QUAN LY KINH TE
Oa dqng hoa mat hang xudt khdu tCr Viet Nam sang Nhgt Ban
NGUYEN THJ MINH HlTdNG
^ hdt Bdn Id mdt trong nhiing ddi tdc thitdng mai hdng ddu vd ngdy cdng quan trong
^M^ ddi vdi Viit Nam. Dita vdo sdliiu thd'ng ki thitdng mai hdng hda cua Liin hdp qud'c, bdi viet di sdu phdn tich sit da dang hda cdc mat hdng xudt khdu cua Viet Nam sang Nhdt Bdn trong giai doan 2001 - 2010. Ddng thdi, so sdnh miic dd da dang hda xudt khdu cua Viit Nam vdi mdt sd qud'c gia khdc nhit My, Hdn Qudh, Trung Qud'c, Thdi Lan, Cdmpuchia, qua dd di xudt hdm y chinh sdch cho Viit Nam trong viic da dang hda cdc mdt hdng xudt khdu vdo thi tritdng Nhat Bdn.
1. K h a i n i d m vd d a d a n g h o a xua't k h a u
Da dang hda xu&'t k h d u cd t h e thUc hidn dUdc b a n g c&ch da dang hda c&c m a t h&ng xu&'t khdu v& da dang hda dd'i t&c xu&'t k h a u . Amurgo-Pacheco & Pierola (2008) da dUa r a h a i loai da dang hda x u a t khdu, dd 1&
Intensive Margin v& Extensive Margin.
Intensive Margin 1& da dang hda xu&'t khdu nhd v&o sU t h a y ddi t y trpng trong tdng kim
Mat hang da va dang dupe xuat khau
ngach xud^t khdu cua c&c m a t h&ng da dUdc xulft khdu trUdc day vdi cac dd'i tac x u i t kh&u vd'n da cd quan he giao dich. Extensive Margin 1& sU da dang hda xud^t khdu nhd v&o sU gia t&ng thdm chung loai cac m a t hang xu&'t khdu trUdc d&y vd'n chUa dUdc xuat k h a u hoac t&ng thdm dd'i tac xuat khdu mdi.
Jing Fei Yu (2011) da khai quat Intensive Margin v& Extensive Margin theo sd do sau:
Mat hang mdi dupe dua vao xuatkhau D^i tac da va
dang xu^t khdu D6i tac xuift kh^umdi
^ Intensive Margin Extensive Margin
D6i tupmg nghien cdu cia b&i vi6t Nguon: Tdng hop tilt nghien cihi cua Jing Fei Yu (2011), tr. 57.
Trong p h a m vi cua b&i vid't, chiing tdi t&p t r u n g di sau p h a n tich sU da dang hda xu&!^
k h d u ve chung loai m a t h a n g .
Mdt so' nh& n g h i d n cflu da chiing m i n h r a n g mflc dp da d a n g h d a xulTt k h d u sd tiiy thuoc v&o mflc t h u nh&p cua qud'c gia dd, theo thfl t u tfl thlTp d e h cao. Cd n g h i a 1&
nUdc c&ng cd t h u nh&p cao t h i mUc dp da d a n g hda xud't k h d u c&ng cao. Olivier Cadot, Celine C a r r e r e , Vanessa S t r a u s s - K a h n (2009) b a n g sd' Iidu thUe chUng tU n&m 1988 ddh n a m 2006 da chflng m i n h cd Nguyen Thi Minh Hudng, ThS., Tnldng Dai hpc Ha N6i
Da dang tida mat lidng xudt Idi^u...
quan he tdn tai gifla da dang hda xulit khdu v& mflc thu nh&p, cu thd 1& cd c&'u xu&'t khdu ddu tidn se dich chuydn tfl t&p trung sang da dang, sau dd khi da dat den mdt mflc dp nh&'t dinh sd lai cd xu hUdng chuyen tU da dang sang t^p trung. Diem dat mflc dp nh&'t dinh dd 1& mflc thu nh&p GDP binh quan ddu ngUdi 1& 25.000 USD.
2. FhiloTng p h a p t i n h t o a n chi so' d a d a n g x u a t khfiu
C&c chi sd' dUdc sii dung phd bien de tinh to&n mflc dp da dang v& t&p trung xulit khdu dd 1& chi so' Gini Index-Theil Index, hay chi so' Herfindahl Index. Hai loai chi so^
n&y deu 1& nhiing chi sd' the hidn mUc dp t&p trung xudt khdu (Export Concentration), nhUng cd the dUng de xem xdt khai nidm dd'i l&p dd 1& da dang xu&'t khdu. Ngo&i hai chi so' trdn, Jing Fei Yu (2011) d& x&y dUng chi so' da dang hda xulft khdu ED (Export Diversification) de phan tich sU da dang hda xudt khau gifla Trung Qud'c va Ddng A. Chi sd' da dang hda xulit kh&u ED dUdc tinh ED=1/Hi. Jing Fei Yu cho rang neu ED <
2,5 thi cd cd^u xuat kh&u 1& t&p trung cao dp;
2,5 > ED < 10: t&p t n m g tUdng dd'i cao; 10 ^ ED > 20: tUdng dd'i da dang; ED > 20: da dang hda cao dp.
Trong b&i vidt n&y chung tdi s^ dung chi so' HI 1& chi sd' do lUdng mflc dp t&p trung xuat khdu Herfindahl Index de xem xdt khai nidm dd'i l&p 1& mflc dp da dang hda ciia xud^t khdu. Chi sd' HI dUdc tinh theo cdng thflc sau:
y=l
Trong dd:
Xj 1& kim ngach xulit khdu mat h&ng j tU Viet Nam sang Nh&t Ban.
Sj 1& ty trpng kim ngach xud^t khdu mat hang j sang Nh&t Ban trong tdng tim ngach xudt khdu cua Viet Nam sang Nh&t Ban.
Chi sd' HI cd gia tri tfl 0 ddn 1. HI c&ng Idn thi xudi khdu cang t&p trung nhieu v&o mdt so' loai mat hang nhdt dinh. NgUdc lai, HI c&ng nhd thi mflc dp da dang hda xud^t khdu c&ng cao, Tflc 1& xudt khdu dUdc phan
bd ra nhidu lo^i h&ng hda khac nhau.
Chandra,Vandana, Jessica Boccardo and Israel Osorio-Rodarte (2007) da phan th&nh c&c mflc dp nhU sau de danh gia sU da dang cua h&ng hda giao dich thUdng m^i. Ndu HI<0,05 thi qud'c gia dd cd mflc dd da dang hda xud^t khdu rdt cao;
0,05^HI^0,1: da dang hda xu&'t khdu d mtic tUdng ddi cao; 0,1<HI^0,4: cd cliu xudt nhap khdu d mflc tUdng dd'i t&p trung; HI>0,4: cd c&'u xulit khdu t&p trung rd^t cao.
Sd' lif u sii dung de tinh toan trong b&i vidt 1& so' lifu thUdng mai theo h^ thdng phan lo^i HS cd'p do 6 chfl so' gifla Vi^t Nam v& Nh&t Ban trong cd sd dfl hdu thd'ng ke h&ng hda ciia Lidn hdp qud'c - UN comtrade (United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database), gdm cd 10.582 so hdu kim ngach xulit nh&p khdu cac mat h&ng thd'ng kd HS d c^p dp 6 chfl so. Gia tri xudt khdu tinh theo gi& FOB, gia tri nh&p khdu tinh theo gi& CIF. Ddn vi tidn td 1& ddla My.
3. Mufc do d a d a n g h o a m a t hang x u a t n h a p khau gida Vidt Nam va N h a t Bail
3.1. Ddnh gid miic dd da dqng hoa theo chi sdHI
MUc dp da dang hda ciia xud^t nh&p khdu gifla Viet Nam va Nh&t Ban d U ^ the hidn h ket qua tinh to&n chi so'HI tfl nam 2001 den n&m 2010 (bang 1).
BANG 1. Chi so HI cua Vidt N a m va N h a t Ban
HI 2001 HI 2002 HI 2003 HI 2004 HI 2005 HI 2006 HI 2007 HI 2008 HI 2009 HI 2010
Viet N a m 0,0485 0,0356 0.0398 0,0362 0,0401 0,0403 0,0431 0,0830 0,0241 0,0198
Nhat Ban
0,0177 0,0082 0,0124 0,0152 0,0124 0,0094 0,0082 0,0104 0,0107 0,0086 Ngudn: Tinh toan dUa v&o sd'hdu thdng kdcua UN Comtrade.
32
Nghlin cdu Kinh tSs6404 - Thing 1/2012Da dang lioa mat lidng xuat idisfu...
So s&nh chi so'HI gifla Vidt N a m v& Nh&t B a n (bang 1) t a thIiy h&ng xud't k h d u ciia Nh&t B a n sang Vidt N a m cd mflc dp t&p t r u n g thiip hdn h&ng hda xulit khdu tU Viet N a m sang Nh&t Ban, t h e hidn d chi sd' HI cua Nh&t B a n d t&:t ca c&c n a m ddu thiip hdn ciia Vidt Nam. Cd t h e thIiy r a n g cd c&^u h&ng xua't khdu cua Nh&t B a n sang Vidt N a m da dang hdn cd c&'u h&ng Viet N a m xu&'t khdu sang Nh&t Ban. Dieu n&y ho&n to&n p h a n a n h diing ly t h u y e t da ndu d p h d n trdn 1&, c&c qud'c gia cd t r i n h dp ph&t trien cao hdn thudng cd cd c&'u h&ng hda da dang hdn. Ket qua n a y ciing p h a n a n h t i n h hinh chung cua Viet N a m nhU trong "B&o cao cud'i ciing d a n h gi& t&c ddng tdng thd khi Viet N a m trd th&nh th&nh vien cua WTO ddh t h a y ddi xuiLt nh&p khdu v& t h e che" (2008) cua Bp Cdng thUdng phd'i hdp vdi Uy b a n Chau Au, nhdm t&c gia da t i n h chi sd' Herfindahl- Hirschmann v& r u t r a k e t lu&n 1& ca xuat k h d u v& nh&p k h d u ciia Viet N a m deu chuydn mdn hda, thUdng m a i ciia Viet Nam t a p t r u n g cao dp h d n cua T r u n g Qud'c, Nh&t B a n v& mdt sd'nUdc ASEAN khac.
Ciing theo bang 1, xdt chung ca giai doan, mflc dp da dang hda cua cd cdii xudt khdu san phdm cua Viet Nam sang Nh&t Ban tuy chUa cao nhiing da dUdc cai thidn ro ret. Ndii nhU n&m 2001, chi so' HI cua Viet Nam la 0,0485 thi den nam 2010 da giam xudhg chi cdn 0,0198. N h u vay la mflc dp t&p trung h&ng hda da giam tdi gdn 2,5 Idn sau mUdi n&m. Ridng n&m 2008, chi so' HI d mflc cao nh&t, cao hdn h a n so vdi cac n&m khac, nguydn nh&n chu yd'u 1& do gia xuat khdu va lUdng xulit khdu mat hang dau thd - mpt trong nhiing mat h&ng xudt khdu chii dao cua Vidt Nam sang Nh&t Ban t&ng dot bie'n mdt each bdt thudng vao n&m 2008 theo sU bi^n ddng chung cua mat hang n&y trdn to&n thd" gidi, ddn tdi sU khac thudng cua gia tri HI so vdi cac n a m kh&c trong to&n giai doan nghidn cflu.
3.2. Ddnh gid mtic dd da dqng hoa theo thdng ke sdlttdng chung loqi mat hdng TU cd sd dfl hdu thdng kd thUdng mai HS 9 chfl so' (cd'p dp chi tidt nhd't) cua Bd Tt&i chinh Nh&t Ban, chiing tdi da tinh to&n sd' lUdng chung loai m a t h&ng xud't nh&p khdu gifla Viet Nam v& Nh&t B a n giai doan 2001 - 2010 (bang 2).
BANG 2: S o lilcfng c h i i n g l o a i m a t h a n g x u a t n h a p k h a u
N a m 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Tdng
Viet N a m -^ Nhat Ban
1473 1529 1634 1671 1793 1824 1887 1925 1957 2051 17.744
Nhat Ban
^Vidt N a m 3000 3127 3220 3239 3356 3405 3501 3522 3473 3490 33.333 Ngudn: Tinh toan dUa v&o sdhdu thdng kd
thUdng mai cua Bo Tai chinh Nh&t Ban.
Theo bang 2, sd' lUdng m a t h&ng tfl Nh&t B a n sang Viet Nam phong p h u v& da dang ve chung loai hdn rdt nhidu so vdi tfl Vidt Nam sang Nh&t Ban. N&m 2001 so'loai m a t h&ng tfl Viet Nam sang Nh&t Ban tinh theo HS cd^p dp 9 chfl sd" chi 1& 1473 m a t h&ng, trong khi dd chung loai m a t h&ng xudt khdu tfl Nh&t B a n sang Viet N a m gifp hdn 2 Idn vdi 3000 loai m a t h&ng. Cac n&m tU 2001 den 2010 ciing tUdng tU nhU v&y, vdi cac con so" tUdng ling 1&: 2002 (1529 va 3127); 2003 (1634 v& 3220); 2004 (1671 v& 3239); 2005 (1793 v& 3356); 2006 (1824 v& 3405); 2007 (1887 v& 3501); 2008 (1925 va 3522); 2009 (1957 v& 3473); 2010 (2051 v& 3490). NhU v&y, sau 10 n&m Vidt Nani da t&ng dUdc 578
Da dang hda mat hdng xud't khiu...
m a t h&ng, tU 1473 len tdi 2051 chiing lo^i m a t h&ng. Nh&t B a n cung t&ng dU(?c thdm 490 mat h&ng tfl 3000 len 3490 m&t h&ng sau 10 n a m . Tdm lai, vd cd b a n ca hai nUdc deu t&ng ve chung loai m&t h&ng qua c&c n&m, gifla h a i nUdc ng&y cang cd thdm nhidu m a t h&ng xu&'t k h d u v& nh&p k h d u mdi.
Xdt vd td'c dp t&ng thi Nh&t B a n t&ng ch&m hdn, vi Nh&t B^n vd'n da xu&'t ph&t vdi sd' lUdng chiing loai m&t h a n g kh& cao tU n&m 2001 d& 1& 3000 m&t h&ng, nhieu hdn g&'p h a i Idn Vidt N a m ciing n&m dd. Ddn n&m 2010, Viet N a m dat 2051 m a t h&ng, nhUng v&n t h u a xa so vdi con sd' 3000 cua Nh&t Ban c&ch dd 10 n&m 1& n&m 2001.
C&c ket qua danh gia mflc dp da dang hda theo thd'ng kd sd' lUdng chiing loai m a t h&ng ciing ho&n to&n phfl hdp vdi kdt qua tinh toan chi so' HI d p h d n trdn.
3.3. Ddnh gid miic dp da dqng hoa theo ty trpng cdc mat hdng chii yiu
BANG 3: MUdri m a t h a n g x u a t k h a u
Ngo&i c&ch d&nh gi& theo chi sd^ HI v&
theo thd'ng kd sd' lUqtng chiing loai m&t h&ng, mpt c&ch ti^p c&n k h a c nfla k h i xem xdt mflc dp da dang hda c&c m&t h&ng xud^t khdu ciia m^t qudc gia dd 1& xem xdt ty trpng ciia mpt so' m ^ t h&ng chii ydu trong tdng kim ngach xu&'t khdu. Ndii ty trpng n&y c&ng cao thi chflng td qud'c gia dd t&p t r u n g chu yeu v&o mpt sd' m^t h&ng chinh. NgU^c lai, ty trpng n&y c&ng nhd chiing td qud'c gia dd ph&n bd kim ngach r a nhidu loai m a t h&ng khac n h a u . Ndu mpt nUdc m& kim ngach cua mpt so' it m&t h&ng chii yd'u chidm ty trpng qua Idn trong tdng kim ngach xulit khdu, thi ndn kinh te sd d l bi a n h hudng. Chi cdn mpt hoac mdt so' m a t h&ng chii chdt n&o dd hi bien dpng biCt ldi ve gia ca, hay s a n lUdng s a n xudt, s a n lU^ng xudt k h d u se ngay l&p tUc a n h hudng x&^u tdi n g u d n t h u ngoai td, c&n c&n t h a n h t o a n th&m chi a n h hUdng den to&n bp ndn k i n h t e ciia qudc gia dd.
c h u y e u c i i a V i e t N a m s a n g N h a t B a n
Vi tri xep hang
N a m 2001 N a m 2002 N a m 2003 N a m 2004 N a m 2005 N a m 2006 N a m 2007 N a m 2008 N a m 2009 N a m 2010
M a H S 2 chuf so'*
1
27 03 03 85 85 85 85 27 85 85
2 62 62 85 03 27 27 27 85 27 62
3 03 85 27 27 03 03 62 62 63 84
4
85 27 62 62 62 62 03 03 03 03
6
94 94 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 27
6 61 84 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 61
7
84 16 16 16 16 16 44 44 61 94
8
64 61 61 64 64 64 64 61 64 87
9
16 64 64 61 61 44 16 64 16 64
10
63 44 44 44 44 61 61 16 44 44
Tong K N X K (tri^u U S D ) 2.118,9 2.014,7 2.512,4 3.107,6 3.663,2 4.152,3 4.727,7 7.277,0 5.234,0 5.852,9
Ty tr9ng
(%) 81,4 79,7 81,2 80,1 80,1 78,5 77,2 80,0 75,3 71,6 Ngudn: Tinh toan dUa trdn sdhdu thdng kd
* HS03: Thuy hai sin; HS16: Chef phim tit thit, cd; HS27: Nhiea heu k h o ^ dftu khodng vk die sin phin chung cA tit chting; HS44: Gd; HS61: Quin ko va hkng may mac j^u trd, det kim hoac mdc; HS62: Quin io vk hang may mac phu tid, khdng det kim hoac mdc; HS63: Cic hkng det da hoin thien khic, bd vii, quin io det cu vi cic loai hing det cu khic, vii vun; HSW: Giiy dep; HS84: L6 phan ling hat iihin, ndi hd; HS85: Thia hi dien tfr, HS>4: D^
34
Nghlin cdu Kinh tis6404 - Thing 1/2012Da dang hda mat hdng xuat khau...
Bang 3 cho thdy, mflc dp da dang hda san phdm xu&:t khdu cua Vidt Nam sang Nh&t B a n cdn tUdng dd'i thdp, nhUng dang dUdc cai thidn. Mudi nhdm h&ng xu&'t khdu Idn nh&'t cua Vidt Nam sang Nh&t Ban n&m 2001 chidm tdi 81,4% tdng kim ngach xu&'t khdu, nhUng den n a m 2010 ty trpng n&y giam xuo'ng chi cdn 71,6%. Day 1& ddu hidu cho th&'y sU cai thidn vd da dang hda cd clfu mat h&ng xud^t, khdu cua Vidt Nam. Trong ca giai doan, khoang 70% den 80% h&ng xu&'t khdu ciia Viet Nam t&p trung v&o c&c m a t h&ng thiet bi didn tfl (HS85), thiiy h a i san (HS03), nhidn hdu khoang, ddu khoang v& c&c san phdm BANG 4: T y t r o n g 5 m a t h a n g x u a t k h a u
chUng cdt t u chiing (HS27), h&ng may mac (HS61, HS62, HS63), gidy ddp (HS64), do ndi th&'t (HS94)... Trong dd c&c nhdm h&ng ludn ddn ddu ve kim ngach trong sud't 10 n a m dd 1&
h&ng didn t^, nhidn lieu khoang, ddu khoang, h&ng may mac, thuy hai san.
Bang 4 the hidn mflc dp t&p trung v&o 5 mat h&ng xudt khdu nhidu nhdt v&o thi tnldng Nh&t Ban cua Viet Nam v& My, H&n Qud'c, Trung Qud'c, Thai Lan, C&mpuchia.
Day 1& nhiing qud'c gia cd trinh dp ph&t tridn tUdng dd'i khac nhau, ndn cd thd de so s&nh v&
phan tich c&c dac diem kh&c biet ve mflc dp da dang hda xudt khdu so vdi Viet Nam.
Idn n h a t v a o N h a t B a n c u a m o t s o q u o c g i a
My
Han Qudc Trung Qudc Thai Lan Viet Nam Campuchia
N a m 2001 Ma
mat
• 84 n 85 85 85 27 64
HS 2 chuT s6'2 ciia 5 , h a n g CO KNXK Idn
la't v&o N h a t B a n 85
27 62 84 62 03
90 84 61 03 03 44
02 72 84 16 85 61
10 03 27 99 94 62
Tdng t^
t r o n g (%) 51,59 65,83 52,39 54,02 65,58 98,65
N a m 2010 Ma HS 2 chuf so' c u a 6 m a t h a n g c o KNXK Idn
n h a t v a o N h a t B a n 84
85 85 85 85 64
85 27 84 84 62 62
90 72 61 40 84 61
10 84 62 16 03 89
30 39 95 87 27 87
Ty t r o n g (%) 46,04 62,85 58,93 53,80 52,53 99,02 Nguon: Tinh toan dila vao sd heu tho'ng kd cua UN Comtrade.
Theo bang 4, n h i n chung t d t ca cac qud'c gia, trfl T r u n g Qud'c cd xu hUdng giam bdt mflc dp p h u thuoc v&o 5 m a t h&ng xudt k h d u chinh t h e hidn d ty trpng ciia 5 m a t h&ng n&y giam tfl n a m 2001 ddh n a m 2010.
TrUdng hdp Viet Nam, s a u 10 n a m da giam dUdc dang ke ty trpng cua 5 m a t h&ng xudt k h d u chu lUc. D a n g lUu y 1& s a u 10 nam, danh sach 5 m a t h&ng cd kim ngach Idn nh&t cua Viet N a m k h d n g t h a y ddi, vdn 1& 5 m a t h&ng HS27, HS62, H S 0 3 , HS85, HS94.
Tuy v&y, vd thfl til t h i cd sfl t h a y ddi, cu thd ndu n h u n&m 2001, m a t h a n g HS27 (chu ydu 1& ddu thd) 1& m a t h&ng cd kim ngach xu&:t k h d u Idn nhd't, t h i deh n a m 2010 m a t h&ng n&y t u t xudhg vi t r i thfl 5; t h a y v&o dd, m a t h&ng HS85 (thidt bi didn, dien tii) vUdn Idn ddn ddu. Td't ca cac qud'c gia trong bang
4 (trU Campuchia) deu cd m a t h&ng HS85 trong danh s&ch top 5, cho thdy mat h&ng thiet bi didn, didn tfl ng&y c&ng cd vai trd q u a n trpng trong thUdng mai qud'c te.
^ HS02: Thit vi i^u phim dang thit an dudC sau giEi md; HS03:
Qi vi ddng vit giip xic, ddng vit thin m ^ hoac ddng vft th&y sinh khdng xiKAig sdng khic; HSIO: Ngu cdc, HSld: Qic chk p h ^ tit thit, ci; HS27: Nhien lieu khoing, diu khoing vi cic sin phim chmig cit tit chung, cic dlit chua bitum; HS30: Dupe phim; HS39: Plastic vi cic sin phim bang plastic; HSIO: Cao SU vi cic sin phim bang cao su; HS44: Gd vi cic mat hing bang gd; than tit gd; HS72: S^ vi th£p, HS84: L5 phin ^ hat nhin, ndi hoi, miy vi trang tiM, bi od khi; cic bd {liin cfia chung; HS85:Thifi hi dien t&vi cic bd phin cfla chflng,'HS87:
Xe cd trit thi€i bi chay btn duomg xe luca hoac xe dien, cic bd {jiin vi phu tiing c ^ chdng; HS89: Tau thiy thuy^nvi cic k^
ciu ndi; HS90: Dung cu, tbid b i vi miy quang hoc, nhi£fp inh, dien inh, do ludtig, idim tea dd chinh xic, HS94: D6 ndi thit (giu5t)g ti, bin gh£f...); HS95: D6 choi, dung cu ding dio cic trd chd vi thi thao; cic bd phMvi phu tilng cua chung, HS99:
Cic di^ukhoinfiiinloairii^.
Da dang h6a mat hdng xud't kh^u...
My cd ty trpng 5 m a t h&ng xulft k h i u chinh t h ^ p hdn ca so vdi c&c qud'c gia kh&c, trong khi dd C&mpuchia 1& qud'c gia cd mflc dp t&p t r u n g xu&'t k h i u nh&'t. Dieu n&y cung p h a n a n h dung ly thuydt bdi My 1&
qud'c gia cd trinh d^ p h a t t r i i n cao nh&^t, C&mpuchia 1& nUdc cd trinh dp ph&t trien th&'p nh&'t. Chi tinh ridng kim ngach ciia 5 m a t h&ng d&n d i u ciia C&mpuchia da chid^m tdi 98,65% n&m 2001 v& 99,02% n a m 2010 tong kim ngach xu&'t k h i u ciia C&mpuchia sang Nh&t Ban. Dieu n&y cho th&'y sU yeii kdm trong da dang hda m a t h&ng ciia C&mpuchia va l&m cho xulTt k h i u nUdc n&y v&o Nh&t Ban phu thuoc qu& Idn v&o 5 m a t h&ng chu chdt n&y.
4. M o t s o di x u a t d a y m a n h d a d a n g h o a m a t h a n g x u a t k h a u c i i a V i e t N a m s a n g N h a t B a n
NgUdi tidu dflng Nh&t B a n Ua chudng sU da dang cua s a n p h i m . Khi v&o mdt sieu thi cua Nh&t B a n ngUdi t a se h i n h dung dUdc tinh da dang ciia s a n p h i m . Thi du cflng 1&
mdt mat h&ng dau gdi d i u , nhUng cd vd sd' c&c chiing loai khac n h a u ve th&nh p h i n , m l u s&c, hUdng thdm... Do v&y, da dang ve m&u ma, phong p h u ve chiing loai s a n ph&m, khai thac diem m a n h , t i n h doc d&o san p h i m cua minh 1& chia khda mang lai th&nh cdng cho h&ng hda v&o thi trUdng tUdng dd'i "ky tinh" n&y. Di tkng cUdng xulft k h i u v&o Nh&t B a n mdt each b e n viing, Viet N a m c i n cd chien lUdc da dang hda h&ng x u ^ t k h i u .
V&y l&m t h e n&o de cd t h i da dang hda san p h i m xulit k h i u sang thi trUdng Nh&t Ban? TrUdc hdt, da dang hda xul^t k h i u cd q u a n he chat chd vdi thUdng mai h a n g hda t r u n g gian^ Nghien cflu cua Aleksandra v&
Massimo (2008) da n i t r a kdt lu&n r a n g sU gia t&ng ve cac loai yd'u td' h&m lUdng cd t h i svL dung dUdc cua mdt qud'c gia, hoac sU giam gia ca yd'u to' h&m lUdng cua mdt qud'c gia se d i n tdi da dang hda ve chung loai
h&ng hda cd t h i s&n xulit dUdc cua qudc gia dd. Ngo&i ra, nghidn cflu thflc chting cua Amurgo-Pacheco v& Pierola (2008) ciing da chflng minh r^ng, thUdng mai h&ng hda t r u n g gian nhU p h u tflng, linh ki^n... sd xiic tidn qua t r i n h da dang hda xulit k h i u . Cilng vdi sU t u do hda thUdng mai, thud^ quan doi vdi h&ng hda t r u n g gian v& cac r&o can thUdng mai kh&c dUdc giam bdt, chi phi thUdng mai giam sd d i n tdi thuc d i y vi§c nh&p k h i u c&c h&ng hda t r u n g gian quoc gia dd khdng s a n xu&'t dUdc do h a n chd^ ve trinh dp ky thu&t ho&c chi phi s a n xulit qua Idn.
Nhd v&y qudc gia dd cd the s a n x u i t cac mat h&ng x u i t k h i u m& ddi hdi p h a i cd d i u v&o 1& c&c h&ng hda t r u n g gian dd, tfl dd d i n tdi da dang hda x u i t k h i u . Do v&y, Viet Nam mud'n da dang hda x u i t k h i u sang Nh&t B a n c i n p h a i thiic d i y thUdng mai h&ng hda t r u n g gian b a n g each t h u c d i y sfl tU do hda thUdng mai de giam bdt t h u e quan ddi vdi cac h&ng hda t r u n g gian va giam bdt cac rao can kh&c.
Cac nUdc cd t h u n h ^ p t h i p nhd anh hudng lan t r u y e n tfl c&c nUdc ph&t trien ve ky thu&t cdng nghd s a n x u i t nhiing san p h i m c h i t l U ^ g cao, n d n se d i n nang cao c h i t lUdng s a n p h i m . Ngo&i ra, ndu gia sii 1& mpi t h u nh&p k h o n g dU<?c p h a n bo dong deu trong mpt nUdc, t h i n h u c i u doi vdi cac san p h i m trong v& ngo&i nUdc k h a c nhau se ng&y c&ng phong p h u . Di dap ting cac nhu c i u n&y, h&ng hda dU^c s a n x u i t r a trong nUdc sd da d a n g h d n de dap iing mdt phan n h u c i u trong nUdc v& x u i t k h i u , d i n tdi t a n g thUdng mai npi ng&nh cua cflng mot loai s a n p h i m , ' nhUng cd c h i t lUdng hoac kieu d a n g k h a c n h a u . Do v&y, mdt bidn
^ Khii niem, phudug phip tinh toin, k€ft qui tioh toin hing hda trung gian tham khio Nguyen Thi Minh Hudng (2011),
"Xuit nhip khiu tu lieu sin xuit, hing hda tnmg giao, hing tieu diing giiia Nhit Bin vdi Viet Nam vi mdt s^
qutfc gia khic d Chiu A". Tap chf Nghidn cthi Ddng Bac A sd 9 (127) nam 2011, tr. 30 - 39.
36
Nghiin cdu Kinh t§s6404 - Thing 1/2012Da dang Ii6a mat hdng xuat khau...
ph&p nfla d l da dang hda m a t h&ng x u i t kh&u chinh 1& t h a m gia sau rdng hdn nfla v&o p h a n cdng lao ddng qud'c t e v& kich c i u trong nude. Vdi sU ho trd ciia Chinh phii, hidp hdi ng&nh h&ng, c&c doanh nghidp x u i t k h i u cua Vidt N a m c i n chu ddng hdn nfla trong vide nghien cflu, tim h i i u c&c n h u c i u da dang, khac n h a u cua thi trUdng Nh&t Ban. Lien tuc cai tidn sao cho h&ng hda cd m l u ma da dang phong p h u di t h u h u t dUdc ngUdi tieu dilng Nh&t Ban.
Ben canh dd, doanh nghidp Viet Nam c i n p h a i cd m&y mdc, thidt bi s a n xu&'t hidn dai v& nguon n h a n lUc cd c h i t lUdng di cd the tao r a dUdc nhieu loai s a n p h i m phfl hdp vdi n h u c i u ciia doanh nghidp v& ngUdi tidu dflng t a i thi trUdng Nh&t Ban. C i n ph&t tridn cai bidn, s&ng tao r a nhieu loai san ph&m tfl nhiing s a n p h i m s a n cd, ddng thdi nh&p k h i u cdng nghd de s a n xu&'t r a nhieu loai s a n ph&m ciing loai, phong p h u ve chung loai v& m&u ma tfl nhiing san p h i m thd deh s a n p h i m qua che bid'n. D&y cung 1&
mdt trong nhiing phUdng thflc can b a n de n a n g cao sflc canh t r a n h t r d n thi trUdng.
Nhieu nh& s a n x u i t Nh&t B a n da tim each da dang hda s a n p h i m . Thi du, m a t h&ng didn tfl cua Nh&t B a n chiem Enh h i u h e t c&c t h i t n l d n g cua cac nUdc t r d n thd^ gidi. Cd dUde th&nh qua n&y 1& do chidh lUdc cua ngUdi sang lap ndu r a phUdng cham "Hay s a n x u i t r a th&t n h i e u c&c s a n p h i m didn tfl di d&p iing ydu c i u kh&c n h a u cua ngUdi tidu diing'"*.
Tdm lai, r u i ro k h i p h u thuoc v&o mdt so' lUdng h a n chd^ cac m a t h&ng x u i t kh&u da trd ndn ro r&ng, dac biet trong bd'i canh ng&y c&ng t u do hda thUdng m a i v& canh t r a n h gifla cac s a n p h i m t r d n t h i trUdng t h e gidi ng&y cang khd'c hdt. Vide da dang hda cac m a t h&ng xul't k h i u vao t h i trUdng Nh&t B a n - mdt trong nhiing t h i trUdng m& ngUdi tidu dilng ydu thich sU da dang, doe d&o, kh&c bidt 1& chia k h d a di d i y m a n h x u i t
k h i u v&o thi trUdng Nh&t B a n mdt c&ch ben vflng. Viet Nam c i n thflc hidn c&c bidn ph&p trdn di cd t h i x u i t k h i u c&c san p h i m ng&y c&ng da dang d&p flng mpi n h u c i u cua mpi dd'i tUdng tidu dflng Nh&t Ban.
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
1. Aleksandra Parteka and Massimo Tamberi (2008),
"Detemiinants of export diversification An Empirical Investigation" Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Economia Quaderno di Ricerca No.327.
2. Amurgo- Pacheco, Alberto and Pierola. Martha Denisse (2008). "Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries: Intensive and Extensive Margins". World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series. Vol. 4473.
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khi Viet Nam trd thinh thanh vien cia WTO d^n thay ddi xuit nhip khiu vi thd chd", ChUdng 2: Tic ddng tdi hoat ddng ngoai thUdng, tr.51-117.
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Mimeograph: The World Bank.
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6. Nguydn Thi Minh Huong, Siinkuma Takayoshi (2008), "The Flow of E-waste Material in the Asian Region and a Reconsideration of International Trade Policies on E-waste" Tap chi khoa hoc qudc t^
Environmental Impact Assessment Review s6 29, ngiy 16-6-2008, tr. 25-31.
7. Nguydn Thi Minh Hudng (2009), 'Tic ddng cua cudc khung hoang kinh td toin ciu tdi xuit khiu cua Viet Nam sang Nhit Bin vi mdt s6 giii phip" Tap chi Kinh teddi ngoai s6 37 nam 2009, tr.36-42.
8. Nguydn Thi Minh Huong (2011), "Cd ciu thuong mai Vi^ Nam- Nhat Bin giai doan 2000 - 2009 " Tap chi Nghien ciiu kinh tes6 8 (399) thing 8-2011, ir. 69-78.
9. Nguydn Thi Minh Hudng (2011), "Xuit nhip khiu tu Ueu sin xuit, hing hda trung gian, hing tieu ding giita Nhat Bin vdi Viet Nam vi mdt s^ qudc gia khic d Chau A". Tap chi Nghien cucu Ddng Bac As6 9 (127) nam 2011, pp. 30-39.
10. Lennart Petarsson. (2005). "Export Divasification And Intra-Industry Trade in South Africa" South AMcan Journal of Economics, vol.73 (4), pp. 785-802.
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* Phong thUdng mai vi cdng nghidp \^et Nam (2001),
"Kinh doanh vdi thj trudng Nhit Ban", Nxb Lao ddng.
