LOI ICH OUOC Gin TRONG CnNH TftnNH QUVCN LUC
TH€0 T H U V I T H I € N THUCPhan Thj Thu Dung*
Tom tat: Theo cdc nhd Hien thuc, cdc qudc gia khdng ngimg cgnh tranh quyin luc lan nhau trong quan he qudc te nhdm mtic dich cudi cung la phuc vu lgi ich qudc gia, ddm bdo an ninh vd su ton tgi cua minh. Quyin lire vira Id muc tiiu md cdc qudc gia ludn theo dudi vira la mdt cong cid vd phuang tien quan trong de thuc hiin vd bdo ve lgi ich qudc gia. Bdi viit se ldm ro khdi mem vd cdc ndi hdm cua lgi ich qudc gia, phdn tich vai trd vd vi tri cua lgi ich qudc gia trong cgnh tranh quyen lire gitra cdc qudc gia theo quan diem cua ly thuyet Hien thuc; phdn tich nhiing ndi dung ca bdn cua thuyet Hien thgc ve cgnh tranh quyen luc trong quan hi qudc te.
Tir khoa: Lgi ich quoc gia, an ninh qudc gia, quyen luc, cgnh tranh quyen luc, he thong qudc te, thuyet Hien thuc
Abstract: According to Realists, countries are constantly competing for each other's power in international relations with the ultimate aim ofsei-ving national interests, ensuring their security and survival. Power is both a goal that countries pursue and an important tool to realize and protect national interests. The article will clarify the concept and component parts of national interests, analyze the role of national interests in power competition among countries in opinion of realist theory; analyze the basic contents of realist theory on power competition in international relations.
Key words: national interests, national security, power, power competition, international system, realist theory
C u p c canh tranh quyen luc va gianh gat va quyet Iiet. Lpi ich qudc gia la nguyen giat anh hudng giira cac qudc gia trong quan tac chi dao va cd vai trd chi phdi d i n mgi he qudc t i hien nay diln ra ngay mdt gay hoat ddng cua qudc gia trong quan he qudc
te. Cac trudng phai ly luan ve ca ban d i u cd NCS, Hoc vien Ngoai giao
\[hgn bdi ngdy: 27/W/20L '^hdn bien xong 18/3/2019 Chdp nhgn ddng 5/5/2019
Nhgn bdi ngdy: 27/10/2018 gia. Theo dd, lai ich quoc gia la muc tieu Phdn bien xong 18/3/2019
quan diem ddng nhat ve van de Ipi ich qudc gia. Theo dd, lgi ich qudc gia la muc tieu cao nhat ma tat ca cac qudc gia theo dudi
'Vdu dj&ttg, hanh Uut^...
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trong quan he qudc te, dii che do chinh tri cd la gi thi cac qudc gia khi tham gia vao quan he qudc te diu hanh dpng vi lpi ich qudc gia ciia minh. Lgi ich qudc gia - dan tdc la nguyen tac chi dao xuyen sudt trong viec hoach dinh va trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia hau het cac qudc gia tren the gidi.
Lpi ich cua cac quoc gia khac nhau khdng phai hoan toan khac biet trong mgi trudng hgp, song su da dang ve rauc tieu, muc dich va su theo dudi cac lgi ich rieng ciia qudc gia la can nguyen cua mgi van de xung dot va hpp tac ciing nhu chien tranh va hda binh tren the gidi. Cho dii cac muc tieu ban diu dat ra la gi thi trong quan he qudc te, cac qudc gia deu hudng tdi viec tdi da hda igi ich qudc gia hay la nhiing kha nang ma hg cd the dat dugc. Bai viet tim hieu khai niem va cac ndi ham ciia lpi ich qudc gia, phan tich vai trd va vi tri cua lgi ich qudc gia trong canh tranh quyen lyc giiia cac qudc gia theo quan diem cua ly thuyet Hien thuc;
phan tich nhiing ndi dung ca ban ciia thuyet Hien thuc ve canh tranh quyen luc trong quan he quoc te.
1. Khai niem va noi ham lpi ich qudc gia
JChdi niem loi ich quoc gia Lgi ich qudc gia la mpt khai niem ca ban trong khoa hpc ve quan he qudc te, la yeu td quan trpng dinh hinh len chinh sach ddi ngoai cua mdt qudc gia va la cdng cu quan trpng de phan tich chinh sach ddi ngoai.
Trong quan he qudc te, phuc vy Ipi ich qudc
gia dan tdc ngay cang trd thanh nguyen tac tdi thupng trong viec hoach dinh va hien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia mgi quoc gia.
Chmh sach ddi ngoai va hanh vi cua mdt qudc gia ludn dupe xac dinh dya tren lpi ich cua qudc gia dd, dupe trien khai nham dat dupe va tdi da hda cac myc tieu ciia lpi ich qudc gia. Tuy nhien, khai niem vi lgi Ich qudc gia cho den nay van chua dat dupe sy ddng nhat rdng rai trong gidi hpc gia va hoach dinh chinh sach.
Su phat trien cua Ipi ich qudc gia gan lien vdl qua trinh hinh thanh, phat hiin va tuang tac lan nhau giiia cac qudc gia hien dai. Mac dii cd qua trinh phat trien lau dai nhung thuat ngii lgi ich qudc gia van cdn la mpt khai niem mdi, lan dau tien dugc sir dung nhu mdt thuat ngu khaa hpc trong gidi khoa hpc My nam 1935. Theo Neuchterlein, thuat ngii "lgi ich qudc gia" dupe cac chinh khach va hpc gia sir dyng tir khi cac qudc gia - dan tdc dugc hinh thanh de mieu ta nhiing tham vgng va muc tieu ciia cac qudc gia chu quyen tren trudng qudc te^ Cac hpc gia Lerche va Said thi cho rang, Ipi ich qudc gia la muc tieu dai han va lien tuc ma cac qudc gia, dan tdc va cac chinh phii theo dudi^. Lgi ich qudc gia, theo nhu Van Dyke dinh nghTa, la lgi ich ma cac qudc gia ludn tim each bao ve hoac dat dugc trong quan he vdi qudc gia
Donald E. Neuchterlein (1976), "National interest and foreign policy; A conceptual framework for analysis and decision-making", British Journal of International Studies, Vol.2, No.3, p.246.
^ Charles O. Lerche, Abdul A. Said (1963), Concepts of International Politics, New Jersey: Prentice - Hall.
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khac . Cdn theo hpc gia Morgenthau, trong mgt the gidi ma nhieu qudc gia ddi lap va canh tranh nhau gianh quyen luc thi sy tdn tai ciia qudc gia la dieu kien tdi thieu va quan trpng nhat. Do vay, y nghia ciia lpi ich qudc gia la su tdn tai, bao ve ban sac tu nhien, chinh tri va van hda cua mdt qudc gia khdi su xam pham cua cac qudc gia khac, Sy ddc lap va toan ven lanh thd la lpi ich quan trpng hang dau, dupe dat tren tSt ca cac lpi ich khac. Qudc gia khdng tdn tai thi se khdng cd lgi ich nao het, do vay muc tieu tdi thugng cua qudc gia la duy tri sy tdn tai ciia rainh"*.
Trong Tir dien quan he qudc ti. Piano va Olton dinh nghia lgi ich qudc gia la "muc tiiu ca bdn vd nhdn td quyet dinh cudi ciing trong viec hogch dinh chinh sdch ddi ngogi.
Lgi ich qudc gia Id khdi niem cd tinh khdi qudt hda cao bao gdm nhimg nhu cdu sdng cdn cua qudc gia do. Dd la tu bdo ve doc lap, todn ven lanh tho, an ninh qudn su vd thinh vugng ve kinh te "
Ddi vdi cac nha Hien thuc, lpi ich qudc gia la muc tieu cudi cung ma cac qudc gia theo dudi trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia khac, va nd phai dat dugc bang bat ky gia nao, bit ky phuang tien nao tham chi la bang vii luc va chien tranh.
^ Van Dyke (1962), "Values and Interests", American Political Science Review,'Ho. 56, pp. 567-576.
"* Hans J. Morgenthau (1951), In Defense of the National Interest; A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy, New York: Alfred A.
Knopf.
^ Jack C. Piano, Roy Olton (1982), The International Relations Dictionary, California: ABC-CILO Santa Barbarra, Third edition, p.9.
Nhu vay, cd the thay quan diem ciia cac hgc gia ve lpi ich qudc gia kha da dang. Tuy nhien, cd mdt diem chung trong cac quan diem tren dd la Ipi ich qudc gia la nhirng muc tieu, muc dich, Igi ich cao nhat ma mgt qudc gia ludn cd gang theo dudi, baa ve trang quan he vdi cac qudc gia khac. O Viet Nara, cac thuat ngii Igi ich qudc gia, lpi ich dan tdc va lpi ich qudc gia - dan tdc dugc xac dinh cd chung ndi hara va dugc sir dung thay the Ian nhau. Theo dd, lgi ich qudc gia la "lgi ich chung cua cdng ddng nhirng nguai sdng trin mot ddt nu&c, cd chung ngudn gdc, lich su, phong tuc tap qudn vd phdn nhieu cdn chung cd tieng ndi, chic
viet"
Noi hdm loi ich quoc gia
Viec xac dinh nhiing ndi dung cu the, ndi ham cua khai niem lgi ich qudc gia khdng he la cdng viec de dang. Tham chi, trong sd nhiing hgc gia theo phai Hien thyc ciing cd nhiing each tiep can va quan niera khac nhau ve ndi ham ciia lgi ich qudc gia.
Ngay ca mgt nha tu tudng Idn cua phai Hien thyc nhu Hans Morgenthau ciing chua dua ra dugc nhiing ly giai ro rang va nhit quan ve nhimg ndi dung va ndi ham cu the cua lgi ich qudc gia. Theo Morgenthau, lgi ich qudc gia bao gdm hai thanh td ca ban: i) nhimg yeu td thiet yeu hay sdng cdn ciia Igi ich quoc gia va ii) nhimg yeu td cd the thay ddi. Chimg nao the gidi cdn phan chia thanh cac quoc
* Duong Van Quang, Vu Duong Huan (chu bien) (2002), Tit diin thudt ngu ngogi giao Viet - Anh - Phdp, Nxb. T h i gioi. Ha Ngi, tr 63.
^du ddag. hanh lang....
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gia, thi yeu td thiet yeu trong lgi ich qudc gia dd la dam bao sy tdn tai ciia qudc gia . Nhirng yeu td cd the thay ddi cita Igi ich qudc gia dugc xac dinh trong nhiing thdi gian va hoan canh cu the, chiu tac dpng ciia nhieu nhan td nhu y kien cdng chiing, cac nhdm lpi ich, cac dang phai chinh tri, cac tap quan chinh tri va dao dire ciia qudc gia^. Tuy vay, ca Morgenthau va nhiing ngudi theo phai Hien thuc trong gidi hpc thuat ciing nhu trang gidi hoach dinh chinh sach deu chua xac dinh ro rang nhiing npi dung cu the ciia khai niem lpi ich qudc gia.
Lgi ich qudc gia ban than nd khdng phai la rapt khai niem "tinh", ngi ham cua khai niem nay cd the thay ddi theo thdi gian va trong nhiing bdi canh cy thd. Trong nhiing thdi ky khac nhau va trong nhiing bdi canh khac nhau, mgt qudc gia se xac dinh ndi dung ciia Ipi ich qudc gia khac nhau, ddng thdi viec hoach dinh va phuong thirc trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai de dat dugc Igi ich dd trong nhiing thdi diem khac nhau ciia radt qudc gia ciing rat khac nhau. Do vay, viec xac dinh nhung ngi hara cu the ciia lgi ich qudc gia trong mpt thai diem nhat dinh la rat khd bdi sy tuong tac Ian nhau rat phii'c tap giiia cac chu the tham gia vao qua trinh hoach dinh va trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia mdt qudc gia.
^ Hans J. Morgenthau (1952), "Another 'Great Debate': The National Interest of the United States", The American Political Science Review, XLVI, p.972.
^ Hans J. MQig,eni\\3LVi{\961), Politics among Nations, 4'^ ed.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2. Lgi ich quoc gia trong canh tranh quyen lire theo ly thuyit Hien thuc
Lgi ich qudc gia la khai niem trpng tam trong ly thuyet cua trudng phai Hien thyc trang quan he qudc te. Nhiing ngudi theo phai Hien thuc lap luan rang tat ca cac qudc gia khi tham gia vao quan he qudc te deu nham theo dudi lpi ich qudc gia ciia minh.
Lgi ich qudc gia quyet dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia mdt qudc gia, va vi quan he quoc te ludn trong tinh trang ddi dau va canh tranh ve quyen lyc nen lgi ich qudc gia dugc dinh nghTa dya tren cac yeu td cua quyen luc. Ddi vdi cac nha Hien thuc, lgi ich qudc gia la myc tieu cudi ciing ma cac qudc gia theo dudi trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia khac, va nd phai dat dugc bang bat ky gia nao, bat ky phuong tien nao tham chi la bang vu lyc va chien tranh.
Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi Hien thyc chii nghTa, van de quyen lyc va canh tranh quyen lyc giiia cac qudc gia la van de ca ban va cdt ldi nhat ciia quan he qudc te. Chinh tri qudc te, theo quan diem ciia Morgenthau, gidng nhu tat ca cac loai hinh chinh tri khac, la cupc dau tranh gianh quyen luc giua cac qudc gia. Bat ke muc dich cudi cung ciia chinh tri qudc te la gi, quyen luc ludn la muc dich trudc mat^. Nhiing ngudi theo chu nghTa Hien thyc cho rang, van de an ninh qudc gia ludn la mdi quan tam hang dau va la vin di quan trpng nhat ddi vdi mdt qudc gia trong quan he qudc te. Hpc gia John Mearsheiraer Hans J. Morgenthau (1954), Politics among Nations, New York: Alfred A Knopf, p.25.
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cho rang, trong he thdng vd chinh phii cac qudc gia tim each duy tri su sdng cdn thdng qua viec tdi da hda quyen lyc cua rainh so vdi cac qudc gia khac"*. Fareed Zakaria lap luan rang, ddi vdi rapt qudc gia giai phap tdt nhat cho van de bat dinh ciia ddi sdng qudc te la viec tang cudng sy kiim soat ddi vdi radi trudng dd, thdng qua su thudng xuyen md rdng cac lgi ich chinh tri ciia qudc gia d ben ngoai". Ngaai viec dam bao an nmh qudc gia, cac qudc gia tranh gianh quyen lyc ciing nham tdi da cac lgi ich khac cd tinh vat chat hon chang han nhu thuang mai, tai chinh trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia khac.
Cac qudc gia su dyng quyen luc ciia minh de phuc vu cac Igi ich va hien thyc hda cac muc tieu ciia hp trong quan he qudc te.
Mdt dieu hien nhien la, vdi mdt sire manh hay quyen lyc Idn hon thi mpt qudc gia se cd the de dang bao ve cac lgi ich ciia minh hon, cd nhieu ca hdi de hien thyc hda va dat dupe cac rauc tieu, myc dich ciia minh hon trong quan he vdi qudc gia khac. Theo nhu Baldwin, vdi viec cd dugc nhieu ngudn lyc hon se giiip cho mgt qudc gia lara dugc nhieu thii hon, do la cd the gay anh hudng len nhieu chii the han va cd the tac ddng dupe din nhiiu vin di hon'^. Noi each khac, cac qudc gia su dung quyen luc de tac ddng
'" John J. Mearsheimer (1990), "Back to the Future:
Instability in Europe after the Cold War", International Security, 15(1), p. 12.
" Fareed Zakaria (1998), from Wealth to Power; The Unusual Origins of America's World Role, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p.20.
'^ David A. Baldwin (2016), Power and International Relations. A Conceptual Approach, New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, p 71.
len cac qudc gia khac nham dat dugc cac myc dich va myc tieu cua minh, quyen luc la phuang tien de dam baa cho lgi ich cua qudc gia trong quan he qudc te.
Neu quyen luc dugc cac nha Hien thyc chii nghTa cd dien cho la muc tieu cudi cung ciia cac qudc gia trong quan he qudc te, thi ddi vdi cac nha Hien thuc mdi hay cac nha Hien thyc cau tnic, quyin lyc dupe coi la mdt phuang tien de dat dugc cac muc tieu, Igi ich cudi cung cua qudc gia ma quan trgng nhat la sy tdn vang cua rainh. Tuy nhien, quan diem ve mii'c dp quyen luc ma qudc gia nen theo dudi trong quan he qudc te lai khdng dat dugc su ddng nhat trong sd cac nha Hien thyc cau tnic. Phai Hien thuc tan cdng ma tieu bieu la Mearsheimer cho rang, cac qudc gia nen gianh dugc cang nhieu quyen luc cang tdt, va neu hoan canh cho phep thi theo dudi ba quyen'^ Theo quan diem nay, mdt quyen luc vu'gt trdi la phuang phap tdt nhat cho mdt qudc gia de dam bao sy sdng cdn cua rainh, bao ve va tdi da hda dupe lgi ich qudc gia, ran de va ngan chan dupe cac mdi de dpa tir cac qudc gia khac.
Ngupc lai, Kenneth Waltz tieu bieu cho nhung ngudi theo phai Hien thyc phdng thii lai lap luan rang, cac qudc gia khdng nen gianh lay qua nhieu quyen luc bdi diiu dd se gay ra su lo ngai cho cac qudc gia khac trong he thdng qudc te, va hp se tira mpi each de chdng lai hoac can bang quyen lyc vdi qudc
' ' John J Mearsheimer (2001), The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York: Norton.
^qn. d^ng. hanh Uutg,..,
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gia do . Theo dudi vi tri ba quyen, do vay, la viec khdng nen lam.
Ndi tom lai, ddi vdi cac nha Hien thuc, quyen lyc la mgt phuang tien thiet yiu raa cac qudc gia sii dung de bao ve va dat dupe cac lpi ich qudc gia trong quan he qudc te.
Vi vay, cac qudc gia thudng xuyen canh tranh va tranh gianh quyen luc lin nhau la nham phuc vu cho lpi ich qudc gia ciia minh, ma lgi ich quan trpng nhat la dam bao an ninh va sy tdn vong cua qudc gia.
Mot so npi dung ciia thuyet Hien thu-c ve cgnh tranh quyen luc
Nhiing ngudi theo tmdng phai Hien thuc cho rang cac qudc gia tdn tai va van hanh trong mdt the gidi ma d dd khdng cd mdt thir quyen lyc hay mdt chinh phii sieu qudc gia nao dung tren va chi phdi mdi quan he giira hg vdi nhau. The gidi dupe dac trung bdi tirih trang vd chinh phu va dd ciing la dac tinh cd hiiu cua mdi tmdng quan he qudc te.
De tdn tai dugc trong rapt mdi trudng vd chinh phu, cac qudc gia phai cd quyen lyc va ludn thea dudi quyen lyc. Cd dugc quyen lyc se giilp qudc gia dam bao dugc an ninh va sy tdn tai cua minh, giii viing dugc chu quyen va toan ven lanh thd ciia qudc gia, thuc hien dugc lgi ich qudc gia trong quan he qudc te.
Quyen luc trd thanh muc dich ca ban ciia chinh sach ddi ngoai, ddng thdi la ddng ca chi phdi mpi hanh vi ddi ngoai ciia qudc gia.
Cac nha Hien thyc md ta cugc dau tranh
'" Kenneth N. Waltz (1979), Theory of International Politics, London: McGraw-Hill.
gianh quyen luc giiia cac qudc gia cd md hinh gidng vdi trd chai cd tdng bang khdng.
Theo do, mdt qudc gia cd gang tang cudng quyen luc cua minh ddng nghTa vdi sy suy giam quyen lyc ciia nhung qudc gia khac.
Ngoai ra, viec cd gang theo dudi quyen lyc khien cac qudc gia rai vao the ludng nan ve an ninh. Cac qudc gia mudn tang cudng quyen lyc de dam bao an ninh thi nguy ca de dpa den an ninh ciia chinh hp lai cang gia tang. Tinh trang ludng nan ve an ninh budc cac qudc gia phai ludn tim each tang cudng quyen luc ciia minh hon niia.
Viec cac qudc gia cd gang theo dudi nhiing Igi ich vi ky trong mdt mdi tradng qudc te vd chinh phii dan den xung dot va chien tranh la dieu khd tranh khdi. Tinh trang vd chinh phii khien cho cac qudc gia mat Idng tin, nghi ky lan nhau, luon cam thay bat an vdi toan tinh va y dinh cua cac qudc gia khac, va thudng cd xu hudng dien giai y do cua ddi phuong theo tinh hudng xau nhat. Va de dam bao an ninh cho minh, cac qudc gia phai "tu ciiu" lay minh thdng qua viec tang cudng siic manh va tira kiem ddng minh.
Ndi each khac, tinh trang vd chinh phu budc cac qudc gia khdng ngirng tang cudng tiem luc quan su va thiet lap quan he lien minh vdi cac nude khac de can bang lai cac mdi de dpa tiim tang. Nhiing ngudi theo thuyit Hien thyc khdng loai trir kha nang cac cucng qudc ddi dich hgp tac vdi nhau trong nhiing van de an ninh mang den Igi ich chung, nhung hg cho rang sy hpp tac rat khd cd thi dat dugc. Bdi thir ma cac qudc gia quan tam
2U NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN SfUBlES REVIEW N"S(224).20l9
trong hgp tac la Igi ich tuong ddi tuc ai se dugc hudng Igi nhieu han, va cung khdng cd gi de dam bao rang ben cdn lai se khdng bdi udc.
Quan he qudc te la cugc chien khdng khoan nhugng giua cac qudc gia nham gianh quyen lyc va nhiing lgi ich rieng, do vay nhiing ngudi theo thuyet Hien thyc cho rang, sy can nhac ve cac chuan muc va gia tri dao diic cd vai trd rat han che trong viec hoach dinh va trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cac qudc gia. Chinh sach ddi ngoai dugc dinh hudng bdi yeu cau chien lupc ciia qudc gia nham phyc vu Igi ich qudc gia, viec trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai cd the budc cac lanh daa quoc gia hanh ddng trai vdi cac chuan myc daa diic chung. Vi cac lanh dao phai chiu trach nhiem ve an ninh va sy tdn vong cua chinh qudc gia minh, nen hp cd the thyc hien bat cii hanh ddng nao de dat dugc lpi ich an ninh ciia qudc gia cho dii hanh ddng dd cd di ngugc lai dao diic ca nhan.
He thdng qudc t i la yeu td khach quan tac ddng tir ben ngoai den quan he qudc te, dugc ciu thanh tir cac qudc gia cd chii quyen va sy tuong tac lan nhau giii'a cac chu the nay. Hanh vi ciia cac qudc gia trong quan he qudc t i ciing nhu mdi quan he giiia cac qudc gia chiu sy tac dgng va chi phdi rat Idn tir he thdng qudc t i . Trong he thdng qudc tk, ciu ttTic cua he thdng hay su phan bd quyen luc giQa cac qudc gia trong he thdng la yeu td quan trpng nhit. Cac nha Hien thyc cau true cha ring, he thong qudc t i dugc dac trung bdi tinh tt-ang vd chinh phu, do dd lgi ich
qudc gia la tdi da hda quyen luc nham dam bao sy tdn tai ciia minh. Ddi vdi cac nha Hien thyc cau tnic, ca ciu ndi bd ciia qudc gia it cd tac dpng den quan he qudc te, che dp dan chii hay quan chii khdng anh hudng den hanh vi ciia cac qudc gia d cap dp qudc ti. Vi he thdng qudc t i la vd chinh phii nen cac qudc gia cd xu hudng hanh dpng gidng nhau trong quan he qudc te, deu tim each dam bao an ninh qudc gia thdng qua viec tdi da hda quyen luc cua minh.
Tdm lgi, lpi ich qudc gia, quyen luc va canh tranh quyen luc la nhiing khai mera trpng tam trang ly thuyet ciia chii nghia Hien thyc. Lgi ich qudc gia la nhan td chi phdi va quyit dinh viec hoach dinh va trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia qudc gia. Mgi qudc gia diu theo dudi va tranh gianh quyen lyc Ian nhau, quan he qudc te la cugc chien khdng ngimg giua cac qudc gia vi quyen luc.
Chu nghTa Hien thyc cho rang, trong mpt he thdng qudc te vd chinh phii thi canh tranh quyen lyc la bien phap tdt nliat giup dam bao an ninh va sy tdn vong ciia qudc gia, ddng thdi giiip qudc gia dat dugc nhieu lgi ich quan trpng khac. Quyen luc vira la myc tieu ciia qudc gia vira la phuong tien de thyc hien lgi ich qudc gia trong quan he qudc te.
Tai lieu tham khao 1, David A. Baldwin (2016), Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
^un dj&ng hanh lang...
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2. Van Dyke (1962), "Values and Interests", American Political Science Review, No. 56, pp. 567-576.
3. Charles O. Lerche, Abdul A. Said (1963), Concepts of International Politics, New Jersey: Prentice - Hall.
4. John J. Mearsheimer (1990), "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War", International Security, 15(1), p.l2.
5. John J. Mearsheimer (2001), The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York:
Norton.
6. Hans J. Morgenthau (1951), In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
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