TIN NGtf0NG THil M A U TAM PHU CUA NGUtti VIET XlKlllG flANG LA Dl SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE flAI DIEN CAA NHAN LOAI
Do Thanh XuSn*
Tin ngddng thd Miu Tam Phu cua ngddi Vidt (cdn goi la ngddi Kinh) ta mdt sd hdn dung tdn giao ban dia, thu hut ddng dao edng ehung tham gia, khdng phan bidt xu hddng chinh tri, tdn giio, tudi tic, gidi tinh, nghi nghidp,... Cie thdc hanh cua tin ngddng nay phan inh nhieu gia tn van hoa truyen thdng phong phu va da dang.
Die bidt, tin ngddng tdn thd ngddi Me, dong ngbJa vdi sd bao trd, sinh sdi, sang tao, hddng ve ddi sdng thdc tai. Vdi nhdng gii tn nhin vin siu sac, tinh sing tao va the hidn sd da dang vin hda. Tin ngddng thd Miu Tam phu cua ngddi Vidt xdng ding dddc ghi danh la Disan van hda phi vitthe dai dien eua nhan loai.
H§i K ^ o c h O U h ^ i Phij Day (nam 20101
1. Trong ddi sdng tam linh cda n^ddi Viet da tdng t i n tai nhieu hinh thde tdn giao, tin ngddng khae nhau, trong dd cd tfn ngddng thd M i u . Day la mdt tfn ngddng dan gian xua't hipn phd bie'n trong cdng ddng cac dan tpc d Vipt Nam ndi ridng va cd dan sin xuat ndng nghipp Ida nude khu vpc Ddng Nam A ndi chung. Trai qua qua trinh phat sinh td mpt
• T?nh Oy vlSn, GiSm dtfc Sd Van h6a.
Th^lhaova Du l|ch linh Nam Dinh.
t i n n g d d n g s u n g b a i l U n h i d n m a n g t i n h bSn d i a d a p h a t t r i e n t h a n h t i n ngUdng t h d N d t h i n , M a u t h a n n h U : M e D a t , M e N u d c , M e L u a , . . . m a n g ye'u t d a m , n d t i n h . Cae vj n d t h i n d d p c n h a n d a n suy t d n l a m T h a n h M a u v d i c h d c n a n g c h e c h d , s i n h s a n , b a o v d c h o d d i sdng t i n h t h i n cua n h a n d a n .
T h e o e a ' e t a i l i e u n g h i d n edu ve qua t r i n h t a m s i n h t a m h d a e u a T h a n h M I U Lidu H a n h v a o
cac t h e ky X V , X V I , XVII thi d a y la m p t n h a n vat vda c d thUe vdi cudc sdng t r i n g i a n , cd c h a m e , c h o n g con, la b i e u t d p n g v l t a m gdong d d c h a n h T r i n h - H i d u - T d c u n g e d n g , d u n g , n g d n , h a n h . D o n g t h d i , M a u Lidu H a n h lai la T i e n , la T h a n h , la Phat, la D a i v d o n g l u d n t h d P n g y d u , e h e e h d g i u p d d , edu k h o , edu n a n e h o m u d n d a n , t r d n g trj n h d n g ke d o e ac.
V i v a y , T h a n h M a u Lidu H a n h dupe n h a n d a n tdn
TAP CHi THONG TIN filfl NGOAI SA' - ^
• DAT H l / d C . CON HGI/Cll. VAN H(Sa VIET HAM
thd lam th4n chu cua tin nguSng thd M i u Tam phi!i, TO phu, la "Tit bdt tu", la
"MMU nghi thien ha", la
"Thidn Ban luc ky chi de nhaf'.
V6i tit each la than chu cOa tfn ngL/dng, Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh co quyen nang cai quan toan vu tnj.
Theo do, vu try dttac chia
!am ba mien ijing v6i Tam phu gom Thien (Trfli), Dia (Dat), Thuy (Nuflc) hoac Tif phu thi CO them Nhac (nui rCrng). Trong do, Thanh M i u LiSu Hanh thudng ditdc dong nhat hoa la M i u Thuong Thien va M i u Dia (con goi la M i u Ban Thien), cong chua La Blnh con gai dCrc Tan Vien San Thanh du'oc ton vinh la Mau Thuong Ngan va cong chija Tam Giang con gai vua D f i n g D i n h Long VUdng la Mau Thoai.
D i e n t h a n ctia tfn ngLtOng thd M i u Tam phij duoc sap dat mot each he thd'ng va hoan chinh. Cac vi than linh duoc phan chia thanh cac Phu, cac hang theo cac cap bac tCf Tam toa Thanh M i u , hang Quan, hang Chau, ong Hoang, cac Co, Cau,...
theo lo'i tuduy cap ddi iam - duong, chan . le, tao nen sU hai hda, can dd'i. Trong tfn ngUdng cdn c6 mdt he thd'ng cac nghi 16 va Id hdi rat phong phu, da dang.
Nai khdi nguon, hoi tu va lan toa cua tfn ngUdng la Phu D a y - N a m Dinh.
2. Quan the di tfch Phu Day gom 20 di tfch den.
phu, chCia, liing thd Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh va cac vi than linh trong tfn ngUdng Tam phu, tap tmng tai xa Kim Thai, huyen Vu BSn, tinh Nam Dinh. Qua trinh
" M i u hda" cac di tfch da tao thanh mdt "sieu di§n thd", di/a Phij Day - Nam Dinh trd thanh trung tam cua Tfn ngudng thd Mau Tam phti, Td phu cua ngudi Viet. Nam 1975, cac di tfch phu Tien HUOn^, phu Van Cat va Lang Mau trong quan the di tfch Phu Day dia dUdc Nha nudc xd'p hang la Di tfch Ijch si!f - van hda cap Qud'c gia.
Trong Tfn ngi/dng thd M i u Tam phu, TO phu cCia ngudi Viet thi Nghi I I Chau van duoc coi la dac triing tieu bieu nha't. Nghi le Chau van, hau dong thudng dUdc didn ra d hau he't cac d i n , phii thd M i u trong ca nUdc, nhung tap trung nhieu nha't la tai quan the di tfch PhQ Day trong dip L§ hdi thang Ba ( t h a n g T a m gid C h a , thang Ba gid Me). Trong dip nay, cac thanh dong - NhOng chu the' cOa tfn ngOdng thd M i u thudng td chOc thanh hdi, ban hdi de' tham gia thOc hanh Nghi l§ Chau van, nham tdn vinh cac vi than linh Tam phu, TO phu, nhOng ngodi cd cong vdi dan, vdi node, nham thda man nhu c l u tam linh eua con ngodi. Nghi Id C h i u van cd so tfch hop, td'ng hop nhieu hinh thOc van hoa dan gian ban dia khac
nho: am nh?c, ngdn ngO, tri thilc dan gian, ca hat, nh^y mua, n g h i thu cdng truyen thong, trang phuc cung vdi nghS thuat trang trf, kien true, am thOc,...
da tao nen mot hinh thOc san khau tam linh huyin 5o, mang day tfnh thieng lieng than bf. Do vay, cd the khang dinh Nghi I I Chau van la mdt thanh t6 van hda quan trgng khdng t h i t h i l u dooc trong Tfn ngOdng t h d M i u Tam phi!i,TOphO.
Ben canh Nghi I I Chiu van, thi L l hdi Phu Day cung la dac trOng tiSu biiu cua Tfn ngOdng thd M i u Tam p h u , TO phO cOa ngodi Vidt. L l hdi PhCi Day dooc to chOc vao thing Ba A m lich hang nam, d l todng nhd cdng lao cOa Thanh M i u Li#u Hanh.
Trong L l hdi Phu D i y thodng d i i n ra n h i l u hoat ddng l l nghi, nhOng quan trpng nhat la L l rode Thlnh kinh va Hdi HoatrOOng,...
Nghi I I rode M i u len ehua thinh kinh la I I roflc cd quy md Idn vdi sO tham gia eda ddng d i o cdng dong, b i t ngudn tO so kien
"Song Son dai chien", M I u Lilu Hanh da dooc Phat To Nho Lai ra tay cOu giup va thu nap. TO dd, M i u Lilu Hanh quy y cOa PhSt de cOu dp chung sinh khdi eanh l l m than cd cOc.
Thdng qua nghi thOe nJdc Thinh kinh t h i hien m f i quan he dung hoa, gan kft giOa Tin ngOdng thd M i u vdi Ndi dao trang va Phat
TAPCNiTHONGTINDiiiHGOAISO'TjT 2014
BAT Nl/tfC • CON HGl/dl • V A N H 6 A V I E T NAM •
giap. Dieu nay da gdp p h i n tap ndn sU gan ket edng ddng, thu hdt n h i l u tfn do, phat td tham du va trd thanh net ddc dap trpng Ld hdi Phu D i y . .
Hdi Hpa trupng cdn go!
la Kdo ehOf, Xep ehd ddpc td chdc tai hai phu Tien Huong ya Van Cat do Thai phi T r i n Thj Ngpc Dai (1577-1669), ngudi thdn Thdng Khd, tong Ddng Dpi, huydn Thidn Ban, phu NghTa HUng (nay la thdn Thdng Khd, xa Cdng Hoa, huydn Vu Ban) khdi xddng. Ba la ngUdi cd cdng gidp dan Thien Ban khdng p h i i di lao djch dap dd d Ha thanh. Nhd Idi IJa dan khi ve qua Phd D i y lam Id ta Thanh Mau Lidu Hanh, xdp cudc xdng thanh cac ehd dd ta on. Td dd Hdi Hoa trUPng ddPc hinh thanh, nhdng chd ddpc chpn xd'p trong Ld hdi Phu Day thddng la cac chd:
" M i u nghi t h i e n h a " .
"Thien ha thai b i n h " ,
"Qud'c t h a i d a n a n " .
"Phong dang hda ede",...
la nhdng nOi dung the hidn ddc nguydn vTnh hang eua cd dan ndng nghiep lua nddc, e l u mong mda thuan gid hda, da't nddc hda binh, nhan dan a'm no, h^inh phuc.
Thdng qua cac hoat ddng Id nghi. Id hdi, Tfn ngUdng thd Mau Tam phO, Td phu cua ngUdi Viet da dd cao gia trj, vai trd cda ngddi php nd trong ddi song gia dinh va trpng cdng ddng. Tinh yeu Me,
T«PCHITHONGTIND([INGOAISO' T ^
Quang cjinh hat Chau vai
trd thanh nguon edi, gan lien vdi tinh yeu qud huong, da't nddc, thidn nhidn, giup cho eon ngddi tin tddng vao cudc sd'ng tuoi dep, td dd sd'ng cd y thde, trach nhidm vdi cpng ddng, mdi trUdng thidn nhidn. Vi vay trai qua thdi gian, Nghi Id Chau van va Ld hdi Phu D i y van dUPc bSo ton va phat trien, trd thanh mdt sinh hoat van hda tin ngUdng mang tinh cpng dong cao, trong dd tam thdc va tam linh dan xen, hda quydn vao nhau tao thanh sde manh tinh than doan kd't, gdp phan cd kdt nhan tam, dn djnh va phat trien xa hdi.
3. Tin ngUdng thd Mau Tam phu, Td phu do cdng ddng ngddi Viet sang tao va ldd truyin. Day la san pham phan anh td duy, nhan thdc ve tu nhidn xa
Phu D i y (Nam Djnhl
hdi cua cac cd dan ndng nghidp lua nUdc. Vdi Id'i td duy "thue td", "thUe dung"
eua ngUdi Viet Nam, dd la eau mong sde khde, t i i n tai...dthe gidi thuc tai. Vi thd. Tin ngUdng thd M i u Tam phu, Td phu cdn mang t i n h thie't thUe,
"hien sinh", phiJ hpp vdi nhu c l u eua eon ngUdi d mpi thdi dai. Day la soi day kd't nd'i nhdng ca nhan vdi eae nhdm edng dong ngUdi Viet d trong va ngoai nUdc cd cung n i l m tin, tin ngUdng tdn thd Thanh Mau.
Tin ngddng thd M i u Tam phu, Td phu cdn thd hien kha nang tidp thu, tfch hop va ban dia hda nhilu tfn ngddng tdn giao k h a e n h a u nhU: T f n ngddng thd cung To tien, Phat giao, Dao giao, Nho giao va van hda nhieu dan
• D i T N t f t f C C O N H G l f d l - V A N H d A VIET NAM
toe thieu sd nhd: Dao, Tay, N u n g , . . . t h d hien mdi quan he binh dang, gan bd mat thiet gida dSn toe Vidt vdi cac dan tdc anh em.
Dac bidt, thdng qua viec thdc hanh tfn ngUdng cdn giup eon ngddi sdng doan kdt, hda hpp, tao n i n tang vdng chac eho sU phat trien bdn vdng eua edng ddng cac dan tpc Viet Nam ndi rieng va cpng d i n g ngUdi Viet d ndde ngoai, cung nhd eae dan toe khac trdn the gidi ndi chung. Dp dd, Tfn ngudng thd Mau Tam phu, Td phd cua ngddi Viet da trd thanh bidu tdpng da van hda tdc ngudi, gdp p h i n vao sd da dang van hda va sU sang taoci!ia nhan loai.
Ngoai ra, tfn ngudng thd Mau Tam phu, Td phij cdn chda dUng n h i l u gia trj dao dde va nhan van sau sic. Dd la tam thdc
"udng nddc nhd ngudn", tdn vinh nhdng ngddi tai gidi, ed cdng vdi dan vdi nUdc. Nd da trd thanh mpt bieu tdpng cda chu nghTa yeu nddc Viet Nam, ma trong dd ngddi Me - M i u la nhan vat trung tam. Thdng qua eae kho tang truyen thuyet, huyen thoai, eae hinh thdc didn xUdng, nghe thu edng t r u y i n thdng, trang phue cung vdi nghe thuat trang tri, kie'n true, da p h i n anh Id'i td duy, ndp sinh hoat. Id nghi, am thde doe dao cua ngudi Viet. Trong dd, Nghi le Chau van ddpc eoi la nghi Id quan trpng nha't cua tfn
ngddng - mpt hinh thdc didn xUdng tam linh, mdt
"bao tang sdng" cua van hda dan tdc Vidt. Nghi Id Chau van da san sinh ra loai hinh Sm nhae hat van, ma theo y kidn eda Giao sU T r i n v a n Khd - nha nghidn edu am nhac hpc dan tpc, dd la mpt trpng nhdng Ipai hinh dan ea tidu bieu nha't eda ngddi Viet ddng gdp vao kho tang am nhacthdgldi.
4. Nhu vay, td mdt tin ngudng vdi eae hanh vi tdn thd Me (Miu) da ed budc phat tridn thanh mpt tfn ngUdng lau ddi, ed tinh he thdng va lan tda manh me, trd thanh Tfn ngudng thd Mau Tam phu, Td phu mang net dae trUng tieu bieu cua ngddi Viet. Hidn nay, Tfn ngUdng thd Mau Tam phO, Td phu da phat trien lan tda ra khap mpi vung m i l n cua da't nude, td ddng bang Idn m i l n ndi, td Ha Giang ddn mui CaMau.
Trong cac nam 2012, 2013, tinh Nam Djnh da td ehde kiem ke, lap ho sP
"Nghi Id C h i u van eua ngddi Viet" va "Ld hdi Phu Day". Ca hai di san van hda phi vat the nay da ddpc Bp Van hda, The thao va Du Ijch dda vao Danh muc Di san van hda phi vat the qudc gia. Nhan thdc ddOc gia trj, tam quan trpng va y nghTa eda di sin van hda phi vat the "Tin ngUdng thd M i u " dd'i vdi edng ddng va ddi sdng dupng dai, dd'i chidu vdi
cac tieu chf quy djnh eua UNESCO ve viee ghi danh cac di san vao danh sach di san van hda phi vat th^
dai dien cda nhan lo^i.
Dupe sU ddng y eda Th^
tudng- Chmh phu va eh!
dao cua Bp Van hoa, Th^
thao va Du lieh, Uy ban nhan dan tinh Nam Djnh da dai didn eho eae dja phddng ed di sSn trdn phdi hpp vdi Vidn Van hda nghd thuat Qudc gia Vidt Nam cdng cac cP quan lien quan tien hanh xay ddng hd sP d l ed qude gia
"Tfn ngUdng thd M i u Tam phu cua ngddi Viet" trinh UNESCO vinh danh la Di san van hda ph i vat the dai didn cua nhan loai.
Vdi nhdng gia trj nhan van sau sac, tfnh sang tao va the hien sd da dang van hda, Tfn ngUdng thd Miu Tam phd eua ngddi Viet xdng dang ddpc ghi danh la Di san van hda phi vat the dai didn cda nhan loai. •
Chu thfch:
1. - "TO bat til" gom: Tan Vien Son Thanh, ChCl Dong Til, ThSnh Giong, Thanh M i u Ligu Hanh.
- " M i u nghi thien ha": ngu'cii m? mau mUc trong thien h?.
- "Thien B3n luc kJ- chi d^ nhifl":
diJng dau trong 6 siJ tfch lmh thiSng ciia dat Thien BSn xu^a, nay la Vu Biin, Nam Dinh
T a i l i f u tham khao:
1 Ng6 DiJc Thinh, 2013, K^ y^u H0i thao khoa hoc Qu6c tS "Van hoa thO NO than - Mau 6 Viet Nam va chiu A, b3n s5c va giS I n "
2. H 6 sd Di skn Van h6a phi vai t h i qutfc gia "Nghi I& c h i u van cua ngUdi Vi$t" vk
"Ik hoi PhO D a / ' , 2012, 2013, Tl/ li^U B5o tang Nam Dmh.
3. Ho so d ^ ciJ quoc gia "Tfn ngKcing ttift Mau Tam phu cua ngiJ&i Vigl" trinh UNESCO vinh danh la Di s i n van hfia phi vat the dai dien cCia nhan lopi, 2014, TLT lieu V i f n VSn hoa ngh^ thu|t Qu5c giaVi^t Nam.
T«PCHlTH0HGTINe$IKGO8IS(f-jSj
