HiNH THUC HOP TflC GlVfl ANH VA U€N MINH CHAU nU TRONG liNH Virc AN NINH - QUOC PHONG - THOI KV HflU fIRCXIT
Nguyin Thi Phuong Dung*
Tom tat: La mdt thdnh vien EU tie ndm 1973, Anh cd mdi quan hi chdt che v&i EU trin nhieu linh vuc, trong cd cd linh vuc qudc phdng - an ninh. Ddi mat v&i vdn di Brexit hien nay, tucmg lai cua mdi quan hi giiia hai ben trong linh vuc ndy se nhu thi ndo Id vdn diphdn tich eda bdi viit du&i day.
Tir khoa: an ninh, qudc phdng, CSDP, EU, hap tdc, hdu Brexit
Abstract: Having been a member of EU since 1973, the UK has a close relationship with EU in all fields, including defense and security. Facing the Brexit issue, how the future ofthe relationship between two sides in this field would be, is the matter that the article will analyse.
Key words: security, defense, CSDP, EU, cooperation, post-Brexit
1. Vai tro cua Anh trong cac hoat dong quoc phdng va an ninh cua EU
Sau khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic, y tudng ve xay dyng Chinh sach An ninh va Qudc phdng chung da dugc cdng bd sau kbi dua ra Chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung la tru cot thii bai cua Lien minh Chau Au theo Hiep udc Maastticht 1992. Tuy nhien, phai den Hdi nghi Thugng dinb Saint- Malo nam 1998, mgt tuyen bd nban manh tam quan ttgng ve khia canh an ninh ciing nhu kha nang trien khai lyc lupng la dieu can thiet cho chinh sach ddi ngoai cua EU. Khia
Ths, Vien nghien cuu Ch^u Au Nhdn bdi ngdy: 30/5/2019 Phdn biin xong 8/6/2019 Chdp nhdn ddng 15/6/2019
canh quan trgng nhat eita di san chau Au cua cuu Thu tudng Tony Blair cung cuu Tdng thdng Phap Jacques Chirac la da cd gSng dua ra mgt chinh sach ddi ngoai va an ninh tbyc sy cbo cbau Au. Vdi tuyen bd Saint-Malo, Anh Cling vdi Phap dang dat myc tieu bien EU tbanb mdt cbii the ticb cyc ttong ITnb vye an ninh d chau Au'. Sau sang kien Saint- Malo vdi Phap nam 1998, Anb rat img hd du an qudc phdng cbau Au. Dieu nay pbii hgp voi truyen thdng lich sii ciia Anh la cd mdt luc lugng quan sy manh.
Mac dil Anh dugc ghi nban vdi sy ddng gdp cbo su phat trien ban dau cua CSDP, nbung trong thap ky qua Vuong qudc Anh ' Irina Tsertsvadze {2017}, "Britain and the Common Security and Defense Policy ofthe European Union", The Quarterly Joumal, Volume 16, Issue 3,p.73-86'
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da giam dan dau tu ca ve chinb tri ian quan su ttong CSDP. Nhin vao vai trd cua Anh ttong CSDP tir nam 1998 ddn 2016, cd thd thay quyet dinh nay mang tinh chien thuat ban la chien luge. That vay, Cbinh phii Anh da khdng coi cac nhiem vii dua ra ttong khudn khd CSDP la kenh cdt loi cho van de an ninh va qudc phdng eita qudc gia, su tham gia cua Anh vao cong cu cbinh sach nay la kha ban che^. Vdi kha nang va siic manh quan sy dang ke nhung Anh khdng phai la qudc gia ddng gdp ldn nhat cho cac nhiem vu qudc phdng cua EU, la qudc gia ddng gdp lan thii bay cbo cac nhiem vu dan sy va tbii nam cho cac hoat ddng quan su ciia CSDP.
Tham gia vao hau bet cac nhiem vu dan su CSDP, nbung Anb cung cap it nhan su hon cho cac boat ddng quan su cua EU, ma uu tien banh ddng thdng qua NATO. Theo Uy ban Ha vien EU, Anh chi ddng gdp 2,3% trong tdng sd ddng gdp ciia cac thanh vien trong tat ca cac nhiem vu CSDP^. Nam 2018, EU da cbi khoang 328 trieu EUR cho Chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung, noi cung cap kinh phi cbo cac nhiem vy dan su cua CSDP, trong do Vuong quoc Anh bd ttg khoang 16% cho cac boat ddng an ninh cua EU thdng qua ddng gdp cho ngan sach ciia EU.
^ Benjamin Martill & Momka Sus (2018), "Post- Brexit EU/UK security cooperation: NATO, CSDP+, or "French connection"?",
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/905 25/1/Martill_Post- Brexit%20EU-UK%20security_2018.pdf
^ UK-EU defence and security cooperation after Brexit,
https://www. instihiteforgovemment.org. uk/explamers /uk-eu-defence-and-secimty-cooperation,
Anh ciing can trd tang cudng vai ttd va ngan sach cua Co quan Qudc phdng Cbau Au (EDA), cung nhu viec thanh lap mdt try sd boat dgng lau dai cua EU de thye hien cac nhiem vu va hoat ddng CSDP. Hiep udc Lisbon dua ra cac dieu khoan quan trgng lien quan den CSDP, bao gdm didu khoan hd trg va doan ket lan nhau va md rdng cac nhiem vu cua Petersberg. Viec tbanh lap Try sd boat ddng quan su (OHQ) ttd thanh mdt trong nhiing van de Idn trong mdi quan he giii'a EU va Anb sau khi Dang Bao tbii ciia cuu Thu tudng Anh David Cameron len nham chiic. Nudc Anh da phu quyet ke hoach thiet lap mdt ttu sd quan su ciia EU vdi sy hd trg cua Phap va Diic.
Ddi vdi Catherin Ashton, Dai dien cao cap cua EU ve chinb sach ddi ngoai va an ninh, viec thanh lap OHQ cd lien quan chat che ddn viec tbyc thi Hiep udc Lisbon. Anh tir lau da la qudc gia phan ddi bat ky de xuat cai each cac chinh saeh nay theo hudng lam giam vai ttd va quyen lyc cua cac qudc gia thanh vien EU nhu viec phan ddi Thda thuan Hgp tac can tnic thudng true ve qudc pbdng (PESCO) dat myc tieu tbiic day hgp tac qudc phdng trong EU va phat trien be thdng vii klii. Ngugc lai, Anb cbii ttpng tang cudng phat trien quan he an ninh va qudc phdng song phuong ngoai khudn khd EU, vi du:
Hiep dinh Lancaster House ky nam 2010 tap trung vao hgp tac hat nhan va kha nang tuong tac ciia cac luc lupng vii ttang ciia bai ben (vdi Phap); hgp tac quan su boat ddng song phuong (vdi Ha Lan), cac mdi quan he
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°61225).2019
do NATO xac dinh (nhu JEF) hoac bgp tac chdng lai Nha nudc Hdi giao haq va Levant (ISIL) thdng qua Luc lugng Dac nhiem chung kdt hgp (CJTF).
Ke tir cugc tnmg cau dan y dien ra vao thang 6 nam 2016 ve viec Anh rdi khdi Lien minh Chau Au, dai dien Chinh phu Anh da nhieu ian nhac den thuat ngii "Toan cau Anh" (Global Britain) nhu tam nhin cho chinb sach ddi ngoai ciia Anh thdi ky hau Brexit. De thich iing vdi nbung thay ddi, Anh du dinh khdng cd lap minh khdi cac van de the gidi ma trd thanh mdt nudc Anh cd su hien dien tren toan cau, hoat dgng d mgi khu vuc.
Nbiing xu hudng gan day dudng nhu cho thay EU dang tim each tang cudng CSDP, trong khi Anh da khdng cdn biing tbii vdi viec hgp tac ttong khudn khd nay. Xu hudng khac biet nay khdng cd nghia la khdng cd pham vi hgp tac chat cbe ttong thdi ky hau Brexit. Ngugc lai, Brexit cd the khidn cimg cd nhu cau hgp tac qudc phdng va an ninh chat che hon giiia Anh va EU. Mdi quan he vdi EU se la uu tien chinb vdi viec Anh dat muc tieu "thiet lap mdi quan he ddi tae mdi, sau sac va dac biet vdi eac qudc gia EU va chau Au""^. Du Anh khdng phai la qudc gia tich cue img hd cac ke hoach hoat dgng trong ITnb vye CSDP cua EU nhung
Carmen-Cnstina Cirlig and Laura Puccio (2018),
"The future partnership between the European Union and the United Kingdom", European Parhamentary Research Service, September 2018, http://www.europarleuropa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD /2018/628220/EPRS_STU(20]8)628220_EN.pdf, pg 77-78.
v i e c A n h n i t k h d i L i e n m i n b d a t r a m g t so thach thiic cho ca hai ben trong cac ITnh vuc kinh te, cbinh tn va an nmh ddi ngoai. Anh vdi tu each la mdt tbanh vien trong Hgi ddng Bao an Lien hgp quoc, la mot cudng qudc bat nhan va la mgt qudc gia ttong khdi pbdng tbu ciia chau Au - la mgt trong nhiing try cdt chinh cua hanh ddng ddi ngoai EU, khdng cd Anb, lap trudng ciia EU tten trudng qudc te cd the bi suy yeu, kbien khoi nay de bi tdn tbuong hon trudc cac mdi de dgatCcben ngoai.
2. Cff SO" cho viec hffp tac giira Anh va EU trong linh vuc quoe phong - an ninh thfri ky hau Brexit
Thie nhdt, Vuong qudc Anh va EU deu cbia se rat nhieu lgi icb chung va uu tien khi ndi den qudc phong va an ninh. Cac tai lieu ve an ninh chien luge tii ca bai phia - Chien luge toan cau cua Lien minh Chau Au (BUGS) nam 2016 va Cbidn luge Phdng thu va Danh gia bao mat cua Vuong qude Anb (SDSR) nam 2015 - nban manh tam quan ttgng ciia nbiing lgi ich chung nhu giai quyet khiing bd, cyc doan va bat dn, ddi phd vdi tac dgng cua cdng nghe, dac biet la cac mdi de dga tir khdng gian mang, iing phd vdi khiing hoang nbanb chdng va hieu qua, tang cudng trat ty qudc te dua tten eac quy tac va giai quyet cac thach tbiie toan cau bao gdm di cu, an ninh y te, tbiic d i y sy dn dinb, quan tti tdt va nhan quyen. Trong thdi gian qua, chinh tri qudc td cd sy gia tang bidn ddng nhu su kien Mua xuan Arab, sy trdi day ciia td chiic khiing bd IS d Syria va Iraq, khung
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hoang Ukraina va gan day nhat la cudc khung hoang ti nan d chau Au. Bdi canh chinh tri qudc te dat ra nhiing thach thirc an ninh mdi khdng chi rieng mgt qudc gia ma toan kbu vye. Cd the thay, nhiing thach thiic ndi len ttong bdi canh an ninh qudc te khdng the chi dugc giai quyet bdi mdt qudc gia.
Thu hai, trong bao cao cbinh tri dugc dua ra vao ngay 12/9/2017 ve tam nbin cbinh thiic mdi quan he tuang Iai vdi EU ve mat chinb sach ddi ngoai, hop tac qudc phdng va phat trien va Ke hoach Chequers nam 2018 ciia Chinb pbu Anh, London nhan manh rang sy hgp tac quan sy lien tuc giii'a cac quoc gia thanh vien EU vdi Anh, vugt ra ngoai cac hinh thiie hgp tae truyen thdng bidn cd giiia Brussels va cac nudc tbii ba, tren co sd timg ttudng hgp cu the nham duy tri cbu quydn Anh va EU, ciing nhu Iam viec chat che ve nghien ciiu va phat trien quan su, bao gdm ca Co quan Qudc phdng Chau Au (EDA) va Quy Qudc phdng Cbau AU (EDF). Nhiing gi ngudi Anh mudn la van tbam gia vao cac qua trinh khac nhau lien quan den cac quyet dinb chinh tri dupe dua ra theo CSDP. Mgt ly do khac de Anh tiep tuc hgp tac vdi EU la mdi quan tam cua qudc gia nay ddi vdi boat ddng ciia CSDP, noi cac nhiem vu va hoat dgng quan Iy khung hoang cua EU cd the tang cudng anh hudng qudc gia cua Anh. Vi du, Anb va EU chia se mdi quan tam ve su phat ttien an ninh d Dia Trung Hai, Ukraina, Balkan va vung Simg cbau Phi. Nudc Anh mong mudn chdng lai nan cudp bien d Somalia va nbiing ke budn lau khap Dia
Trung Hai va dieu nay se khdng thay doi sau Brexit. Ngoai ra, ttong thdi ky ban chd ve ngan sach va vii khi bien dai, viec banh dgng don Ie ngay cang khd khan. Viec Anb banh dgng don phuang ttong cac ITnh vuc an ninh noi ma EU ciing trien khai thye hien se giam siic anb budng ciia Anb. Dac biet la d cac quoc gia cd mong mudn gia nhap EU, cac nhiem vu CSDP dupe budng lgi tir "cii ca rdt", ma ban than nudc Anh khdng the cung cap. Vi du, cac tieu chi dugc dat ra cho chinh sach tu do hda va md rpng thi tbyc, hoac lgi ich cua Chinh sach Lang gieng Cbau Au la nhiing cdng cu cbinh giiip dat dugc cac muc tieu ciia cac nhiem vu CSDP, dac biet la trong cac Iinh vuc nhu cai each chinh tri, cai each an ninh, nhan quyen va chdng tham nhiing^. London ngay nay dudng nhu can CSDP ban bao gid het ke tir khi chinh sach nay dugc dua ra vao thang 12 nam 1998 .
Thic ba, mac du cac dau hieu cho thay CSDP da dugc phat trien hon trudc, nhung ciing cd mdt sd ly do de EU tiep tuc hgp tac chat che vdi Anh ve an ninh va qudc phdng.
Ngoai trir Phap, hau het cac qudc gia tbanh vien cdn lai deu gan nhu khdng dang ke so vdi Anb kbi xet ve nang luc an ninh va qudc pbdng. Khi Anh rdi khdi EU, CSDP mat 20% kha nang quan su va nd se gay nen khd khan khi de mdi Phap ganh vac ganh nang An Jacobs and Sophie Vanhoonacker (2018), " E U - UK Cooperation in CSDP After Brexit: Living apart together?", Dahrendorf Forum Policy Brief, 1 August 2018.
^ FedericoSANTOPINTO (2018), CSDF a/to-Srex/r the way forward,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/eUides/STUD /2018/603852/EXPO_STU(2018)603852_EN.pdf
NGHIEN CiJrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6{225).2019
nay. Ve mat hoat ddng, nudc Anh la mdt ttong hai cudng qudc quan su d EU va la mdt ttong sd it cac qudc gia chau Au cd the lanh dao trien khai mdt nhiem vu ciia CSDP, vi du nhu Chien dich chdng cudp bien Atalanta tai vimg bien Simg chau Phi. Ngoai ra, khi nudc Anh khdng cdn la tbanb vien cua khdi, EU mat di mdt chii the qudc te quan trgng, mgt cuong qudc bat nhan va la thanh vien thudng tryc cua Hdi ddng Bao an Lien bgp qudc. Vdi 270 cbiic vu ngoai giao tai 168 qudc gia va vung lanh thd, Anb duy tti sy bien dien manh me tren toan the gidi^.
Qudc gia nay cd truyen thdng lau ddi va siic anb budng ve cbinh sach ddi ngoai va dugc cung cd bdi ngudn luc dao tao tdt va cd tbam quyen, ludn ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng ttong Chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung cua EU. Mdt ly do tiep theo de EU dau tu vao mgt moi quan be an mnh la su ra di cua nudc Anb se de lai mdt khoang trdng an ninh se khdng de dang lap day. Mac du Diic va Phap tbyc sy da the hien su thdng nhat ke tir cugc tnmg cau dan y ve Brexit, nhung rd rang nudc Dire kbd cd the thay the Anh trong hoat dgng ve an ninh qudc pbdng.
Nbiing hanh ddng gan day d Syria da cbiing td rang kbi Anh va Phap hanh dgng cung nhau, Diic van chu yeu bd trg nhan dao hoac dan su. Hon niia, hai nudc cd nhiing uu tien khac nhau lien quan den viec tang cudng tich bgp an ninh va quoc phdng va tang cudng
' An Jacobs and Sophie Vanhoonacker (2018), " E U - UK Cooperation in CSDP After Brexit: Living apart together?", Dahjendorf Forum Policy Bnef, 1 August 2018.
hieu qua CSDP. Phap coi dd la mdt each de cung cap mdt cdng cy bihi bieu de quan ly khiing hoang dan sy va quan sy thdng qua EU, trong khi Diic coi qudc pbdng ciia EU chu yeu la mdt cdng cy de hdi nhap chinh tri hon niia.
Hon nua, cae sang kien mdi dugc dua ra ttong tbdi gian gan day ciia EU nhu Thda tbuan Hgp tac cau tnie thudng tryc ve quoc pbdng (PESCO) dugc ra mat vao thang 12 nam 2017, Quy Qudc phdng Cbau Au (EDF) tii nam 2017 danh cho ddi mdi cdng nghe, nghien cihi qudc pbdng va Phdi hgp danh gia thudng nien ve qudc phdng (CARD), dy kien trien khai tir nam 2019 nham giam sat chi tieu qudc phdng va xac dinh kha nang tdng bgp ngudn lyc va cung cap cac kha nang phdng tbii chung, van dang trong giai doan khdi dau. Cac sang kien nay ciia EU ve qudc pbdng va an ninh se anh hudng den kha nang va sy san long cua Lien minh khi thay Vuong qudc Anh ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng. Cac qudc gia thanli vien tbam gia quyet dinh rang cac qudc gia tbii ba cd the dugc mdi vao tham gia mdt du an PESCO cu the neu hg mudn cung cap gia tri gia tang dang ke cho du an ciing nhu gdp phan cimg cd CSDP. Tuy nhien, cac qudc gia thii ba nay se khdng dugc quyen ttao quydt dinh trong viec quan tri ciia PESCO. Cd ggi y rang viec tbam gia vao PESCO cd thd la mgt kha nang dd Anh tidp tuc tham gia vao vkn dd hgp tac qudc phdng - an ninh ciia EU va rang Phap va Diic cd tbS ung hg mdt lua
'36lnh thjute hffp. tde...
chgn nhu vay, vdi mong mudn cd the khai thac kba nang quan su cua Anh^.
3. Hinh thirc hop tac quoc phong - an ninh gi&a EU va Anh thdi ky hSu Brexit
Trong bai phat bieu tai Florence ve tuong lai ciia mdi quan bd EU- Anh vao tiiang 9/2017, Thu tudng Anh Theresa May dua ra thdng diep rd rang ve tham vgng mdt moi quan he an ninh gan giii vdi chau Au va nhdn manh rang nudc nay cam ket duy tti an ninh vdi chau Au. Ong Michel Bamier, nha dam phan Brexit cua EU, da nhan manh rang an ninh, qudc phdng va chinb sach ddi ngoai nen la nhirng tbanb td cbinh trong mdi quan he tuong lai day trien vgng giiia bai ben^.
Qua phan tich, cd the dua ra nhiing kha nang quan he hgp tac dugc danh gia theo lgi icb cua EU va Anh tbdi ky hau Brexit:
CSDP+: Vuang qudc Anh la ''qudc gia thu ba ". De xuat phd bien nhat bdi cac nha phan tich an ninh cbau Au cbinh la Anh tham gia CSDP nhu la mdt qudc gia tbii ba.
Dieu nay the bien mdt each tbiic hgp tac cd tinh den sy tuong bd manh me cua ca hai ben. Khdng gidng nhu thi trudng don le, sy tham gia cua nudc thir ba vao CSDP khdng
Alice Billon-Gal land and Martin Quencez (2017),
"Can France and Germany make PESCO work as a process toward EU defense'?". Policy Brief No.033, https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/lO/Can-France-and-Germany- Make-PESCO-Vv'ork-as-a-Process-Toward-EU- Defense-.pdf
' Nicole Koenig (2018), Towards Norway Plus? EU- UK defence cooperation post-Brexit, https://www.delorsinstitut.de/2015/wp-
content/uploads/201S/02/20180207_Towards- g.pdf
di kem vdi cac nghTa vu xam nhap theo luat phap ciia EU. Ddng gdp cua cac nudc tbii ba cbo cac hoat dgng CSDP ndi chung la kbdng cd anh hudng den quyen tu ra quyet dinh cua EU. Trong CSDP, khoang 45 qudc gia ngoai EU da tbam gia vao cac nhiem vy quan sy va dan su tren co sd dac biet hoac trong pham vi nen tang phap luat ciia Thda thuan Tham gia khung (FPA)'°. Do dd, viec Anh nit khdi Lien minh khong ngan can sy hgp tac chat che vdi cac qudc gia thanh vien EU thdng qua lien ket va su tham gia vao cac nhiem vu cua CSDP. Tuy nhien, vi the ciia Anh vdi tu each la mdt qudc gia thii ba se khdng cd quyen tham gia vao viec ra quyet dinh, chuong trinh nghi su hoac anb budng cua EU ddi vdi sy phat ttien cua chinh sach qudc phdng va an ninh cua EU^' Vi du dien hinh la hinh thirc hgp tac Na Uy. La thanh vien cbii chdt cua NATO va la qudc gia ben ngoai tbam gia chat cbe ttong ehinh sach an ninh va qudc phdng ciia EU, Na Uy cd Thda thuan banh cbinh vdi EDA tir nam 2006 va tham gia vao Tap doan Bac Au tir nam 2008.
Nudc nay da tham gia ban mudi nhiem vy va hoat ddng cua CSDP tren co sd FPA, ngay ca kbi ddng gdp nhan sy it hon so vdi Thuy Si. Na Uy la nudc thii ba duy nhat tbam gia ttong banh ddng chuan bi ciia EU vd ngbien ciiu qudc pbdng (90 ttieu EUR
'" Thierry Tardy (2014), CSDP. getting third stales on board,
hEtps://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/f!les/EUlSSFil es/Brief_6_CSDP_and_third_states.pdf
" Richard Whitman (2019), What (no) diference a year makes: post-Brexit EU- UK security relalions, https://ukandeu.acuk/what-no-difference-a-year- makes-post-brexit-eu-uk-security-relations/
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NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6(225).2019giai doan 2017- 2019) ddng gdp 585.000 EUR cho nam 2017*1 Md hinh Na Uy gan nbdt vdi mdi quan he ddi tac sau sac va dac biet ma Anh dang tim kiem. Tuy nhien, vdn de cbinh la anh hudng ciia Na Uy ddi vdi viec ra quyet dinh ciia EU bi ban che.
Liin kit qudc phong: Trong trudng bgp dudng nhu khdng cd su sap xep kba thi cho sy tham gia cua Vuong qudc Anh nhu la mdt nudc thir ba, lua chgn cbii yeu thdng qua NATO thudng dugc dua ra nhu mgt giai phap thay thd. Cac tbanh vien NATO cd the thanh lap mgt su lien ket ve an ninh qudc phdng, cho phep hg tbam gia vao cac qua trinh ra quyet dinb chinh tbiic ma kbdng cd quyen phu quydt NATO cd the trd tbanh mgt nen tang cbo sy hgp tac vi khdi nay dua ra mgt giai phap pbii hgp de ket hgp ddc lap Anh va EU khi ddi mat voi nbiing thach tbiic an ninh. Neu mgt chinh pbu Anh tbdi hau Brexit quyet dinb duy tri hoac md rgng su tham gia cua minh vao cac boat ddng cua NATO, London se cimg cd vi tti va vai trd la mdt ttong nhung cudng qudc ngoai giao va quan sy vi lgi icb an ninh chung cua toan cbau Au. Trong nhiing trudng bgp ban Brexit nay, NATO cd the ddng vai trd la cau ndi giiia Brussels va London.
Mac dil lua chgn nay la mdt giai phap hap dan nhung van can luu y nbung thach thiic. Cac thanh vien lien kdt cd thd tham gia
cac boat ddng quan su se ddng gdp vao ngan sach cua Hdi dong. Cac thanh vien khdng thuge lien ket dii didu kien tham gia cd the tbam gia vao vi tri quan sat vien. Hp dugc phep tbam du va phat bidu tai cac cudc hgp cua Hdi ddng Lien minb Tay Au (WEU)'^
nhung cd thd dugc yeu cau rdi khdi bang da sd phigu. Vd mat ly thuySt, Anh cd the dugc cap trang thai "cdng sy qudc phdng" cho phep nudc nay tham gia va phat bieu ttong cac cugc hpp ciia Uy ban Cbinh tti va An ninh EU (PSC) hoac tham cbi cua Hdi dong Ngoai giao EU ma khdng cd quyen bieu quyet. Xem xet quan dpi tiem nang cua Anh va ddng gdp ngoai giao ciing nhu dang ddi mat mdt loat cac mdi de dpa va thach thiic dang didn ra, quan he ddi tae dac biet n^y mang lai lgi icb cho EU. Tuy nhien, hinh thiic nay nhu vay phai ddi mat vdi nhiing rao can chinb tri va phap ly quan ttpng. Hinh tbiic nay se chdng lai bai ttong sd cac nguyen tac cdt ldi cua EU: bao ve quyen ty quyet ra quyet dinb va ngan cban nudc thir ba cd lgi icb tuong ty nhu mdt qudc gia tbanh vien.
Htrp tdc song phucmg vdi cdc ddi tdc:
Mgt lua chgn khac la each tiep can song phuong vdi cac ddng minh cbii chdt cua cbau Au. True quan he Phap - Anb la mdi quan he thudng dugc de cap tdi nhieu nhat
Nicole Koenig (2018), Towards Norway Plus? EU- UK defence cooperation post-Brexit, https://www delorsinstitut.de/2015/wp- contentyuploads/2018/02/20180207_Towards- Norway-Plus-for-Brexit-Defence_Koenig.pdf
'^ Lien minh Tay Au gom cac quoc gia tham gia vai tu each: (i) thanh vien, co quyen bilu quygt djy dii - qu6c gia la thanh vien ciia ca EU va NATO, (ii) thanh vien lien ket - quoc gia la thanli vien cua NATO nliung khong thuoc EU, (iii) quan sat vien - qu6c gia la thanh vien ciia EU nhung khong thuoc NATO, (iv) d6i tac lien kk - qu6c gia khong thuoc EU hay NATO.
'JClnh. thde hffp tde...
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nhu mdt lua chgn cd kha nang, do sy tuang ddng giiia bai quoc gia kbi ban tdi van de an ninh qudc te. Hem niia, sy hpp tac giiia Phap va Anh ttong llnb vuc an ninh da va dang dugc phat trien tdt. Trong ban Danh gia Chien lupc Qudc phdng va An ninh qudc gia ciia Phap nam 2017, Cbinh phu Phap da de xuat mdt Sang kien Can thiep Chau Au (EII) cung cap mdt co che cbo cac qudc gia hanh dgng ve mat quan sy ben ngoai cac cau tnic EU va NATO hien cd. Phap mudn lua chgn tbam gia lyc lugng vdi cac nudc khac quan tam den viec trien khai cac hoat dgng quan sy theo mdt each linb boat hon. Tuy nhien, cd nhixng ban cbe ddi vdi each tiep can song phuong nay. Sy hgp tac Anh - Phap se khdng bao gid manh me xet ve mat ngoai giao nhu sire manh tdng hgp ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien. Hon nua, mgt loat cac mdi quan he song phuong ciing se gay ra miic chi phi quan ly tdn kem hon so vdi viec tham gia thdng qua cau tnic CSDP.
Ket lu^n
Mac dil viec hgp tac trong ITnb vye qudc phdng - an ninh giiia EU va Anh dudng nhu it cang thang hon ttong cac Iinh vye khac ciia cudc dam phan Brexit, tuy nhien van de dat ra la lieu mdi quan he qudc phdng cd the dugc Cling cd hay bi suy yeu bdi van de Brexit. Ndu mgt Brexit kbdng cd thda tbuan se tac ddng tdi hgp tac cbinh tri, quan sy, cdng nghe giiia cac ben. Dieu nay se anh hudng ddn viec tham gia cua Anh trong tuong lai vao cac sang kien qudc phdng mdi nhat ciia chau Au, ciing nhu cd thd can trd su
hgp tac giiia EU va Anh ttong khudn khd Quy Qudc pbdng Cbau Au. Viec loai trir cua Anh khdi lien minb hai quan va thi trudng don le cung cd the lam suy yeu nganh cdng nghiep qudc pbdng va an ninh cbau Au.
Ke ttr kbi tbam gia EU, tuy kbdng danh nhieu sy quan tam cho cac co che hpp tac qude pbdng - an ninh ciia khoi nbung Anh da cd nhiing ddng gdp dang ke vao cac nd luc phat trien qudc phdng - an ninh chung. Tren nen tang dd, bien nay du phai ddi mat vdi Brexit, nbung vi nhiing Ipi ich chung, EU va Anh se tiep tuc tang cudng hgp tac trong ITnh vye qudc phong - an ninh. Se can them mdt thdi gian niia trudc khi cd the thuc su hieu mdi quan be EU-Anb se nhu the nao nhu ttong cac van de chinb sach qudc phdng va ddi ngoai, khi Anb budc vao qua trinb chuyen ddi giai doan va cbinh tbiic trd tbanh mgt nudc tbii ba ddi vdi EU.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. UK-EU defence and security cooperation after Brexit, https ://wwrw. instituteforgovemment. org.Lik/e xplainers/uk-eu-defence-and-security- cooperatton,
2. Alice Billon-Galland and Martin Quencez (2017), "Can France and Germany make PESCO work as a process toward EU defense?", Policy Brief No.033, bttps://www. europeanleadershipnetwork.org/
wp-content'uploads/2017/lO/Can-France- and-Germany-Make-PESCO-Work-as-a- Process-Toward-EU-Defense-.pdf
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NGHIEN CljrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"6(225).20193. An Jacobs and Sophie Vanhoonacker (2018), "EU-UK Cooperation in CSDP After Brexit: Living apart together?", Dahrendorf Forum Policy Brief, 1 August 2018.
4. Benjamin Martill & Monika Sus (2018), Post-Brexit EU/UK security cooperation: NATO, CSDP+, or "French connection'"?,
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90525/l/MartiIl_Post- Brexit%20EU-UK%20security_2018 .pdf
5. Carmen-Cristina Cirlig and Laura Puccio (2018), "The future partnership between the European Union and the United Kingdom", European Parliamentary Research Service, September 2018.
6. Federico SANTOPINTO (2018),
"CSDP after Brexit: the way forward", http ://www. europarl. europa. eu/RegData/etud es/STUD/2018/603 852/EXPO_STU(2018)6 03852_EN.pdf
7. Irina Tsertsvadze (2017), "Britain and the Common Security and Defense Policy of the
European Union", The Quarterly Journal, Volume 16, Issue 3, p.73-86.
8. Nicole Koenig (2018), "Towards Norway Plus? EU-UK defence cooperation post-Brexit",
https://www.delorsinstitut.de/2015/wp- content/uploads/2018/02/20180207_Towards -Norway-Plus-for-Brexit-
Defence_Koenig.pdf
9. Thieng Tardy (2014), "CSDP:
getting third states on board", https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/fdes/
EUISSFiles/BriefdCSDP and_tbn-d_states .pdf
10. Richard Whitman (2019),
"What (no) diference a year makes: post- Brexit EU UK security relations", https ://ukandeu.ac .uk/what-no-difference-a- year-makes-post-brexit-eu-uk-security- relations/
