KHUYNH HirOMG VAN HOI NHO GIAO 0 VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX QUA NAM PHONE TAP CHI
HOANG MINH QUAN '*'
Khuynh hi/dng van hoi Nho gido xudt hiin trong tdng ldp tri thitc Viit Nam vdo nhiing thdp nien ddu thiky XX vd Nam Phong Tgp chi Id td tgp chi tich cUc trong viic ddng tdi nhOng bdi viit theo khuynh hiidng ndy. Vdi tU cdch mgt tgp chi quy tu nhieu tri thUc ndi bgt d niidc ta thdi bdy gid, bao gdm cd tdn hgc vd ciiu hgc. Nam Phong da gop mgt tie'ng noi co trgng liidng cho khuynh hiidng vdn hdi Nho gido trong cugc vgt ldn vdi qud trinh hiin dgi hda dang diin ra d Viit Nam khi do. Trong bdi viii ndy, tdc gid tap trung phdn tich nhdm ldm ro nhiing ngi dung vd dgc diem chu yiu trong chu trUdng vdn hdi Nho gido cua gidi tri thdc Viit Nam trin td tgp chi ndy.
1. Nho giao la hpc thuyet chinh tri - xa hdi da cd mat va tdn tai d Viet Nam tfl thdi ky Bic thudc. Tfl mdt hpe thuye't dfldc du nhap tfl Trung Qude, trai qua nhieu trieu dai phong kien, Nho giao ngay eang cung cd' dia vi ciia nd trong ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia ngfldi Vidt Nara. Trong sud't hang ngan nam, mac du trai qua nhieu thang trim cflng nhflng khfle quanh cua lieh sit, Nho giao, tfl eudi ddi Tran trd di, ve cd ban, ludn ehie'ra vi tri hang diu trong nhflng hpc thuye't cd anh hfldng d xa hdi Vipt Naraj Tuy nhien, tfl cudi the ky XIX, cflng vdi sfl xua't hien ciia thflc dan Phap d nfldc ta, Nho giao da dflng trflde nhflng thfl thdch thfle sfl dang ke. Mdt mat, nhflng gia tri van hda phfldng Tay dfldc ngfldi Phap raang den Viet Nam da nhanh chdng thu hut sfl quan tam cua ngfldi Viet. Mat khdc, sfl yeu kem eua Viet Nam iuc dd da bupc ting idp tri thflc Viet Nam tfl phan tinh, tfl nhin lai minh va khdi
ddng sfl phe phan Nho giao vdi quy md chfla tiing ed trong lich sii.
Giai doan cud'i the k^ XIX - diu thd ky XX la giai doan Nho giao bit dau phai hflng chiu sfl phd phan manh me tfl cae nha nho cap tie'n, giai doan ma nhidu luan diem can ban ciia Nho giao dfldc dfla ra xem xdt lai. Nam 1919, che dp khoa cut dflde duy tri ngdt ngliin nam d Viet Nam bude phai dinh qhi va keo theo he Iuy la nen Nho hpc vd'n thie'u hut truyen thd'ng ly iuan va nang ve tfl chfldng nhanh chdng bi hut hdi trflde nhflng bie'n thidn cua thdi cudc.
Tuy nhidn, day cflng la luc ngfldi tri thfle Viet Nara, sau nhflng da pha Nho giao di dpn dfldng cho sfl xam nhdp nhflng gia tri mdi tfl phfldng Tay, c6 khuynh hfldng quay trd lai vdi Nho giao nhfl radt nd Iflc tim ve ban sac van hda dan tpc. Nhdm Nam Phong Tap chi
(*) Thac si, Phong Ljch sii triet hoc Vi?t Nam, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam.
66
HOANG MINH QUAN ciiinh ia dai didn cho khuynh hfldng
nay. Va, trong sudt 17 nam tdn tai, cac thanh vien cua Tap chi da ddng gdp khdng it cdng sflc trong nhflng nd iflc (co the ndi la cudi cflng) nhim van hdi Nho giao vdi tu each mot ndn tang cua van hda Viet Nam.
Nam Phong Tap chi la radt tap chi do ngfldi Phap lap ra vao nara 1917, Pham Quynh dam nhiem vai trd chu but phdn Qudc van, Nguydn Ba Trac dam nhan phan Han van. Day la rapt td tap chi mang tinh bach khoa, pham vi va'n dd rift sSu rpng, tfl khoa hpc, van hpc den tridt hpc. Vdi sfl tham gia cua nhieu tri thflc d Viet Nam, tfl cflu hpc dd'n tan hpc, nhfl Pham Quynh, Dfldng Ba Tr^c, Nguydn Ba Hpe, Tran Trpng ICim, Nguyen Hflu Tidn, Nguydn Ddn Phue, Nguydn Trpng Thuat,... Nam Phong da trd thanh mpt didn dan quan trpng, cd tie'ng ndi ve mat vkn hda d Viet Nara trong thdi doan ehuyen giao nhflng nara diu the ky XX. Sfl gdp mat eua nhflng gfldng mat tri thflc ndi bat thdi ba'y gid cung khidn cho tieng ndi ciia Nam Phong trong viec van hdi Nho giao trd ndn cd sflc nang hdn va kha di ddng gdp dfldc nhidu didu thidt thflc cho Nho giao trflde thflc te dang suy tan.
2. Trflde hdt, phai dd cap dd'n vide van hdi Nho giao nhfl mdt quan diem nha't quan trong ehu trfldng chung eua Nam Phong Tsip chi. Nhfl da ndi. Nam Phong Tap ehi, ve phfldng didn van hda, chu trfldng dieu hda Ddng Tay, tan ciiu, trdn cd sd do, kidn tao mot nen van hda mdi vdi phin gdc re la dao hpc phUdng Ddng va phin ngpn la khoa hoc phUdng Tay: "Cai rauc dich cua ban bao la
raudn gay la'y mdt ndn hpe thuat radi dd thay vao cai nho hpc eu, cung de xUdng idn mpt cai tfl trao mdi hdp vdi thdi the cflng trinh dp dan ta. Cai tinh each ciia sfl hpc va'n mdi cung eai tU trao mdi ly la to thuat cai hpe va'n tfl tudng eua Thai Tay, nhat la cua nUdc Dai Phap, ma khdng qudn eai qude tuy trong nU6c"(l). Khi dat mot phUdng Ddng dao dfle ben eanh mpt phUdng Tky khoa hpe, cac nha tri thflc Nam Phong Tap chi da ham y ring, sfl eoi trpng dao dfle chinh la cot loi cua van hda, tfl tfldng phfldng Ddng, gifl lgy cai tinh tuy cua phfldng Ddng va do vay, ehinh la gifl la'y nen dao dfle phfldng Ddng, va d Viet Nam lue ba'y gid thi dd chinh la gifl lay nen dao dfle Khdng giao. Cai "qude tfly trong nfldc" ma Nam Phong muoii dd cap ddn d day, khdng ^ khac hdn nen iuan ly Nho giao da tdn tai va bit re trong idng dan tpc Viet Nam sud't hang ngan nam. Van hdi Nho giao, do dd, cung chinh la bao tdn ban sle van hda dan tdc va la rapt phfldng dien eua vide xay dflng nen van hda mdi.
Rd rang, van hdi Nho giao 11 mdt phfldng didn ed ban trong vide thfle thi chu trfldng van hda ciia eae tri thflc thara gia Nara Phong Tap chi. Khuynh hfldng van hdi Nho giao a'y da dfldc the luen ra tfl nhflng sd diu tien cua Nam Phong va eang ve sau lai eang dflde the hidn mdt each ro net.
3. The nhflng, d Nam Phong, van hdi Nho giao khdng ddng nghia vdi vide phuc hdi ta't ca nhflng gi thudc vd Nho
(1) Phaim Quynh. Mdy nhdi noi ddu. Nam Phong, s S ' l . q u y l n l , 1917, tr.5.
giao. Thfle te la d thdi diera nhiing nara dau the ky XX, ngay ca nhflng nha nho chinh thd'ng cung khdng cdn lac quan vao tfldng lai cua Nho giao, ciing nhan ra nhiing di hai khdng the bidn minh eua Nho giao, va vide khdi phue Nho giao nhfl ta't ca nhflng gi nd vdii cd tren manh da't Vidt Nara hoan toan la rapt vide keo lui banh xe lieh sii. Nhflng bai viet dang trdn Nara Phong Tap chi cho thay, nhiing nha tri thflc cua nhdra nay khdng di ngfldc chieu vdi the' he nho si duy tan di trflde, trai lai, hp kd' tue sfl phd phan Nho giao ciia the he nay de phat trien quan diem eua rainh, bdi hp eiing iueu, mudii duy tri sfl tdn tai eiia minh thi Nho giao budc phai thay ddi. Vi vay, cae nha tri thflc cua Nam Phong Tap chi, bdn eanh vide Idling dinh sfl cln thiet phai van hdi Nho giao, vin tidp tuc sfl phe phan Nho giao da dflde nhflng the he trflde dd khdi ddng. Chi cd didu, sfl phe phan Nho giao trflde Ida la mat chinh, mat chu yeu, chidm trpn sii quan tam trong tu tudng cua the' he nho si duy tdn, thi nay trd thanh mat phu, mat lid trd trong ehu trfldng van hdi Nho giao d nhdm Nam Phong Tap chi. Ndu thd' he nho si duy tan da thflc iiien sfl tfl phu dinh Nho giao, thi gid day, eai ma Nara Phong hfldng de'n cliinh la tai khang dinh Nho giao. The' he trflde hfldng dd'n viec ciii ra nhiing yd'u to cln phai loai bd, the he sau hfldng de'n vide elii ra nhflng ydia to cln phai duy tri. Hai qua trinh nay, vd thflc chat, chi la nhiing bfldc ke tidp nhau trong qua trinh vat ipn ciia Nho giao trflde thdi cudc mdi.
Bdi viec phd phan Nho giao da dfldc tie'n hanh mdt each quydt liet va sau
rpng d thd' he di trflde, ndn sfl phe phan Nho giao d Nam Phong, ve cd ban, khdng cd gi mdi. Ve Idiia canh hpc thuat cua Nho giao, cac nha tri thflc Nam Phong ehu ydii hfldng ngdi but phd phan ciia minh vao chd dp giao due khoa cii Nho hpc vdi nhflng Iflu td cua nd. Nhflng cay but chu chd't cua Nam Phong khi ban ddn han chd' eua Nho giao, deu nha't loat phd phan ehe dp giao due khoa eii Nho hpc. Ho cho ring, che dp giao due nay da thu hep muc dich hpc tap cua nho si, khidn ngfldi hpc chi chuydn tam hpc de di thi. Cai hpc de di thi la cai hpc bi bd bupc trong khudn phep, ndn mac du trong xa hpi Viet Nam, phong trao hpc tap tfl xfla de'n nay iudn ra't thinh dat, nhflng ket qua dat dUde thi khdng tfldng xflng. Pham Quynh khing dinh ring, sai lam cua cae nha nho xfla la d hpc chd', ehfl khdng d hpc phong: "Hii lau la d cai hpe che' sai llm ma thdi, chfl hpe phong ddi xfla khdng phai la khdng thinh, si khi ddi xfla khdng phai la khdng eao"(2).
Nguyen nhan cua sai llm a'y la do: "Ta hpc cua Tau ma chi hpc thuan ve mot phfldng dien cut nghiep, la cai hpe rat thd thien, khong cd gia tri gi ve nghia ly tinh t h i n ca. Mai miet ve dfldng dd trong ma'y mfldi ddi, thanh ra eai dc td liet di ma khdng san xul^t ra dflde tfl tfldng gi mdi la nfla"(3). Trin Trpng Kim, khi phd phan che dp khoa cut Nho hpe, eiing khing dinh cung rapt y vdi Pham Quynh: "Cai td Sy sinh ra tfl Nho
(2) Thupng Chi. Hgc phong vd sl khi Nam Phong, so 79, quyin XIV, 1924, t r . l .
(3) Pham Qujnh. Ban vi quoc hgc. Nam Phong, so 163, quyin XXVIII, 1931, tr.516.
HOANG MINH QUAN hoc, nhflng khdng phai la Nho hpc
nguyen vin cd td san"(4). NhU vay, cac nha tri thflc Nam Phong, mdt mat, phe phan nhflng sai iam trong che dp giao due khoa efl Nho hpc truyen thd'ng; mat khdc, ciing ngam khing dinh ring sai Iam dd la do hau nho tao ra, edn ban than Nho giao khong ham chfla nhflng han che dd, ngfldc lai, cdn ed kha nang phat trien, neu tfl bd cai hpc tfl chfldng ma thay vao cai hpc nghia ly.
Vd mat luan ly eua Nho giao, nhdm Nam Phong hfldng sfl phd phan vao tam ly "hfldng nguyen" cua nha nhd xfla. Chfl "hfldng nguyen" nguydn la'y tfl sach Ludn ngU: "Hfldng nguydn, dfle clu tac da" (Nhflng nha tai mit trong lang raa dan chflng khen la thanh that, dflng din, thfldng la hang lam bai hoai nen phong hda dao dflc)(5). Sau nay, nhan Van Chfldng hdi ve ke hfldng nguydn ma Manh Tut giai thich thdm: "Sinh tfl thd da, vi tfl thd' da, thidn tfl kha hi, yem nhidn mi fl thd' da gia, thi hfldng nguydn da" (Da sanh ra va sd'ng d ddi nay, tiii cfl iam vide ddi nay di. Midn dflde tidng khen la td't rdi. Hp ninh ddi bing each che giau didu td't dep cua ngfldi va khoe khoang vide xflng dang eua minh. Phfldng nhfl the la hfldng nguydn vay) (6). Khdng Tii ndi ke hfldng nguydn Iam h^i dao dfle, Manh Tut ndi ro hdn ke hfldng nguyen la ke dao dfle gia, clii bidt a dua theo ddi thdi tuc de chudc la'y tidng khen, eho ring the ia du. nhin bd ngoai thi ra ve ngfldi ed dao dfle, ma thflc ra khdng cd dao dfle.
Pham Qu^nh cho rang, chinh tam iy hfldng nguydn a'y la thfl iam eho Nho giao trd ndn ngheo nan, hsin hpp, khdng
phat huy dUdc nghia ly cua thanh iiien.
Trong xa hpi Viet Nam, phai hUdng nguyen, theo Pham Quynh, trUde he't la
"thiy dd qud bien hiep, khdng cd nghi iUc, khdng cd khi khai gi, hpe dao thanh hien ma hinh nhU hpc dd'n dau chi lam cho dao hep de'n dd, udn nghia ly eua thanh hien cho vfla bing eai tara nhan each nhd nhen cua minh"(7). Dieu te hai hdn ca la, khi da't nfldc suy vi, eai tam iy hfldng nguydn cdn md rpng ra ca nhiing ngfldi do dat, nhflng ngfldi lam quan trong tridu dinh. Khi phai hfldng nguyen da thing the thi ta't cai nghia iy thanh hien eung bi raa't di. Nguyin Ba Trac lai gin tara ly hfldng nguydn vdi td ehudng danh giao cua nha nho xfla.
Chinh thdi chupng danh giao khidn nha nho lam gi eung phai tfl cau thuc bd bupc minh, khdng dam khdi xfldng dieu gi radi, nhflng khi cd ngfldi khdi xfldng vide gi thi lai d sau mfldn tidng danh giao de phira binh(8). Tara ly hfldng nguyen, nhfl vay, khdng nhflng kira ham sfl phat tridn, ma edn lam tam thfldng hda, sai lac nhflng dieu tinh tuy cua Nho giao. Nhflng khi phd phan thfl tam ly do, nhdm Nam Phong eflng ham y ring, ke "hfldng nguydn" vd'n di khdng phai la chan nho, ehinh Khdng Tut da sdm phe phan thfl tara ly nay rdi. Vay ndn, d trfldng hdp nay, phd phan mdt
(4) Tr£n Trong Kim. Nho gido (II). Nam Phong, so 66, quyen XI, 1922, tr.455.
(5) Td thu-Lugn ngQ (Doan Trung Con dich). Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, 2000, tr.277,
(6) Tii thu-Manh TH. Sdd., tr.283.
(7) Pham Quj-nh. Nhd nho. Nam Phong, so 172, quyenXXX, 1932, tr.454.
(8) Xem; Nguyin Ba Trac. Bdn vi Hdn hgc. Nam Phong, so 40, quyen VII, 1920, tr.333.
ian nfla la sfl phd phan trdn tinh than lam cho eai tinh tuy cua Nho giao dfldc sang td. Nhflng sai lam, hu bai ma nhdm Nam Phong dem ra phd phan ddu dupe xem la nhflng sai llm ciia hau nho, cdn ban chat Nho giao vd'n khdng cd nhiing sai lam dd. Do vay, hp phd phan Nho giao ma thfle cha't la idiang dinh Nho giao: "Au cung la van nUde de'n ngay ciing dd'n mdi sinh ra nhU vay.
Chfl dao Nho dau deh the? Nha Nho diu de'n the?"(9). Ddi vdi hp, Nho giao ed thd va cln phai eai bie'n, nhieu lUu td eua nd nhat thiet phai bi ioai bd, nhUng nhiing luan diera dao dfle ndn tang , nha't ciia nd thi khdng bao gid lac hau:
"Nhfl cai thuye't "nhan", "nghia", "id",
"trf, thi that la rfldng moi ciia dao dfle luan iy mudn ddi (...). Lai nhfl eai thuydt
"tu", "te", "tri", "binh", ha ching phai la tidu bieu cho mdt cai ly tfldng lara ngfldi rat tham tram va ra't thiet thflc dfl?"(10). Sfl phd phan nay ra't khac vdi sfl phd phan eua thd' he tri thflc ke tie'p, the' he cua nhflng nam 30 ciia the ky XX, khi Nho giao (Khdng - Manh) dfldc dfla ra phd phan trdn nhflng luan diem can cd't nha't eiia nd, nhflng luan diem ma eho dd'n iuc nay, d Nam Phong, vin dfldc thfla nhan va idiang dinh,
4. Song song vdi vide phe phan nhflng Iflu te cua Nho giao, cae tri thfle eiia Nam Phong Tap chi cung da phan nao phac hpa dien mao eua mdt thfl Nho giao kha di phu hdp vdi thdi dai mdi. Nhflng, de nhan didn mot thfl Nho giao eua tfldng lai, nhdm Nam Phong khdng the ididng quay ngfldc ve qua khfl ciia Nho giao. Va d day, nhan thflc cua hp ve sfl truyen thfla dao thd'ng cd y
nghia nhat dinh trong nhflng phac thao ve tfldng lai cua Nho giao d Viet Nam.
Trong nhflng bai viet, khao eflu ve lieh sut Nho giao tren Nam Phong Tap chi, cac tae gia da phan nao thd hidn nhan thflc eua minh ve tinh chinh truydn eua Nho giao. Nhan thflc dd cua hp giup dpc gia cd the xac dinh thfl Nho giao ma hp mud'n nd hidn didn d Viet Nam. Trflde he't, nhdm Nam Phong dae bidt nhSii manh tinh cha't thuan tuy, gia tri trfldng tdn cua Nho giao Khdng - Manh, thfl Nho giao ma theo hp, mpi sfl chu giai sau nay, ve cd ban, chi Idiid'n nd trd ndn ngheo nan di raa thdi. Pham Quynh khang dinh: "Tdi da cd dip ngliien ciiu dao dfle eua Khdng Tut va ndi ring, dfldc khdi phuc dflng vdi sut trong sang nguydn thuy ciia nd, bdc di he't Idp bpc cac binh phim va chu giai iam vfldng viu va khd cln nd di tfl bao niiidu thd ky, eho de'n ngay nay nd van cdn cd thd eung ca'p eho chflng ta nhieu bai hpc bd ich vd cupe sdng va minh trid't"(ll).
Nguydn Ba Trac khi tdm Ifldc sfl phat trien cua Nho giao d Trung Qud'c cung nhan dinh: "Dao nho d nfldc Tau: ddi Chu thi thuin tuy; ddi Han thi cao thfldng; ddi Ngu dai thi nhu nhflde; ddi Dfldng thi phfl hoa, ddi Td'ng tiii phdn tap khdng dflde thuan; ddi Minh Thanh tiu chuydn trpng ve van nghd. Ndi tdm lai, thi trflde la hpc nghia ly, sau thi vi cd khoa cut ma trpng tfl chfldng, cho ndn dao nho ve ddi sau khdng bing ddi
(9) P h a m Quynh. Nhd nho. Sdd., tr.455.
(10) Ph?m Quynh. Nhd nho. Sdd., tr.456.
(11) Pham Quj^nh. Tieu lugn viet bdng tie'ng Phdp trong thdi gian 1922 -1932 (Nguyin Xuan Kh6nh, Nguygn Ngoc, Ngo Qudc Chien, Phgm Xuan Nguyen dich). Nxb Tri thfic, HS Noi, 2007, tr.227.
70
HOANG MINH QUAN trfldc"(i2). Mpt tac gia khae - Quan Chi,
thi nhan dinh mdt each dflt khoat: "Bao tdn qud'c tfly tflc la bao ton la'y luan iy ngay xua, song chi ndn bao tdn tfl luan ly cua Khdng, Manh"(13). Thai dp tdn Khdng - Manh nay cho tha'y. doi vdi nhflng hoc g i | ciia Nara Phong Tap ehi, Nho giao tfl no ludn chfla dflng mdt gia tri trfldng tdn. van de chi la tim iai eai tinh than, eai tdn ehi thuin tfly ban diu cua Nho giao ma thdi.
Ddi vdi sfl phat trien Nho giao sau ddi nha Tin, nhdm Nam Phong lai the hidn kha rd thai dd de cao eai hpe cua Vfldng Dfldng Minh, ma ha tha'p cai hpc eua Chu Hy. Nho giao d Vidt Nam trflde day CO khuynh hfldng nga theo eai hpc Chu Tui, cai hpc ciia Chu Tut vi the vin dflde xem la chinh truyen. Gid day, nhdm Nam Phong dfldng nhfl mud'n xac lap lai tinh chinh truyen cua Nho giao.
Cac hpc gia cua Nam Phong da nhieu lln phan nan vd vide cai hpe Vfldng Dfldng Minh khdng ed dfldc mot vi tri xflng dang trong nen hpe thuat d Vidt Nara trong qua khfl. Phara Quynh eho ring; "Ngay trong Nho giao, eiing chi biet den Td'ng nho la eflng, cdn Minh nho thi raang nhidn ididng hieu ehi hd't.
Nhfl Vfldng Dfldng Minh phan ddi cai Nho hpc hep hdi eua cac thay nha Td'ng ma phat minh ra mpt cai thuydt mdi cd y vi tham tram hdn, d nfldc ta hiu nhfl khdng ai bie't dd'n. O Nhat Ban thi phai Vfldng hpe lai thinh hanh llm, khdng nhiing cd anh hfldng trong hpc gidi ma lai tidm nhidm ca phong tue, cd ngfldi cho la cai vd si dao cua nfldc d'y cliinh sd die d Vfldng hpc nludu"(14). Nguyin Ddn Phuc cung ndi chung mdt y: "Ay DUdng
Minh tien sinh ididng nhiing hpc thuyet tiiien ed. ma thfl phap cung thidn cd vay. Dan tdc nUdc ta, cung la mdt dan tde d A Ddng, cung nguydn la mdt dan toe hpe chfl nho. The ma hdi den hpe thuye't Vfldng Dfldng Minh the nao, it ed ngfldi bie't, hdi dd'n lich sut Vfldng Dfldng Minh the nao, cung it ed ngfldi biet, khdng nhflng phai khae it cd ngfldi bidt, ehinh ngay nhfl trong phai nha nho, eiing it cd ngfldi bidt, di cung kha ngan thay!"(15). Tran Trpng Kira, trong bai vidt Nho gido, eung eho thay thai dp ha tha'p Chu Tfl: "Nhfl dng Chu Ddn Di va dng Trinh Hidu so vdi dng Trinh Di, dng Trfldng Tai va dng Chu Hy thi hai dng trdn ed y thung dung, thuin tfly, gin nhfl cau "vd kha, vd ba't kha" cua Khdng Tfl, cdn ba dng dfldi thi cfl cau cha'p ve cai id ed, cai tuc cu, iam thanh ra sfl hpc thu cflu that ia hai eho sfl tidn hda trong xa hdi"(16). Ma cai hpe ciia Trinh Hao chinh la cai hpe md dfldng eho tam hpc Lue Culu Uyen, va sau dd la Vfldng Dfldng Minh vay(17). Trdn
(12) Nguyen Ba Trac. Bdn viHdn hoc. Sdd., tr.325.
(13) Quan Chi. Luan ly Bong phiidng can lai tgi sao suy thodi. Nam Phong, so 60, quyen X, 1922, tr.459.
(14) P h a m Qu;?nh. Bdn vequdc hgc. Sdd., tr.516.
(15) Tung v a n Nguyin Don Phuc. Lich svC VUOng Duong Minh. Nam Phong, so 108, quyen XIX, 1926, t r . l 4 3 .
(16) TrSn Trpng Kim. Nho gido (II). Sdd., tr.448.
(17) Trong iki viet "Nho giao" (nfim 1922) n&y, Tran Trpng Kira chUa noi nhieu den Luc Ciiu Uyen vk Viicfng Dudng Minh, nhUng tinh t h i n chung cua ong trong n h a n thfic ve sU truyen thfia d^o th^Tng Nho giao b bai viet nay sau do da dUdc the hi^n mpt each day du hdn trong tac ph^m Nho gido (xuat ban nam 1930), ma b do. tam hpc Luc Cfiu Uy§n, Vudng Dudng Minh da dUpc Tran Trpng Kim dimh cho mot vi tri xfing dang trong dong chay ciia Nho hoc Trung Quoc.
t i n h t h a n dd, Vfldng Dfldng M i n h da trd t h a n h rapt n h a n h o dfldc gidi thidu tfldng ddi ky trdn N a m P h o n g T a p chi.
Nguydn Ddn P h u c cd h a i bai ve Vfldng Dfldng Minh: Lich si? VU<Mg BUdng Minh (sd 108, n a m 1926), Hgc thuye't VUctng BUcfng Minh (bidn dieh, trich dich trflde tac cua Vfldng Dfldng Minh, sd 109, n a m 1926). Nguydn Hflu Tie'n cd dich bai Mdt nhd dgi trie't hgc ddi Minh:
VUcfng Duang Minh tfl nguydn tac H a n v a n cua Tdn Due Tu (sd 145, n a m 1929 va so' 146, nara 1930). T u y nhien, vide de cao Vfldng Dfldng Minh trong sfl t r u y e n thfla Nho hpc, d trfldng hdp Nara P h o n g T a p chi, b a n d a u ehu ye'u xud't p h a t tfl ta'ra gfldng N h a t Ban, ndi ma nhdm N a m P h o n g cho r i n g Vfldng Dfldng M i n h cd da'u aii dara n e t trong cdng cudc cai each, chfl khdng p h a i xua't p h a t tfl sfl tfl n h i n lai lich sii ciia hpc phai Vfldng Dfldng Minh. Sfl k h a o cflu Vfldng Dfldng Minh t r e n Nara Phong, do dd, chi ndi trdi hdn so vdi sfl k h a o cflu cac n h a n vat n h o hpc khac, chfl chfla thflc sfl xflng t i m vdi n h a tfl tfldng nay, eang chfla t h e ndi de'n chuyen p h a t h u y cai hpc cua dng. Nhflng n h a n vat khac cd q u a n h e m a t thie't vdi Vfldng Dfldng Minh, dac biet la Luc Cflu Uyen, b l u n h u v i n v i n g bdng t r e n N a m Phong T a p chi.
Tfl n h a n thfle ve sfl t r u y e n thfla dao thd'ng nhfl da ndi trdn, ed t h e thay, t i n h t h i n eua n h d m N a m Phong trong vide van hdi Nho giao la gd bd nhflng sut chu giai lam ngheo n a n Nho giao, gd bd loi hpc t i m chfldng trich efl, khdng cdu nd tidu tidt, thidn t r p n g ve vide tim lai va p h a t h u y cai n g h i a ly, cai tdn chi b a n sd
ciia Nho giao. M a t k h a c , t r e n t i n h t h i n k h d n g cau cha'p dd. d e m Nho giao hda vao ddng chay c h u n g ciia thdi dai, nhfl P h a r a Q u y n h da ndi: "Phai dera dao Nho r a m a h d a ddng vdi cac p h o n g trao tfl tfldng ldn t r o n g t h e gidi, chfl khdng thd gifl khfl khfl t r o n g m a y bd saeh n a t cua CO n h a n ; la p h a i i a m cho cai t i n h iy t h i n g dfldc cai tut van, ehfl khdng dd cho cai tut v a n t i e u ma't ca t i n h ly; la p h a i dem dng K h d n g dng M a n h r a ma tidp chuyen vdi cac h i e n tridt Ddng Tdy, chfl khdng ndn de t r o n g k h a m t h d u dm tich mich"(18). Hoac nhfl Nguydn Hflu Tien da k h a n g dinh: "Nha n h o t a khi xfla t u y v i n tdn sflng hpe t h u y e t Khdng, M a n h , nhflng efl gifl khfl khfl d t r o n g ma'y bp sach n a t ciia ed n h a n , nay c h u n g t a c l n p h a i d e m hpc thuye't cac ngai r a raa n g h i d n cflu, raa p h a t rainh cho hda ddng vdi cai phong t r a o tfl tfldng ldn t r o n g thd' gidi, p h a i phien dich r a thd' n a o l a m cho cai t i n h iy t h i n g dflpc cai tut van, chfl dflng de cho cai tfl v a n nd tidu m a m a t ea t i n h ly, la p h a i dem t h d y M a n h r a ma tiep chuyen vdi cac n h a hidn t r i e t Ddng Tdy, chfl dflng de t r o n g k h a m t h d u a m tich raich"(19). O day, vide v a n hdi Nho hpc trd ndn thd'ng nha't vdi viec tiep n h a n v a n hda phfldng Tay. Nho giao trong thdi dai radi, t h e o cac hpc gia cua N a m Phong T a p chi, p h a i la thfl Nho giao s i n s a n g tidp n h a n nhflng gia t r i ben ngoai nd.
T u y nhien, nhflng gi ma n h d m N a m Phong da lam t r o n g viec dinh h i n h thfl (18) Pham Q u ^ h . Nhd nho. Sdd., tr.457.
(19) Nguyen HQu Tien. Hgc thuyet thdy Mgnh.
Nam Phong, s^ 183, quyin XXXII, 1933, tr.35o'.
72
HOANG MINH QUAN Nho giao phfl hdp vdi thdi dai chl mdi
dflng lai d nhflng p h a c hpa he't sflc ddn gian, m a c dfl P h a m Q u y n h da tiing bidu id t h a m vpng idm mpt cudc each m a n g Nho giao, kien t a o mdt n e n Nho giao mdi. T r e n thflc te', nhflng ^ hp da i a m dflde chfla p h a i la "gay lay mpt cai dao Nho mdi" nhfl P h a r a Q u y n h c h u trfldng.
Hp v i n chfla d a t dd'n chd hidn dai hda Nho giao, d u la t r o n g y tfldng, raa radi ehi dflng lai d vide chpn Ifla va p h a t h u y nhiing gi s i n ed t r o n g N h o hpc md hp tha'y cdn cd gia t r i tich cfle. Nhflng gi ma n h d m N a m P h o n g T a p ehi da lam chu ye'u chfla p h a i la lara cho Nho giao trd ndn hdp thdi, m a la chflng m i n h cho t i n h hdp thdi eiia Nho giao.
5. Lidn q u a n d e n k h u y n h hfldng v a n hdi Nho giao eua t a n g idp t r i thflc Viet N a m d i u t h e ky XX, d trfldng hdp N a m Phong T a p chi, ludn nhidn cdn nliieu vd'n de c l n tie'p t u c iam rd hdn, c h i n g ban, nhiing hoat ddng eua cae n h a n vat ehu chd't t r o n g k h u y n h hfldng n a y d Nam Phong ( P h a m Quynh, N g u y i n Ba Hpe, Nguydn Hflu Tien...), vide dat cdc tri thflc ciia n h d m n a y t r o n g sut ddi s a n h vdi nhiing n h a n v a t k h a c ciing t h e hd...
Day ddu la n h i i n g vlfli de ididng t h e lang t r a n h , nhflng ddng thdi cung ddi hdi rapt sut k h a o cutu s a u m a trong rapt k h u d n khd cd b a n . c h u n g tdi chfla thd de cap deii. Tuy nliien, t h d n g qua nhflng p h a n tieh trdn day, chflng tdi bflde d a u r u t r a mdt so dac didra cua k h u y n h hfldng vdn hdi Nho giao dfldc thd hien trdn Nara Phong T a p clii: 1/ Van hdi Nho giao d Nara Phong id mdt q u a n didm nha't q u a n vk la phfldng didn cd b a n trong
vide thflc thi e h u trfldng v a n hda ciia td t a p chl nay; 2/ Vdn hdi Nho giao d N a m P h o n g la sfl quay trd ve vdi nhflng gid t r i t h u i n tfly cua Nho giao, nhflng gia t r i ma theo hp, da bi sfl ehu giai eua h a u n h o lam eho sai lac; 3/ V a n hdi Nho giao d N a m P h o n g n i m trong sfl thdiig niia't vdi vide tiep n h a n nhiing gia tri mdi eua van hda phfldng Tay; 4/ Van hdi Nho giao d N a m Phong mdi ehi duCng lai d vide k h d n g dinh gia t r i eua ndn iudn ly Nho giao va sfl k h a o cflu Nho giao d mfle dp phd bie'n tri thfle, chfl chfla dat de'n t r i n h dp p h a t trien, hidn dai hda Nho giao. Vdi nhuiig ddc diera dd, Nara Phong Tap ciii ed t h e da d a t dflde nhiing t h d n h tflu d a n g ke trong vide lufu gifl nhflng gia tri cflu t r u y e n cua n e n vdn hda d a n tdc, m a Nho giao la mpt trong sd' dd; song, ve tdng thd. hp dd khdng thd dfla Nho giao tien thdm rapt bfldc nao trong cupe vat ldn vdi qud t r i n h iudn dai hda dang d i l n r a m a n h me d Viet Nam thdi diem dd.
Nhflng hoat dpng cua N a m Phong T a p chi cd thd xem nhfl id mpt trong nhflng no iflc cudi ciing eua ngfldi t r i thflc Viet N a m t r o n g vide v a n hdi Nho giao hdi nhflng nara d i u thd' ky XX. Sau N a m Phong, h a u nhfl k h d n g edn tieng ndi nao dii sflc raanh de gidnh lai cho Nho giao dia vi md nd da tflng cd trong lich sut Viet N a m , mac du chii trfldng didu h d a Ddng Tay, t a n cflu vdn dflde duy tri d the' h e t r i thflc tie'p theo.
Nhflng nd iflc v a n hdi Nho giao cua N a m Phong, cuoi cflng, lai md mdn cho mpt sfl phii dinh Nho giao mpt each quyet lidt hdn vd t o a n didn hdn. •
73
