T O N G Q U A N V E M U C D O C U A T I N H H I N H T O I P H A M 6 V I E T N A M Q U A S O L I E U T H O N G K E
T f N A M 1 9 8 6 - 2 0 0 8
Pham Vdn Tinh N g h i e n cuu tinh hinh toi pham
(THTP) noi chung va muc do (thay the khai niem nay chi co the la tinh trang chu khong the la thuc trang nhu nhieu tac gia da nham lan) cua tinh hinh toi pham noi rieng, khong the; thoat ly sd lieu thdng ke hinh su.
Bang nghien cuu so lieu thdng ke thudng xuyen cua Toa an nhan dan tdi cao ve xet xu hinh su so thaim, muc do cua THTP d Viet Nam tu nam 1986 den nam 2008 co the' duoc khai quat thong qua mot so thong sd sau:
1. Xu hudng cua tinh hinh toi pham (xem Bang 1)
Bang 1. Tong quan theo giai doan 3 nam cua T H T P d Viet Nam t u 1986 den 2008 Giai doan Tdng sd an phai xet xu so
tham hinh sir
Sd trung binh nam Ti le bi cao/vu Giai doan
Vu Bj cao Vu Bi cao %
1986-1988 66.896 119.770 22.299 39.923 179,04
1989-1991 68.185 114.570 22.728 38.190 168,03
1992-1994 79.003 127.776 26.334 42.592 161,74
1995-1997 130.239 209.305 43.413 69.768 160,71
1998-2000 163.719 256.443 54.573 84.481 156,64
2001-2003 153.348 230.119 51.116 76.706 150,06
2004-2006 181.753 303.349 60.584- 101.116 166,90
2006-2008 197.282 342.135 65.761 114.045 173,42
De' lam ro xu hudng cua tinh hinh toi pham, chung toi da su dung giai doan 3 nam de nghien cdu va ket qua cho tha'y, muc do cua tinh hinh toi pham d Viet Nam td nam 1986 den nam 2008 dien ra theo xu hudng tang vdi ba cung bac khac nhau va hai giai doan dot bien:
Cung bac thi't nhdt keo dai tu nam 1986 den nam 1994, trong do. mdc tang cua giai doan sau so vdi giai doan trudc lidn ke dat tu
1,93% den 15,86%.
PGS.TS.. Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat.
Cung bdc thd hai gom hai giai doan, giai doan 1995 - 1997 va 1998 - 2000, muc tang dat tdi da 25,71%.
Cung bdc tint ba gom ba giai doan tir nam 2001 den 2008, muc tang dat tu 8,54%
den 18,52%. ^ Hai dot bien ve muc do cua tinh hinh toi pham roi vao giai doan 1995 - 1997. dot bien tang va giai doan 2001 - 2003, dot bien giam: tang 64,85% con giam dat 6,34%. Tai sao lai co hai dot bien tang va giam nhu vay?
Hat yeu to chinh quyet dinh sir tang.
giam nay la:
ATM NUCfC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4/2011
- Tang vi su xua't hien cua nhom toi pham ve ma tuy:
- Giam vi hieu ung cua su xua't hien Bo luat Hinh sir (BLHS) 1999.
2. Cac chi so khai quat 2.1. Co so tdi phgm
Co tac gia goi la he so toi pham. Ban chat cua no la so toi pham tinh tren 100.000 dan.
Vi tinh dac thu cua so lieu thdng ke thudng xuyen cua Viet Nam (con bi dn dang kd - an thdng ke). nen co so toi pham da dupe tinh toan bang sd bi cao (phai xet xu) tren
100.000 dan. Ket qua tinh toan cua chung tdi cho thiiy. tinh hinh tdi pham d Viet Nam tu nam 1986 den nam 2008 co hai thdi ky khac nhau. Thdi ky thu nhat keo dai tu 1986 den 1995 vdi co so tdi pham chi co hai con so, tuc la dudi 100: thdi ky thu hai tu nam 1996 den nay (2008), co so toi pham dat tdi ba con so (tu 103 deii 137). So sanh vdi nhieu nude khac, con so nay la rat nho, nho hon sau, bay muoi lan (vdi Cong hoa Lien bang Due
chang han). Dieu nay chua the' khdng dinh duoc rang, tinh hinh an ninh. trat tu d nude ta tdt hon d Due tdi sau, bay muoi lan. Vi nude ta hang nam khong co kinh phi cho viec dieu tra ti le dn cua tinh hinh toi pham. Tuy vay, co so tdi pham d nude ta nhu da neu cung la mot co sd cho nhan xet rdng, nude ta la mot didm den an toan.
2.2. Co so hanh vipham tgi vd co so toi danh
Co so hanh vi pham toi (HVPT) la mot khai niem mdi trong tdi pham hoc the gidi noi chung va toi pham hoc Viet Nam noi rieng. No duoc hieu la tong sd toi danh co ddi song thuc te, hay noi each khac, co so hanh vi pham toi la t6ng so toi danh da dupe toa an cac cap ap dung de' tuyen phat cac bi cao d nude ta trong thdi gian mpt nam. Con so nay dupe tinh toan d giai doan 1986 -
1988 la 120: giai doan 2001 - 2003 lii 148 va giai doan 2004 - 2008 lii 162. tdc la tang lien tuc (xem Bang 2 va Bang 3).
Bang 2: Co sd HVPT cua T H T P trong cac nam 1986-1988 va 2001-2003
Nhom 1986 1987 1988 Nhdm 2001 2002 2003
Cl 16 16 18 C l l 07 06 05
C2 16 15 16 C12 28 26 27
C3 03 05 03 C13 04 03 04
C4 13 12 12 C14 12 11 12
C5 06 05
10
05 C15 03 05 05
C6 11
05
10 12 C17 04 05 04
C7 16 17 18 C16 22 20 22
C8 21 28 27 C19 30 29 33
C9 07 ,06 06 C21 10 09 10
CIO 06 u7 08 C22 07 09 07
C18 09 10 09
C20 1 1 14 12
Co sd 115 121 125 Co sd 147 147 150
C ky hieu la Chuang
TONG QUAN VE MU'C DO
Bang 3: Co so HVPT ciia T H T P trong cac nam 2006 - 200S
Nhdm/toi danh 2006 2007 2008
C12/30 29 29 28
C13/30 05 06 03
C14/30 13 13 13
C15/7 05 06 06
C16/29 22 21 21
C17/10 06 05 05
C18/10 09 09 09
C19/5 5 37 34 35
C20/20 13 17 13
C21/14 10 11 13
C22/22 10 10 11
C23/25 02 04 02
Co sd 161 165 159
La mot loai chi so khai quat ve THTP thuc te d m6i qudc gia, co sd HVPT rat cd gia tri de nhan biet ve mat luong, nen cac qudc gia can thdng ke va thdng bao cdng khai nhu co so tdi pham. Con so nay khdng chi cho biet chinh xac hang nam d mdi qudc gia cd bao nhieu hanh vi pham tpi khac nhau da xay ra, ma cdn la co so dd danh gia ve muc dp phii hop cua Luat Hinh su vdi thuc te ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Dieu nay chung tdi mudn ndi ling, co so HVPT hoan toan co the' (ddi trpng) so sanh duoc vdi co sd tpi danh, tdc la tdng so tpi danh thuoc cac nhom tpi pham cd trong ho so thdng ke thudng xuyen va co dii dieu kien de nghien cuu. Ci Viet Nam, hai co so nay da duoc xac dinh cu the' nhu sau:
- 6 giai doan 1986 - 1988, co so hanh vi pham tdi da dupe thdng ke hang nam va tinh chung cho ca giai doan la 120. Con co so tpi danh d giai doan nay duoc xac dinh tren co so ciia BLHS 1985. Trong phan ctic tdi pham
da ghi nhan 195 tpi danh, nhung co so tdi danh d giai doan nay chi la 165, tdc la 30 tdi danh thudc Chuong X I va X I I khdng co trong hd so thdng ke de nghien cuu. Vi the.
ty le 120/165, tuc Iii 72,73% la mdc dp phii hpp giira Luat va thuc te da dupe xac dinh;
- Ci giai doan 2001 - 2003, co so hanh vi pham tpi dupe xac dinh la 148, co sd tdi danh la 234, nen ty le phu hpp giua Luat va thuc te d giai doan nay la 63,25%;
- Giai doan hien nay (2004 - 2008) cd co so hanh vi pham tdi la 162 va co so tdi danh la 245, tdc la mdc dp phu hop giua Luat va thuc te da dat 66,12%.
Nhu vay, nhan xet co the' rut ra la, BLHS 1985 co mdc dp phu hop vdi thuc te cao hon BLHS 1999'.
1 BLHS 1999 duac sira doi. bd sung nam 2009 cd tdng sd toi danh la 272. nhung den 01 thang 01 nam 2010 mai cd hieu luc.
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4/2011
Ngoai ra. gia tri nhan thuc luan cua co so HVPT con duoc the hien trong nhung truang hap sau day:
Thi?nhdt, de' xac dinh mire do pham toi doi vdi tung toi danh "dai dien" cho tinh hinh tdi pham d m6i giai doan nghien cdu (se ndi den sau):
Tint hai. co so HVPT khong chi la chi so khai quat cua tinh hinh toi pham d mdi qud'c gia trong tung giai doan. ma con la chi so khai quat ddi vdi tinh hinh toi pham do tung loai thanh phan ngudi pham toi gay ra. nhu THTP cua ngudi chua thanh nien2 (dudi 18 tudi), cua ngudi thanh nien' (18-30 tudi), cua gidi nu. cua ngudi dan toe thieu so, da so v.v., tuc la, dd'i vdi mdi loai THTP nhu vay, khi nghien cuu. cdn phai xac dinh duoc co so HVPT ciia no.
3. Mdc dd cua tinh hinh tdi pham xet theo nhdm toi danh
Tu nam 1986 den nay. cac nhom toi danh d Viet Nam cd su thay doi rat dang ke.
Chung tdi tien hanh nghien cdu tinh hinh tdi pham tren co so nhung nhom tdi danh vdi su trp giup bdi so lieu thd'ng ke thudng xuyen ddi vdi ba giai doan khac nhau de so sanh:
1986 - 1988: 2001 - 2003 va 2006 - 2008.
Ket qua cu thd, xem Bang 4:
- Giai doan 1986 - 1988 duoc chpn la giai doan khdi diem vi la giai doan dau tien cua thdi ky BLHS 1985. cung la giai doan chua co tac dong gi dang ke cua co' che kinh te mdi. kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia. Viec nghien cdu chi dupe tien hanh vdi 10 nhdm tu C l den C10. Hai nhom tdi con lai la "Xam pham nghia vu, trach nhiem cua quan nhan" va "Phd hoai hoa binh, chd'ng loai ngudi va toi pham chien tranh" khdng ndm trong he thdng nghien ciru duoc tien hanh:
- Giai doan 2001 - 2003 cd the duac xem la giai doan dau cua thdi ky mdi. thdi ky cua BLHS 1999 vdi 14 nhom toi danh khac nhau.
The nhung. dii dieu kien nghien cdu chi cd 12 nhom, td Cl 1 den C22. Con C23 va C24 vdi 29 toi danh khong du dieu kien de dua vao he thdng nghien ciru:
- Giai doan 2006 - 2008 la giai doan hien nay. co thd xem la giai doan cudi cua thdi ky BLHS 1999. Va cong viec nghien cdu cua chung Uii dii duoc tien hanh ciing vdi 12 nhom toi danh, tdc la cung cd hai nhdm toi danh khdng du dieu kien, trong dd co nhdm cu la C24 va nhdm mdi la Cl 1.
Bang 4: Mdc dp xet theo nhom cua T H T P d nude ta hien nay so vdi giai doan trudc "ddi mdi" tinh tren co sd so bj cao da xet xd so thaim (Don vi tinh: % )
, BLHS 1985 1986 - 1988 BLHS 1999 2001-2003 2006-2008 Ghi chii
Cl 8.40 C l l 0,09 0 Khong so sanh
C2 15.00 C12 14.60 15,02 Tang
C3 0,14 C13 0.18 0,31 Tang manh
C4 18.99 C14 44.72 41,25 Giam
0.32 C15 0.06 0.05 Giam
: Pham Van Tinh (2007). Mot sd van de ly luan ve THTP 6 Viet Nam. Nxb. Ttr phap. tr. 234. 243.
3 Pham Van Tinh (2007). Mot so van de ly luan ve THTP 6 Viet Nam. Nxb. Tir phap. tr. 234. 243.
TONG QUAN M. Ml ( fx) ...
C6 39,55 Bi ghep
C7 5,28 C16 1,96 2,08 Khong dn dinh
C7A C18 18,89 12,59 Giam
C8 11,11 C19 16,25 25,07 Tang manh
C9 0,82 C21 0,91 1,35 Tang
CIO 0,39 C22 0,60 0,29 Giam manh
C17 0,13 0,33 Tang clot bien
C20 1,60 1,65 Tang
C23 0,009 Khong so sanh
100% = 98.393
100% = 187.139
100% = 338.039
Bang 4 cho phep danh gia xu hudng cua tinh hinh tdi pham theo co cau nhom, va mot so nhan xet:
- Cd su khac nhau rat cu the' giua hai thai ky phat trien: kinh te bao cap va kinh te thi trudng. Neu thdi kinh te bao cap khdng cd nhdm tdi pham ve ma tuy (C18) va nhom tdi pham vd mdi trudng (C17) thi hai nhom tdi pham nay chiem ty le phan dang ke va gay buc xuc trong xa hdi nhung nam qua va hien nay;
- Tuy cd su thay doi vd ti phan, song
"xuong sd'ng" cua tinh hinh toi pham d Viet Nam tu nam 2001 den nay van roi vao 4 nhdm (trong so 12 nhom tdi pham duoc nghien cuu). Dd la nhdm toi xam pham so hiru (C14); nhom toi xdm pham an toan cdng cdng, trat tu cdng cong (C19); nhom toi xam pham tinh mang, sdc khoe, nhan pha'm, danh dir cua con ngudi (C12) va nhom tdi pham ve ma tuy (C18). Danh gia cu the hon se duoc tien hanh ket hop vdi viec danh gia d mdc do ciia THTP xet theo don vi hanh vi pham toi va se duoc trinh bay d tieu muc tiep theo;
- Xu hudng tang da didn ra dd'i vdi dai da so cac nhom tdi pham duoc nghien cuu (7/12), tang dot bien didn ra dd'i vdi nhom tdi
pham ve mdi truong (C17), tang manh didn ra dd'i vdi nhdm toi pham ve chdc vu, trong dd cd cac tdi tham nhung (C21) va nhdm tdi xam pham quyen tu do, dan chu ciia cdng dan(C13);
- Xu hudng giam cung da didn ra dd'i vdi 4/12 nhom, trong do co nhdm tdi xam pham hoat ddng tu phap (C22).
4. Mdc dd cua tinh hinh tdi pham xet theo don vj hanh vi pham toi
De lam rd muc do cua THTP d don vi hanh vi pham tdi, chung tdi da su dung ba dai luong hd tro:
Mpt la, co so hanh vi pham tdi d mdi giai doan nghien cuu;
Hai la, ty le % cua cac hanh vi pham tdi dupe xem xet;
Ba la, muc do pham tdi tinh bang so chu so, chiing tdi an dinh la tu 4 chu so trd len, tdc la ra soat tat ca nhung tdi danh cd ddi sd'ng thuc te', ne'u toi danh nao cd muc do pham tdi dat tdi 4 con so, thi tdi danh dd dupe dua vao "Danh sach" nhung tpi danh cd muc dp pham toi cao hon ca cua giai doan do. Ke't qua cu the dupe trinh bay tai cac Bang 5, 6 va Bang 7.
XHA XUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4/2011
Bang 5: THTP giai doan 1986 - 1988 voi cac toi danh co mure do pham toi cao nhat, tir 4 con sd trd len
Toi danh 1986 Bj cao
1987 Bj cao
1988
Bj cao Cong %
Giet ngirdi 1.032 924 1.084 3.040 3.09
Co y gay thtrong tich
1.811 3.336 3.727 8.874 9.02
Cudp titi san 1.321 1.212 1.655 4.188 4.26
Trom cap 11.417 11.452 13.578 36.447 37.04 ,
Lua dao 1.422 1.503 1.584 4.509 4.58
Danh bac 1.787 1.701 1.585 5.073 5,16
Tham 6 2.352 2.305 2.187 6.835 6.95
Tron di (* ) 1.403 1.320 1.879 4.602 4,68
Tong 22.545 23.753 27.270 73.568 74,77
Bang 6: THTP giai doan 2001 - 2003 vdi cac tdi danh co mdc do pham tdi cao nhat, td 4 con so t r d len
Toi danh 2001
Bi cao
2002 Bi cao
2003
Bi cao Cpng %
Giet ngudi 1.534 1.487 1.911 4.932 2,64
Co y gay thuang tich 4.992 5.126 5.567 15.685 8.38 Hiep dam + hiep dam tre
em
1.376 1.383 1.282 4.041 2.16
Cudp tai san 3.279 3.287 4.232 10.789 5,77
Cudp giat 2.605 2.756 2.577 7.938 4.24
Trpm cap 16.265 16.117 16.301 48.683 26,01
Lua dao 2.088 2.174 2.597 6.859 3,67
Lam dung tin nhiem 1.308 1.545 1.384 4.237 2.26
Mua ban.... ma tuv 9.810 11.486 11.765 33.061 17,67 Gay rdi trat tir cong cpng 1.264 875 1.109 3.248 1.74
Danh bac + td chuc 1.202 2.218 -L.646 8.066 4,31 Vi pham giao thdng
dudng bp
3.203 3.843 4.376 11.422 6,10
G6m ca tpi trdn di nirdc ngoai va tdi td chuc. cudng ep nguoi khac trdn di nuoc ngoai.... duoc quy dinh tat Dieu 85 va 88 BLHS 1985.
TONG QUAN VE MUC DO ...
Chda mai dam + Moi gidi
1.264 1.125 1.295 3.684 1,97
Tdng 50.190 53.422 59.042 162.654 86,92
Bang 7: Mdc do ciia THTP d Viet Nam hien nay xet theo nhCrng tdi danh co muc do pham tdi cao hon ca (tir 4 con so trd len)
TT Dieu luat
2004 Bi cao
2005 Bi cao
2006 Bi cao
2007 Bi cao
2008 Bi cao
Tdng Bi cao
Ty phan (%) 1 93 3.377 3.302 3.542 3.320 3.587 17.128 3,25 2 104 9.210 8.905 9.936 10.913 10.761 49.725 9,45 3 133 5.552 4.882 5.628 6.049 6.117 28.228 5,36 4 135 1.157 1.211 1.340 1.284 1.184 6.176 1,17 5 136 3.264 3.397 3.793 5.216 5.182 20.852 3,96 6 138 20.859 24.300 26.405 25.454 30.239 127.257 24,18 7 139 3.113 2.803 3.144 3.227 3.053 15.340 2,91 8 140 1.412 1.520 1.539 1.581 1.365 7.417 1,41 9 143 1.051 1.444 1.701 2.520 2.439 9.155 1,74 10 194 12.825 13.282 13.848 13.160 14.459 67.574 12,84 11 202 6.061 5.633 5.728 6.588 6.416 30.426 5.78
12 231 388 645 958 2.153 1.822 5.966 1,13
13 245 1.312 1.438 1.395 1.454 1.333 6.932 1,32 14 248 7.248 8.357 9.337 13.144 14.893 52.979 10,07 15 249 2.702 2.593 2.307 3.705 4.018 15.325 2.91
16 254 1.159 971 1.016 1.034 852 5.032 0,96
17 257 1.032 1.280 1.242 1.235 1.393 6.182 1,17 471.694 89,62%
% 526.334 100%
* Danh gia tdng quan tren co sd sd lieu ciia cac Bang 4, 5, 6 va Bang 7:
Tren nen so lieu da duoc mo ta tai cac Bang 4, 5, 6 va 7, co the tien hanh mot so each danh gia va nhin nhan tinh hinh toi pham d Viet Nam thoi gian qua vi mat dinh lupng.
Cach danh gia cua chdng toi dupe tien hanh tren co so su dung hai dai lupng la co so hanh vi pham tpi (giai doan 1986 - 1988 la 120; giai doan 2001 - 2003 la 148 va giai doan 2004 - 2008 la 162) va ty le phan tram (ty phan).
Chung toi an dinh ty phan de chpn loc d day ddi vdi ca mdc dp nhdm va muc dp hanh vi pham tpi la 5% trd len, con lay co so HVPT lam nen de xem xet. Nhu vay, ket qua cho thay nhu sau:
a) 6 giai doan 1986 - 1988, THTP duoc diic trung bdi 4 nhom va 4 hanh vi pham tpi tieu bieu:
Dd la: Nhom C l : Nhom tpi xam pham an ninh qud'c gia (8,4%);
Nhom C12: Nhom tpi xam pham tinh mang, sue khoe... (15,0%);
NHA XUOC VA PHAP LUA T SO 412011
Nhom C4+6: Nhom tpi xam pham tai san (58.54%);
Nhom C7: Nhom tpi pham ve kinh te (5.28%).
Bon nhom nay (4/10) da thu hut 87.22%
tong sd bi cao d giai doan nay.
Con 4 hanh vi pham tpi tieu bieu la:
- Tot co y gay thuang tich (9,20%);
- Tpi trpm cap tai san (37,04%);
- Tpi danh bac (5,16%);
-Tpi tham 6 (6.95%).
4 hanh vi pham tpi nay (4/120) da thu hut 58,35% tdng so bi cao d giai doan nghien cdu.
Nhu vay, ne'u dat cac tpi xam pham an ninh qud'c gia sang mpt ben. thi khuynh hudng pham tpi d giai doan "kinh te bao cap nay" chi co hai. Do la vu lpi va bao luc.
b) 6 giai doan 2001 - 2003. THTP dupe dac trung bdi 4 nhom va 5 hanh vi pham tpi tieu bieu.
Bdn nhom gom:
- C12: Nhom tpi xam pham tinh mang.
sue khoe... (14,60%);
- C14: Nhom tpi xam pham tai san (44.727c);
- C18: Nhom tpi pham ve ma tuv (18.89%);
- C19: Nhom tpi xam pham an toan, trat tu cdng cpng (16,25%).
Bdn nhdm nay (4/12) thu hut 94.46% tdng so bi cao cua giai doan nghien cuu.
Con 5 hanh vi pham tpi tieu bidu gom:
- Tpi cd y gay thuong tich hoae gay tdn hai sue khoe cua ngudi khac (Dieu 104) chiem 8.38%:
- Tpi cudp tai san (Didu 133) chiem 5.77%: '
- Tdi trdm cap tai san (Didu 138) chiem 26,01%;
- Tpi tang tru. van chuyen. mua ban trai phep hoae chiem doat chat ma tuy (Dieu
194). chiem 12.84%;
- Tpi vi pham quy dinh ve dieu khien phuang tien giao thdnj dudng bo (Dieu 202) chiem 6,10%.
5 hanh v: pham toi da neu thu hut 63.93% tdng so bi cao cua ca 148 HVPT trong giai doan nghien cdu (5/148).
c) 6 giat doan 2004 - 2008. THTP dupe dac trung bdi 4 nhdm va 6 hanh vi pham tdi tieu bidu.
Bdn nhom tpi pham d giai doan nay cung la bdn nhom d giai doan 2001 - 2003.
song ty phan cd khac: C12 tang, dat 15,02%;
C14 giam, con 41.25%; C18 giam. con 12,59%; C19 tang manh. dat tdi 25,07%.
Tdng cpng, bdn nhdm (4/12) thu hut 93.93%
tong so bi cao cua ca giai doan nghien cdu.
6 hanh vi pham tpi tieu bieu d giai doan nay bao gom tat ca 5 tpi nhu d giai doan 2001 - 2003 va them Tpi danh bite (Dieu 248) vdi ty phan 10.07%. Nhu vay, ca 6 hanh vi pham tpi nay da thu hut 67.68% tdng so bi cao cua 162 HVPT trong giai doan nghien cuu (6/162).
Tom lai, nhung dac trung co ban ve mat lupng cua tinh hinh tpi pham d mdi giai doan phat trien kinh te' - xa hpi d Viet Nam da dupe lam ro thdng qua nhidu dai lupng, chi so va pham tru khac nhau. O giai doan hien nay, tinh hinh tpi pham ro rang phdc tap han:
cd nhieu hanh vi pham tpi hon. so ngudi pham tpi nhidy han. khuynh hudng pham tdi cung da dang hon, khdng chi la vu lpi va bao lire, ma con ca khuynh hudng sieu vu lpi nhu cac tpi pham ve ma tuy va khuvnh htfdng1 pham tpi vd y cung tang manh - nhung tpi vi pham quy dinh ve giao thdng.
