luat Lao d g n g ; thiic d a y t a n g t r u d n g k i n h te giai q u y e t viec l a m h g n che that n g h i e p ; k h d n g gay tac d g n g tieu cyc d e n thi t r u d n g lao dgng; bao d a m so l u p n g , chat l u p n g v a CO cau d a n so; b i n h d a n g gidi theo xu h u d n g gia h d a d a n so; can doi Q u y BHXH trong dai h a n bao d a m t i n h b e n viing a i a q u y h u u tri tir tuat.
Thie tu, d i e u chinh ty le d d n g vao Q u y BHXH theo h u d n g hai h o a quyen Igi giiia NSDLD va NLD. Q u y djnh v e can cii d d n g BHXH cua k h u v u c D N it n h a t b a n g k h o a n g 70% tong tien l u o n g va eae k h o a n thu n h g p k h a c ed tinh chat l u o n g cua NLD de khac p h y c t i n h t r a n g t r o n d d n g , d d n g k h d n g d u BHXH, a n h h u d n g d e n k h a n a n g can d d i Q u y BHXH va q u y e n Ipi ciia N L D . Mgt khac, miic hd trp b a n g 30% ddi vdi n g u d i t h a m gia BHXH t y n g u y e n thupc hg n g h e o ; 25% ddi vdi n g u d i tham gia BHXH t u n g u y e n thupc h g can n g h e o va 10% doi vdi cac ddi t u p n g khac d i n g c h u a t h y e s y k h u y e n khich va thu hiit n g u o n t h a m gia BHXH t y n g u y e n , n h a t la trong dieu kien cac che dg BHXH d u g c h u d n g cdn it (ehi ed che d o h i m tri va tir tuat) va c h u a linh hoat d e thu hiit n g u d i d a n t h a m gia.
D o dd, t r u d c m a t can p h a i cd n g h i e n ciiu, dinh h u d n g h o a n thien e o che hd trg t h a m gia BHXH t y n g u y e n theo h u d n g d e xuat N h a n u o c hd t r o 50% va N L D 50%. N h u n g ve lau dai p h a i ed giai p h a p tong the ve CO che, chinh sach d e t h u hiit N L D tham gia BHXH t u n g u y e n n h u thiet k e lai chinh sach, m d rgng p h a m vi che d g n g u d i lao d p n g d u p c h u d n g so vdi hien n a y theo h u d n g linh h o a t them cac goi BHXH t y n g u y e n g a n vdi cac ehe d p BHXH t u n g u y e n hien h a n h (huu tri va tir tuat) cd b o s u n g them cac gdi ve che d o thai s i n h o a c o m d a u hoae trp cap gia dinh/tre em, n h i m g d i m b a o h g n che tdi da vigc cho h u d n g BHXH mpt lan hogc t h y e hien d a y dii q u y d i n h ve BHXH m p t lan tgi Dieu 60 a i a Luat BHXH Sira ddi each tinh l u o n g
h i m theo h u d n g g i i m ti le tich luy, b i o d a m kha n a n g can ddi q u y h u u tri trong dai hgn, phii h g p vdi t h d n g le q u o c te. Cd Ip trinh d i e u chinh keo dai thdi gian tham gia BHXH t h y e te, bao v e q u y e n Igi a i a n g u d i h u d n g che dp h u u tri theo nguyen tac d d n g - h u d n g , edng b a n g va chia se phii h o p .
Thie nam, tang c u d n g edng t i e d a n h gia, d y bao tai chinh, hieu q u a d a u t u cac q u y BHXH; d a d g n g hda d a n h muc, co eau d a u t u Q u y BHXH theo nguyen tac a n toan, ben v u n g va hieu q u i ; u u tien d a u t u vao trai p h i e u chinh phii, n h a t la trai phieu ehinh phii dai hgn;
n g h i e n ciiu timg b u d e m d rgng sang cac linh v y c ed k h a n a n g sinh Idi eao va cd Ip trinh d a u t u mgt p h a n tien n h a n rdi ciia Q u y thdng q u a uy thae d a u t u tgi thi t r u d n g trong n u d c va quoc te bao d i m an toan, b e n viing.
Thd sdu, n a n g eao tinh tuan thii p h a p luat ve BHXH thdng qua t h y e hien d o n g bg cac bien p h a p hanh chinh, kinh te, t u p h a p d e tang so ngudi tham gia BHXH; Tang c u d n g cdng t i c thanh tra, kiem tra, giam sat viec chap h a n h p h a p luat ve BHXH, kip thdi phat hien va xir ly n g h i e m cac vi pham, nhat la cac h a n h vi tron ddng, n g dong, gian lan, true Ipi tien BHXH; Tang cudng p h a n cap cho cac co quan BHXH; t h y e hien giao chi tieu p h i t trien ddi t u p n g tham gia BHXH cho eac dia p h u o n g ; p h a n djnh ro quan ly nha n u d c vdi q u i n tri b p may to chiic thye hien chinh sach BHXH,
H o a n thien h e t h o n g cdng n g h e t h d n g tin; xay d u n g CO sd dii lieu ve BHXH, b p tieu chi d i n h gia ket q u a t h y e hien n h i e m v u va chat l u g n g eung iing dich vy ciia ca q u a n BHXH, Tiep tyc d o n gian cae thii tyc h a n h chinh tiong cac co q u a n c u n g cap dich v y cdng, dac biet doi vdi n g a n h BHXH can d a m bao viec giao dich "Mot cira", u n g d y n g tdi da edng nghe t h d n g tin trong giao djch h a n h chinh, tiep tyc n a n g cao ehat l u p n g dgi n g u can bp de d i p irng n g a y mpt tdt h o n n h u eau tham gia BHXH t y n g u y e n cua NLD
ndi rieng va n g u d i d a n ndi chung. W
Tai lieu tham khio:
/, Quoc hpi (2013), Hien phdp nam 2013.
2. Quoc hpi (2014), Luat Bao him xa hgi nam 2014;
3. Hpi nghi lan M 7 Ban Chap hdnh Trung ifong khodXtt, Nghi quyit so 28-NQ/
TW ve cdi cdch chinh sdch bdo hiem xa hpi;
4. tight quyet sd 93/201S/QHU ve viec thdc hien chinh sdch hddng BHXH 1 tan doi vdi ngddi lao ddng.
Thdng tin tac gii:
75. BiiiSylai- Pho Chu nghiem Uy ban vicdc van dexa hot cua Quoc hpi Email: [email protected]
