I NGAN HANG Vdl SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NfiNG THON
1- Dat van ffe
Tren t h j trfldng ndng san Viet N a m thdi gian qua, t i n h trang tranh mua tranh ban v l n p h d bien. Vide san xua't t h i t f l phat, chSt Ifldng khdng d a m bao. Khau tieu t h u t h i khdng phat huy dflde hidu qua cua cac d i u mdi t h u mua tap trung, thfldng lai v l n la thanh p h i n chu dao. T i n h trang gia ea bap benh k h i l n ngfldi s^n x u l t khdng ydn t a m d i u tfl.
Tam ly e ngai dau t f l md rdng da ha tha'p mflc do hap thy ngudn vd'n cho vay cua cac ngan hang thflong m a i . Bdn eanh d d , nhflng rui ro n h f l "dflde mua mat gia, dfldc gia khdng cd d l b a n " c f l lap lai lidn midn k h i l n ngan hang e ngai trong danh gia hieu qua phfldng an san xua't kinh doanh hang ndng san. Thay vao dd, gia tri tai san bao d a m dfldc dfla Idn xem xdt dau tien khi danh gia mdn vay. Cung vdi vide gia tri q u y l n sfl dung da't ndng nghidp dflde d i n h gia tha'p so vdl thi trfldng, tam ly e ngai da tao ra t i n h trang be tac - ngfldi san xuat khdng md rdng san xua't kinh doanh va ngan hang khdng tang trfldng dflgc d f l nd.
Md'i lo thfldng trfle eua ngfldi san x u l t la san Ifldng lam ra ed tieu t h u dflde khdng, cd lai khdng. Md'i lo cua ngan hang la vide sfl dung vdn vay eua khach
* Ngiin tiang Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong than
XAY DUNG VA CHD VAY Mil HHH UEN KET THEO CHUOi SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU SAN PHAM NfJNG NGHIEP
l^TbS. Pham Hong Scfn - Nguyin Vu Anh *
hang ed dung muc dieh khdng, cd kha nang hoan tra hay khdng.
Ndi each khac, cd md h i n h hoat ddng nao de d a m bao viec tieu t h u san p h i m ndng san, ed phfldng thflc nao de d a m bao vide quan ly ddng t i l n va giam t h i l u rui ro m l t v d n . Giai phap ehung cho ea hai phfa la tang cfldng sfl lien k i t trong chudi san xua't va tidu thu ndng san, ddng thdi tan dung tdi da d i c h vu ngan hang d l giam t h i l u c h i p h i va rui ro. Day cung la hfldng di ma C h i n h phu dfla ra tai N g h i q u y l t sd 1 4 / N Q - C P ngay 0 5 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 4 , dfldc Ngan hang N h a nflde ch?
dao thfle hien tai Q u y l t djnh sd 1 0 5 0 / Q D - N H N N ngay 1 7 / 0 7 / 2 0 1 4 , bfldc d i u thflc hign t h i d i l m t a i A g r i b a n k da mang lai kd't qua kha quan v a nhieu bai hpc k i n h n g h i d m dang gia.
II- Khai quat vg lign ket theo chufii 1 . Khai n i e m c h u n g Chudi san xuat v a tidu thu nong san dflde hieu la mdt loat cac ho^t d d n g t f l k h i bat dau Idn ke hoacli de'n k h i h i n h t h a n h san phim eudi cung d i n tay ngfldi tidu thg, qua eae khau cung flng vM td, nudi trdng, t h u mua, sd c h l , ch^
bie'n, p h d n p h d i . Tren t h j trfldng
NGAN HANG NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRlfN NdNG THdN ViEr NAM
sa AGRIBANK
Mang phdn fh/'n/i din fchdc/i hdng
Chuyen muc ray do Ngar hang Nong nghiep va Phat then nong thon Viet Nam tai trd
@ TJP CHi NGAN HANG | SO 5 | THANG 3/2015
- NGAN HANG VOI SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NUNG THUN %
Mlnh hpa t&ng quan v£ chuAl g l j Ir] trong san xuSt
t f l do h i d n nay, cac chudi h i n h t h a n h t f l phat n h f l nhflng d d n g nfldc n h d dflt quang ( h i n h l a ) . Cac h d san xua't sfl d u n g nhieu ehung loai vat t f l vdi eha't lfldng k h d n g d d n g d i u , san p h a m lam ra dfldc rao ban t f l do c h o ngfldi nao tra gia cao. Sfl lien ke't gifla ngfldi san xua't va cae khau khac k h d n g ben chat, lam vu nad biet vu da'y.
T a n g cfldng sfl lien ke't trong ehudi la v i e c h i n h t h a n h cac giao k i t cd t i n h ben vflng giu'a eac k h a u , b a n g each loai bd cac t r u n g gian d l tie't k i e m ehi p h i , tap h o p cac t h a n h p h a n san xuat d e tao ra san p h a m d d n g d e u , san lfldng ldn ( h i n h l b ) .
2 . M d hmh tdng quan ve chudi san xua't tieu thu
Di h i n h t h a n h dfldc d d n g san p h i m Idn va c h u y e n d d n g lien tuc c i n mgt m d h i n h t d chflc
dfldc hoach d i n h tfl eac khau h i n h t h a n h y tfldng - thu mua vat t f l nguyen lieu - san xuat - thu gom san p h a m - sd ehd, ehe bie'n eho d i n phan phd'i san p h a m tren t h ; trfldng. M d i mdt khau cd nhflng thanh phan t h a m gia khac nhau gdm ngfldi cung Lftig vat tfl nguyen lieu, ngfldi san sua't, ngfldi thu mua, ngfldi che bie'n, ngfldi phan phd'i, ngoai ra ed sfl tae d d n g cua cac thanh p h a n khae n h f l trung tam nghien eflu, hidp hdi nganh nghe, ngan hang. Vide lien ket trong ehudi dfldc ehia thanh lien ke't gifla nhflng ngfldi t h a m gia cung mdt khau (Lien ke't ngang) va lien k i t gifla nhflng t h a n h p h i n tai cac khau khac nhau (Lien ket doc).
Cho vay m d h i n h lien ke't theo chudi san xua't tieu thu la viec c h o vay de dau t f l h i n h t h a n h nen d d n g san p h a m Iflu e h u y i n
trong c h u d i .
Cd ra't nhieu each thfle de t d chflc mdt ehudi. Viec phan tich v l chudi la phan tfeh ddng chay trong chudi, bao gdm ddng vkt chat, ddng thdng tin va ddng vdn. Dflng tren gdc do ngan hang thi vide phan tfeh dat trong tam vao ddng vd'n. Ddi vdi thi trfldng ndng san Viet Nam thi tidu thu san pha'm la va'n de dang dfldc quan tam nhat trong nghidn cuU ve chudi gia trj.
Do dd, vide phkn tfch cung bat d i u tfl cac thanh phan tham gia vao khau tieu thu nay.
Ill- ThUc tien cho vay thi diem theo mo hinh lien ket trong chuoi san xuat tieu thu san pham nong nghiep cua Agribank
1 . Tinh hinh chung A g r i b a n k ed hdn 26 nam k i n h doanh v d n tren dia ban ndng t h d n , d i n nay sd khach hang
TAP CHI NGAN HANG j Sd 5 j THANG 3/2015 Q
: ^ NGAN HANG Vfll SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG Tl
Cho vay mo hinh iien ket theo chuoi san xuat Heu thu iii viic ctw ^ tfe" dau td tiinh thanh nen ddng san pham Idu chuySn trdng c / i
vay vdn cua Agribank da dat 3.676.633 khach hang, trong dd cd 3.253.615 khach hang la hd san xuat va ca nhan trdn dia ban ndng thdn ( c h i l m 8 8 % ) . Vdi mang Ifldi trdn 2.200 d j a d i l m giao d j c h trai k h i p cac huyen, xa tren toan qud'c, mgi hoat dgng cfla ngfldi ndng dan tai dia phfldng deu dfldc ngan hang cap nhdt hang ngay. Day la d i l u kien thuan ldi ridng cd cua Agribank trong vide tiep can cac m d h i n h san xuat k i n h doanh mdi trong ndng nghidp, cung n h f l truyen tai eac chu trfldng ehfnh sach eua nha nfldc. M^c du da ra't c d gang trong phue vu ba con ndng dan nhflng theo thdi gian viec cho vay ridng le tflng hg ngay cang tao ap lflc ve nhan sfl, ehi p h i va rui ro trong quan ly sfl dung vdn cho Agribank. Tfl d d , y tfldng ve cho vay md h i n h lien ket theo mdt chudi tfl khau san xuat dd'n khau tieu thu da nhen n h u m h i n h thanh tfl lau tai ta't ca cac chi nhanh trong hd thdng cua A g r i b a n k .
N a m 2 0 1 0 mgt phfldng an dflde A g r i b a n k Chi nhanh H a N a m khdi xfldng vdi ndi d u n g ehu yeu la lidn ket gifla mdt ben
Q TAP CHl NGAN HANG 1 S6 5 ] THANG 3/Z015
la doanh nghiep cung flng thfle an ehan nudi va mdt bdn la cae khach hang hd chan nudi Idn cua A g r i b a n k tren dja ban t i n h Ha N a m . Ngan hang ddng vai trd la c l u ndi gifla ngfldi nudi va doanh nghiep san xua't thfle a n , dflng ra bao lanh eho ngfldi nudi d l mua thfle an trfle t i l p tfl nha may n h a m ha gia thanh san xua't. Q u a thdi gian kien tri thflc hien va dat ket qua kha q u a n , phfldng an da dflde sfl tan thanh cija c h i n h q u y l n dia phfldng. Tiep d d , d i u nam 2 0 1 3 , mdt Ban C h l dgo thf d i e m md h i n h eung flng thfle an ehan nudi vdi thanh p h i n t h a m gia gdm lanh dao cdc Cci'p chfnh q u y l n dia phflong da ra d d i . Viec ap dung t f l quy m d vai xa nay da duac nhan rdng ra toan t i n h . Day la mdt trong nhflng m d h i n h sd khai v l lien k i t theo c h u d i . Tfldng tfl, ed rat nhieu m d h i n h da dflde xay dflng vdi sfl t h a m gia eua A g r i b a n k n h f l c a n h d d n g mau ldn d Can T h d , lidn k i t trdng hoa d Lam D d n g , Men k i t san xuat tieu thu m i a dfldng d Khanh Hda, Tuyen Q u a n g , lidn k i t san xuat va cung flng cky gid'ng d N i n h Thuan, lidn k i t nudi t d m d Sdc Trang, lidn k i t dgc t r o n g
ehudi san xuat tieu thu ca tra d A n C i a n g , lien ket ngang trong d a n h bat xa b d d N a m Dinh, lien ke't phat trien vung sSn xuS't rau an toan d D a N a n g , lidn ket trdng va tidu t h u san, eao su t?i Q u a n g T r i , lien k i t s^n x u l t , ch^
bid'n va tieu thu ehe d Lao Cai, D i e n Bien,... Trong thdi gianthi^c h i e n , cac m d h i n h da vfldng ph3i rat n h i e u k h d k h a n , mdt phin do sfl t h i e u k i n h nghidm trong xay dflng m d h i n h , nhflng chiJ yeu ia do y thflc lien k i t va h ^ tac cua ngfldi ndng dan edn han che. T f l tfldng lam an chgy theo ldi nhuan trfldc mat v l n edn the h i d n rd khi ngfldi dan s i n sang p h a hdp d d n g tieu thu d l ban cho thfldng lai vdi gia cao hdn, hay sfl d u n g thud'c va thflc an khfing d u n g ky thuat dfldc c h l d i n \hm g i a m chat Ifldng san p h a m khi^n d o a n h n g h i e p khdng t h i thu mua dfldc. Du da dfldc t f l van l3n t i n h k e m theo d d n g v i d n khuyl^fi khfch thfldng xuyen t f l phia can bd ngan h a n g va c h i n h quyen d j a p h f l d n g nhflng n h d n thflc cua ngfldi d a n khdng t h e thay doi t r o n g mdt sdm mgt c h i e u .
Tuy cdn gap n h i l u k h d khan, nhflng vide t i m t d i , ddi mfli
NGAN HANG Vdl SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON S
p h f l d n g thfle, ddi tfldng eho vay cua A g r i b a n k t h d i gian qua v l n dat dflde nhflng t h a n h qu^i d a n g ke. D a c d i e m cija san xud't ndng n g h i e p la mdt hd lam t h a n h cdng t h i d l lan tda de'n cae hd x u n g q u a n h c u n g l a m . N h f l n g ngudn vdn la'y t f l d i u , v i e c quan ly san xuat d quy m d Idn ra sao v l n ludn la mdt bai toan k h d . A g r i b a n k la d d n vj cung cap v d n t f n d u n g g i n gui nha't vdi ngfldi dan Vidt N a m , t h a m c h i tren n h i l u d j a ban c d n la ehd dfla duy nha't eua nhflng ngfldi ndng d a n d a n g t h i e u v d n . N h a n thflc dfldc trach n h i e m to Idn eua m i n h , nen tuy cd n h i l u k h d k h a n , A g r i b a n k v a n kidn t r i t r o n g xay dflng va v a n ddng ngfldi dan cung t h a m gia cac m d h i n h lidn kd't d l hfldng tdi viec san xuat l d n . D e n nay, A g r i b a n k da c h o vay tren 16 loai cay trdng t a p t r u n g (Lua, n g d , m i a , rau - dau, hoa, nho, xoai, cam-quft, tao - m a n , n h a n - vai - c h d m c h d m , d i l u , hd tieu, cao su, ca p h d , ehe, dflde lidu), 5 loai gia sue gia c a m nudi t a p t r u n g (Trau - b d , ngfla - la - lfla, de - cuU, l d n , ga - vjt - c h i m ) , d f l n d nudi t r d n g va c h a m sdc, eung flng giong dat 1 2 7 . 5 8 5 t y d d n g . Ngoai ra, A g r i b a n k cdn d a y m g n h cho vay d j c h vu hd t r d g i a m tdn that trong ndng nghiep theo Q u y e t d j n h 6 8 / 2 0 1 3 / Q D - TTg ngay 1 4 / 1 1 / 2 0 1 3 eua C h f n h p h u ve e h i n h sach hd t r d n h a m g i a m tdn tha't t r o n g ndng nghiep.
D f l n d thfle h i e n de'n nay dat 4 2 2 t y d d n g , vdi ddi tfldng da d a n g t f l thie't bj lam dat, t h i e t b i say, t h i l t b j san xua't gidng c h o d i n t h i l t bj t h u hoaeh. Vide nay da p h a n nao giai tda ap Ifle v l vd'n dau tfl e d sd ha t a n g san xuat va bao ::|uan c h o ngfldi n d n g d a n , bao
d a m chat Ifldng s^n p h a m t h a m gia trong m d h i n h lien ke't theo chudi.
N a m 2 0 1 4 la n a m m a t f l " l i e n kd't" dflde ndi den nhieu nhat trong eac v a n ban phap luat, tfl Nghl quyd't C h i n h phu sd 1 4 / N Q - C P ngay 0 5 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 4 , rdi Q u y e t d i n h cua Thu tfldng sd 6 4 4 / Q D - T T g ngay 0 5 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 4 ve phe duyet De an " H d trd ddanh nghiep nhd va vfla de phat trien c u m lien ke't nganh trong chudi gia tri khu vflc ndng nghiep ndng t h d n " , de'n Thdng t f l 1 5 / 2 0 1 4 / T T - B N N P T N T cua Bd Ndng nghidp va Phat t r i l n ndng thdn hfldng d i n Q u y l t d j n h 6 2 / 2 0 1 3 / Q D - T T g ve chfnh saeh khuyd'n khieh phat t r i l n hdp tae, lidn k i t san xuat g i n vdi tidu thu ndng san, xay dflng eanh ddng Idn;
Quye't d j n h 1 0 5 0 / Q D - N H N N nam 2 0 1 4 v l Chfldng t r i n h eho vay t h i d i e m phuc vu phat trien ndng nghidp theo Nghj quye't 1 4 / N Q - C P do Ngan hang Nha nfldc Vidt N a m ban h a n h ; Quyet d j n h 7 1 0 / Q D - B N N - K T H T nam 2 0 1 4 phe duyet k l hoach ddi m d i , phat t r i l n h i n h thflc t d chflc k i n h te hdp tae trong ndng nghiep;
K l hoach 1 3 9 1 / K H - B N N - T C L N v l phat trien k i n h te' hdp tae va lien k i t theo chudi san g i a t r i san p h a m trong \kn^ nghiep giai doan 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 2 0 ; va hang loat cac van ban c h l dgo d ea'p t i n h cung cae van ban thda thuan xay dflng m d h i n h lidn k i t . T r i l n khai thflc hien cae nghi quyd't, quyet d m h d d , trong 10 t h a n g dau nam 2 0 1 4 da cd 13 m d h i n h lien k i t c h f n h thfle dfldc A g r i b a n k cho vay t h i d i l m theo p h e duyet cua Ngan hang N h a nfldc, thu hut dfldc sfl t h a m gia cua vai chuc n g h i n hd
san xua't. c a c t h a n h p h a n doanh nghiep dau md'i t h a m gia d i u la eae khach hang ed quan he lau n a m , dfldc A g r i b a n k t i n tfldng van ddng t h a m gia lam ndng cd't trong giai doan thf d i e m ban dau edn nhieu khd khan. Tfl nhflng hgt nhan vflng chac d d , A g r i b a n k t i n tfldng vao kha nang cao trong m d rdng md h i n h . Cach thflc nay da chflng m i n h hidu qua thflc td' vdi chudi san xua't tidu thu ca tra tai dia ban t i n h A n G i a n g . H i e n nay, md h i n h da di vao boat ddng dn d i n h , eae thanh phan t h a m gia d i u cd nhu eau g i n bd lau lai vdi lien k i t theo ehudi va dang m d rdng quy md eae hg t h a m gia lien ke't.
2 . G i d i t h i e u mo h i n h chudi san xua't t i e u t h u ca t r a
DiSn giai hoat ddng cua chudi vdi Slf tham gia eua Agribank:
Cac hd nudi dang k^ sd' Ifldng nudi va thdi d i l m tha ca vdi cdng ty che bie'n (Cdng t y Thugn A n - Tafishce), ky hdp ddng mua thflc an vdi edng t y cung flng thflc an (hien nay la edng ty thfle an gia sue nhan hieu cdn cd). M d i ddt nhgp thfle an, edng ty cung flng gfli hda ddn den trung tam quan ly ehudi, sau dd hda ddn dfldc tap hdp va chuyen qua A g r i b a n k C h i nhanh A n G i a n g d l t h a n h toan, ghi nd cho tai khoan vay eua hg nudi. D e n ky thu hoach, nha may se vdt ca tai ao, chdt sd Ifldng va gia t h a n h , sau d d bao cho ngan hang d l thanh toan tidn cho hd nudi. Ngdn hang can efl tren sd t i l n ehuyen se thflc hien ta't toan sd' t i l n ng cua hd nudi, chuyen t i e n lai chenh lech vao tai khoan thu hfldng cua hd nudi, ghi n d tai khoan vay cija nha may. Ca t h i t
TAP CHi NGAN HANG | SO 5 I THANG 3/2015 ^
I NGAN HANG vdl su NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON
^
Nhd mdy cli4 bi^n
1 ^
TKunhgp^^k
^
^1 i
lltn ei Bl6nB
Trung 13 T19I glAng
TnitcHllHiie
mcuiBi>ngv9ttL/
XJOI bing M y sSn^
dfldc c h l bie'n va xua't khau. Khi cd t i l n thanh toan tfl t h i trfldng nhap khau, A g r i b a n k Chi nhanh A n Giang se ta't toan khoan nhSn nd cua nha may va c h u y i n phan thu nhap chenh lech ve tai khoan thu hfldng cua nha may.
Die diem eua md hinh lien ke't theo chudi sin xuai tidu thu ci tra cd sU tham gia ctja ngin hang tai dta bin Tinh An Giang:
• Doanh nghiep thu mua la true ehinh trong boat ddng eua chudi;
Doanh nghiep t h u mua dfldc lfla chgn trong nhflng d d n vi boat dgng td't tren dia ban d a m bao cac dieu kien v l uy t f n , v l k i n h nghidm va quan trpng la cd n h i l u tbi trfldng tieu t h u . Ngoai ra, Cdng ty Thuan A n dflgc chgn cdn cd cd eau san p h a m d i u ra da dang (thjt ea, d i u ca, bdt ca), cd nhu c l u Idn ve nguydn lieu thu mua. Trong hogt ddng cua chudi, Cdng ty ed trach nhidm lam dau mdi lidn he gifla eac khau, cu the la lfla chgn nhflng nha cung flng thflc an d a m bao chd't Ifldng de eae hO ky ke't hdp ddng cung flng, t i m kiem cac hg ed dieu kidn va k i n h n g h i d m san xua't trong vung d l ky hdp d d n g
bao tidu, theo ddi v i e c tha ca, xet nghidm ca b d n h , p h a n phdi thude, tap hdp hda d d n cung flng thfle an gi!fi ngan hang, va cud'i eung la bao tieu san p h a m trfle tiep t f l ao.
• Cae hd t h a m gia lien k i t trong ehudi thdng nha't thfle h i e n mdt sdva'n d l sau:
Ve thflc a n : C h l sfl d u n g thfle an eua cac hang da dfldc lfla chgn trfldc de d a m bao eha't Ifldng ca.
- v l thdi gian t h a ca: Phai thfle hien theo k l hoach cua edng t y thu mua de d a m bao kha nang bao tieu.
- v l tidu t h u : c h l ban cho cdng ty t h u mua theo gia thda t h u a n . H i e n tai c i e ben d d n g y gia t h u mua khdng tha'p hdn 4 cdng t y ldn khac trdn d j a b a n .
- Ve t h a n h toan: sCf d u n g cdng cu thanh toan khdng d u n g t i e n mat cua A g r i b a n k .
• N h f l n g Uu dai tfl phfa A g r i b a n k Chi nhanh A n G i a n g : Xac d i n h ea tra la san p h a m trong d i e m cua dia phfldng, A g r i b a n k d a t h a m gia tfl giai doan h i n h t h a n h y tfldng ve m d h i n h lidn k i t trong chudi san xuat v a tieu t h u ca
tra. D e n k h i chudi di vao hogt d d n g , ngan h a n g ndng n g h i ^ ludn chuan bj san sang v l vdn va nhan Ifle d l hd t r d eac hd nudi va nha m a y tidu t h u . Cu t h i la, phS hdp vdi doanh nghiep de danh gia cae hd t h a m gia lidn ket, chuyen t i l n thanh toan nhanh c h d n g (ngay k h i nhan dfldc hoa ddn), gian Ifldc toi da vi^c di lai cua k h a c h hang. Dgc bi$t, A g r i b a n k d a m a n h dan cho vay dd'n 9 0 % khdng phai bao dam b a n g tai san dd'i vdi cae hO tham gia lien k i t . Do d d giai tda di/^c ap lflc v e vdn dau tfl eho cac hg nudi.
Nhdng thuin lai trong xay ddng chudi san xui't tieu thu ca tra tai dia bin Tinh An Giang: •
Vide xay dflng m d h i n h lidn ket theo chudi n h a n dfldc sfl ddng long eua tat ca eac t h a n h p h i n tti hd nudi eho d i n c h i n h q u y l n dja phfldng. Theo d d , hg nudi dam bao tuan t h u eac tidu c h u i n v^
nudi t h a , sfl d u n g vdn vay dung muc d f c h , t i d u t h u san p h i m tai d i u m d i tap t r u n g , khdng gay p h a gia tren t h j trfldng. Chinh q u y l n d j a phfldng tgo eac dieu kien t h d n g t h o a n g trong quan If giao dat nudi t r d n g , hd trg ngSn h a n g t r o n g quan ly viee sCf dynj v d n va x f l ly thu hdi nd'u cd rui re xay ra.
D i l m t h u ^ n ldi dac bi^t nOa la eae t h a n h p h i n t h a m gia tren d j a b a n d e u cd k i n h nghiem san xuat k i n h doanh lau n a m . Con ca tra la san p h a m truyen thd'ng lai d j a phfldng, ngfldi d a n da nij6i tha hdn chuc n a m nay tfl luc thi theo ldng be tren sdng vdl con gidng Idy t f l t f l n h i d n c h o din ngay n a y nudi t r o n g ao h a m vcii ngudn gidng t f l san xua't. NhOng
Q TAP CHI NGAN HANG | Sd 5 j THANG 3/2015
— NGAN HANG Vdl SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON i
k i n h n g h i e m t f l nhflng l l n t h a n h c d n g va that bgi trong san xu^t k i n h ddanh ca tra la co sd d l cac h d va d o a n b nghidp hieu rd ldi fch cua vide lidn kd't theo e h u d i . Bay g i d cd t h d m sfl trd giup cua e h i n h quyen va ngan hang se c a n g tao d d n g lflc de hg duy tri cac lidn k i t d l chudi hoat d d n g hidu qua.
Nhdng khd khan trong md rong md htnh lien ke't theo chudi san xui't tiiu thu ci tra tai dja bin tinh An Giang:
• v d n d i u tfl: suat d i u t f l cua ao ea ra't cao, ldn den vai ty d d n g nen khdng p h a i hd nudi nao c u n g cd kha nang nudi tha vdi sd' lfldng Idn. N h f l n g hd dfldc chgn t h a m gia thf d i l m deu la nhflng hd ed t i l m lflc tai c h i n h . N h f l n g t r o n g d d , cd hd tha vdi sd lfldng ldn tren 6 0 0 t a n / n a m , ed hd e h l tha d mflc d d t h a m d d vdi 2 0 0 t d n / n a m . D o sd t i l n dau t f l ban dau Idn, m a san p h a m dau ra khd c h u y e n doi nen chfla c d n h i l u ho m a n h dan t h a m gia.
• G i a ca dau ra va t h j trfldng t i e u t h u : G i a c a nguyen lieu nhieu n a m qua bj ha t h a p , cac doanh n g h i e p thu mua canh tranh gid xuat k h a u , rdi quay lai ep gia ngfldi nudi. T f l khi N g h j d j n h 3 6 / 2 0 1 4 / N D - C P ve nudi, che bie'n va xuat khau san p h a m ca , tra c d hieu lflc n g ^ y 2 0 / 0 6 / 2 0 1 4 c h o d i n nay, vide d a n g ky hdp . d d n g xua't k h i u de bao d a m gia , t h u mua ea nguyen lieu tha'p hoac b i n g gia san v l n cdn chfla p h d b i l n do eac d o a n h n g h i e p k h d n g m u d n c d n g khai t h d n g t i n gay anh hfldng d i n eanh t r a n h trdn t h j trfldng. N e u khdng thflc h i e n dfldc n g h i e m tuc vide ap gia san t h u mua ca nguyen lidu t h i
r§t k h d d a m bao ldi nhugn c h o ngfldi nudi yen tdm d i u tfl.
Thi trfldng tieu thu ehfnh cua ca tra la EU va M y , san p h a m tidu thu la loai ea nhd khoang 800g/con.
C d ca nay thfldng c h i e m 8 0 % sd Ifldng khi thu hoach (trong lfldng ca giao ddng t f l 300g/con den 1.300g/con). N h f l v i y sd Ifldng ca logi rat nhieu nhflng kha nang chuyen doi sang t h i trfldng tieu thu khac hay phu p h a m hidn cdn han ehe. Bdn egnh d d , vide t a m t r f l c a khdng t h i thflc hien do ehi phf rdt cao ndn khi ca den thdi d i l m thu hoach ma gia ca cdn bien ddng m a n h t h i ngfldi nudi ra't dd dang bj ep gia. Vide t h a m gia lidn ket trong chudi ehfnh la mdt bao d a m eho vide tidu thu ca cfla ngfldi n u d i . Tuy n h i d n , boat d d n g e g n h t r a n h k h d n g i a n h m g n h k h i e n d o a n h n g h i e p t h u mua eung b i budc p h a i d i e u e h i n h gia xua't k h i u theo t f l n g t h d i d i e m , d i n d e n v i d e k h d n g thd'ng nhat dfldc mdt mflc gia t h u m u a cd' d i n h . H i d n nay, mflc gia thu mua ea nguyen lieu t r o n g m d h i n h l i e n ket v l n ap d y n g mflc gia t h a m chid'u t h e o gia cua 3 c d n g t y ldn khae tren d i a ban t i n h .
IV- Bai hpc kinh nghiem tfe xay di/ng mo hinh iien Icet theo chu5i sdn xuat tieu thu san pham nong nghiep thanh cong
Cd rat nhieu ngfldi t h a m gia vao vide trao ddi hang hda tren thi trfldng nhflng khdng phai ai cung cd eae md'i lidn ket chat c h e vdi cac ddi tac. N h f l da t r i n h bay sd Ifldc trong phan khai n i d m c h u n g , cd rat nhieu lien k i t theo chudi h i n h t h a n h t f l phat, va khdng p h a i chudi nao cung
dfldc h i n h t h a n h trdn v e n . Md'i lien ke't cd the dflt doan tai mdt khdu va theo d d d d n g san p h i m lull e h u y i n eung dflng Igi, hien nhien ngfldi t h a m gia khi d d se chju thidt hai. Trai lai, vdi cac chudi hogt ddng hieu qua, md'i lien kd't dfldc duy tri thfldng xuydn va dfldc bao vd bdi e h i n h nhflng ngfldi t h a m gia. Q u a n sat tfl thflc t l eho ra bai hgc d i u t i d n la: ^^SUsan se Igi ich va rui ro se tao ra mol lien ket bin vthig va duy tri dong luu chuyen vat chat trong chuoi san xuat va tieu tbu ndng san". D a y la cd sd tdn tai tien quye't cua ehudi. Bdi vay, khi mudn h i n h thanh mdt md h i n h lien k i t theo ehudi san xuat tieu thu cua bat ky san p h a m nad, trfldc bet phai t i m cac thanh phan s i n sang ehia se ldi nhuan trfldc mat de ddi la'y sfl san se rui ro va dam bao mdt ldi ich lau dai. D d la nhflng ngfldi da tfch luy dfldc n h i l u thcit bai va thanh cdng cung vdi san p h a m d d , cd tam huyd't va mud'n xay dflng mdt h i n h m l u d l ngfldi khac hgc hdi c h f l khdng c h i t i m kie'm Igi nhuan thdng thfldng. D a y se la n h d m cd't Idi cua md h i n h lidn ket, va khi ehuyen sang giai doan m d rdng vdi nhieu ngfldi t h a m gia hdn t h i eac d i l u kidn m a n g t i n h ea nhan cd the dfldc Idai bo va c h i xet dd'n cae d i l u kidn v l tfl lieu san xud't.
Bai hge t h f l hai la: ^'Hoat dgng cua chuoi la boat dgng cd ke hoach, cac thanh vien tham gia lien kit tbeo chuoi bat bugc phai tuan thii ki'hoach da dugc hoach dinb trUdc^'. Tflng ngfldi san xua't bao n h i d u , thu hoach vao thdi d i e m nao, eung each san p h a m ra sao,... Tat ea deu
TAPCHiNGANHANG I SOS I THANG3/2015 Q
I NGAN HANG Vfll SLJ NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON
dfldc len ke hoach trfldc va dfldc cae thanh vien thflc hidn vdi sfl phd'i hdp n h i p nhang. D i l u nay khdng c h i la de kiem soat san Ifldng va c h i t Ifldng san p h a m dau ra, quan trgng ban la dam bao dflde kha nang tidu thu san p h i m trong chudi. Ngoai ra, n h f l ban chat eua moi ke hoaeh, nd tdi flu ehi phf d i u tfl va tang kha nang chd'ng t r i vdi nhflng bien ddng ba't thfldng cua thi trfldng.
Ca sd hinh thanh lien k i t trong chudi san xua't tieu thu ndng san la tap hdp dflde ngfldi san xua't eung nhau hoat dgng d l tgo ra vung canh tac, nudi trdng ldn.
Day la hat nhan cua chudi lien k i t . Tfl dd se phat sinh nhu c l u ldn v l vat tfl d i u vao. Viec tidu thu cung khdng the dfla vao eae thfldng lai nhd le ma phai cd eae to chflc du ldn de bao tieu. N h f l vay, mdt tap hdp eac mdi quan he rdng ldn, cd tac ddng trfle t i l p den ldi fch tai ehfnh cua mdi thanh p h i n tham gia, se dfloe h i n h t h a n h . Nhflng cac hogt ddng trong lien k i t nay khdng the tfl nd duy tri va vgn hanh ma c i n ed mdt sfl d i l u phd'i nhjp nhang.
Ngfldi dam nhiem vai trd dieu phd'i day phai du uy tin de nhflng ngfldi t h a m gia tin tfldng rang ldi fch cija hg dfldc bao d a m . Tfl thflc te cho tha'y cac t d chflc dai dien eho ngfldi ndng dan khdng diJ sflc anh hfldng de thflc hien vai trd nay. Bai hgc thfl 3 la:
'^LUa chgn thanh vien cua khau tiiu tbu lam true chinh trong mo hinh liin ke't tbeo chuoi, va cd sU tham gia, giam sat cua cac tac nhan quan trgng nbU cbinb quyin, ngan hang". Dieu nay cd ve trai ngfldc vdi quan d i l m c d hijfl cho rang ngfldi thu mua
Q TAP CHi NGAN HANG | SO 5 | THANG 3/2015
thfldng thao tung th j trfldng va gay ba't lgi ve gia cho ngfldi san xua't.
Nhflng thfle te khdng hoan toan n h f l vay. Vide k i n h d o a n h chop gigt c h l didn ra thfldng xuydn vdi nhflng thfldng lai nhd le, va viec thao tung thi trfldng thfldng dflde thflc hidn bdi cac td chflc cd quy md ldn, cd kha nang chu dgng ve nguydn lieu va thi trfldng tieu thu. Cdn ddi tflgng dang dflde de cap trong xay dflng md h i n h lien ket theo chudi la nhflng c d sd cd quy md trung b i n h . Day la ddi tfldng chfla qua ldn de cd the t f l cung tfl cap, nhflng c h j u ap lflc vd viec duy t r i san Ifldng d l thfle hidn cae hdp ddng dat hang. V a bdi vgy, mdt each t f l n h i d n , hg dang ed nhu c l u lidn k i t vdi eac hg san xudt.
Bai hge thfl tfl la: ''Quyet dinb cung cap tai cbinh cbo chuoi phai dUa trin sdc khoe cua toan bd chuoi, chdkbdng chl dda trin nang Idc cua mgt ngddi vay dcfn le". Dky la bai hge d a n h cho cae T C T D cap vd'n, M d i lidn he gifla cae t h a n h p h i n t h a m gia dfla trdn t i e n de tfldng trd l l n nhau va thflc hien theo k l hoaeh chung, do d d phfldng an san xuat k i n h doanh phai dflgc x e m xet tdng t h i t f l khau bat d i u de'n khau ket thuc. Va n h f l da phan t f c h , du san p h i m cua mdt khau ed dfldc tieu thu trdt Igt tai mdt thdi d i e m t h i cung khdng cd nghia nd se tid'p tue n h f l vky trong tfldng lai ne'u sfl lidn k i t gifla eac khau khdng ben vflng. Dd'i vdi cac chudi cd lien kd't khdng hoan t h i d n t h i rat k h d cho ngfldi cung flng vd'n k i l m tra dfldc cac khau lien quan. N h f l n g ddi vdi m d h i n h lien k i t theo chudi san xuat tieu thu ndng san d a n g de cap
thi m i n h bgch t h d n g tin la diiu kidn c i n thid't do vay ngfldi cung flng v d n hoan toan ed t h i theo ddi dfldc hogt d g n g cua cac kh&i lien quan t r o n g c h u d i . Tuy v?y, n a n g lflc tai e h i n h cua mdi thanli v i d n t h a m gia la khac nhau, nen kha n a n g hoan tra eung khac nhau. Viec xSy dflng k l hoach sil d u n g vd'n vay va k l hoach hoan tra c a n dfldc thflc hidn linh dOng theo tflng trfldng hdp cu t h i .
V- Kien nghj tie xuat 1 . Dd'i vdi Chmh phu va NgSn hang N h a nUdc
Sfla ddi va hoan thidn cae van ban vdi d i n h hfldng hd trg phat t r i l n ndng nghigp ndng thon noi c h u n g va tang cfldng hoat dfing lien kd't ndi ridng cho phu hop hdn vdi d i l u kidn kinh doanh hidn nay. Cu t h i :
- N d i ldng cac quy d i n h v l ty I?
c h o vay td'i d a . H i e n nay mflc quy d j n h cflng la 7 0 % gia trj phfldng a n , d f l a n (Khoan 4 D i l u 2 Quygt d i n h 6 8 / 2 0 1 3 / Q D - T T g , Dieu 6 Quyd't d j n h 1 0 5 0 / Q D - N H N N l t r o n g mgt sd trfldng hdp se kho khan eho ngfldi di vay. Bdi vi vd'n t f l cd cija ngfldi san xua't thflclng dflgc p h a n b d vao chi phf nh3n c d n g cua ngfldi t r o n g gia dinh, c h i phf d i u tfl cai tgo didn tich dat, mat nfldc canh tac. H l u hei cae logi ehi phf nay deu khdng cd t h a m c h i l u rd rang gay kh6 khan cho ngan hang trong d^nh gia t h i m d m h . N l u vide danh gia c h i phu hdp vdi cac quy dinh ve an toan vd'n nhflng khdng phfl htJf vdi thflc t l , ngfldi di vay se khonj vay dfldc du sd vdn c i n t h i l t . "••
- Bdn c a n h eac q u y d j n h bS budc ve n a n g lflc cua ngfldi thar gia lidn k i t , ndn quy d j n h U
NGAN HANG VOl SU NGHIEP PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VA NONG THON <|
budc ve vigc sfl d u n g edng eu t h a n h toan khdng d u n g t i e n mat vdi cac giao d i c h t r o n g c h u d i . Cu t h i la eac t h a n h toan theo hdp d d n g cung flng vat t f l , hdp d d n g t h u m u a , v a cac khoan flng trfldc t h e d cae hdp d d n g t r d n . Trong eac q u y d i n h ndn bat bugc ngfldi t h a m gia t r o n g m d h i n h lidn ket p h a i m d tai khoan t h u hfldng tai ngan h a n g c h o v a y thf d i l m .
N g a n hang N h a nfldc ndn cd q u y d j n h mflc cho vay tdi d a khdng cd t a i san bao d a m dd'i vdi cac phfldng a n , d f l an san xuat k i n h d o a n h theo m d h i n h lien k i t . C h i n h p h u nen e h l dao cac Bg nganh lien quan dfla ra cae t h a m c h i l u hgp ly t r o n g xac d j n h gia trj tai san bao d a m . Dd'i vdi bat d d n g san d l nghj cap nhat gia trj ddt phu hgp vdi gia trj t h j trfldng. D d i vdi cac tai san la t f l lieu lao d d n g sfl d u n g trong san xudt ndng n g h i d p ed gia trj eao n h f l cac m a y m d c c a n h tac, t h u h o g c h , nha Ifldi, nha bat,... dac biet la eac t h i l t bj cdng nghd cao c i n cd q u y d i n h c a p chflng n h a n quyen sd hOu hdp p h a p c h o ngfldi mua cung n h f l eae q u y d m h cu t h i trdng viec chuyen nhflgng d e ngan hang cd can e f l tie'p n h g n e l e d d n g san d d lam tai san bao d a m .
G i a m bdt cac t h u tue p h d d u y ^ t d cap t r u n g fldng va trao t h d m quyen e h u d d n g c h o cap c h i n h quyen d j a phfldng trong xay d f l n g , t h i m d j n h phfldng a n , d f l an san xudt k i n h doanh p h u h d p v d i d i l u k i d n tflng ndi d l v i ^ c thflc hidn dfldc k i p t h d i . D o n g t h d i quan ly va khuye'n k h i c h vide xay d f l n g cac m d h i n h l i e n k i t b a n g cac c h e d d v e t h i dua k h e n thfldng hgp ly.
- C h i dao thflc hien viec xa hdi hda boat d d n g ngan hang trong bdi canh c i n tang cfldng dau t f l de vflc day nen k i n h te, thoat ra khdi khung hoang. Cu t h e n h f l t h a n h lap cac Ban eh? dgo cho vay ndng nghidp ndng t h d n d cac dia phfldng vdi sfl t h a m gia cua cac lanh dgo cap eao tgi dia phfldng va dgi d i d n eua ngan hang. Bd'tri mdt p h i n ngan sach t h f c h hgp d e duy tri Ban c h i dao v a cd chfnh s i c h uli dai hgp ly de t h u hut k i n h p h i d d n g gdp t f l eac t h a n h phan xa hdi trong giai doan khd khan hien nay.
2 . Odi vdi c h i n h quyen cac cap Tang cfldng nhgn thflc v l vai trd boat ddng cho vay cua ngan hang ndi chung va viec cho v a y m d h i n h lien ket theo ehudi gia trj san xua't va tidu thu san p h a m ndng nghiep ndi rieng.
T f c h ci^c c h i dao va phd'i hgp vdi ngan hang m d rdng, nhan rdng cac m d h i n h trdn d j a b a n . Dac biet tao d i l u kien cho ngfldi dan trong vide thflc hien cac t h u tuc hanh c h f n h tgi dja phfldng n h f l dang ky q u y l n sfl dgng dat, d a n g ky giao d i c h bao d a m , xae n h a n n h a n khau, d a n g ky d f l a n , phfldng an du dieu kien dfldc hd trd theo cac chfldng t r i n h cua C h i n h phu,... Phdi hdp vdi ngdn hang trong d d n dd'c, x f l ly cac khdan n d xa'u d l khdng anh hfldng dd'n eac khach hang hogt d d n g tdt trdn dja ban eung n h f l g i a m thieu rui ro, tao dgng lflc c h o can bd ngan hang trong tac nghiep tai dia phfldng.
Vt- Ket luan
Xay dflng va m d rdng m d h i n h lidn ket theo chudi san xuat tieu thu san p h a m ndng nghiep eung
n h f l cho vay theo m d h i n h nay v l n cdn dang trong giai doan t h f l n g h i e m , nhflng k h i trien khai da nhan dfldc sfl hfldng flng nhiet t i n h cua cae t h a n h phan k i n h t l . Dac biet sfl quan tam e h l dao kjp thdi cua cac ca'p e h i n h q u y l n da tao ddng lflc ldn cho cae chu t h i t h a m gia yen t a m san xuat k i n h d o a n h . N l u cac m d h i n h dfldc nhan rdng thanh cdng se giup cho viec quan \-y vk d i l u t i l t t h i trfldng ndng san t h d m d l dang, va quan trgng hdn la d a m bao dfldc Idi nhugn eua ngfldi san xuat. Ve phfa ngan hang, d i u t f l cho vay theo m d h i n h lidn ket theo chudi khep k i n t f l khau san xuat ddn khau tidu thu se giam thieu dfldc rui ro n h d kha nang quan ly tdt hdn ddng t i l n IflU c h u y i n theo chudi. Ben egnh nhflng Igi feh t r e n , m d h i n h lien ket m d ra hi vgng cd t h i c h d m dtJrttinh trang lam an m a n h m u n , nhd le d l tao dflng nen san xudt hang hda trdn t h j trfldng ndng san tai Viet N a m . a
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Di/^an chu6i lien ket doc ca tra Tafishco
"san xuat • che bien - xuat khau" Tai lieu noi bp.
2. B^o cao ket qua khao sat cho vay thi fliem mfi hinh lien ket Iheo chuCi s^n x u i t tieu thu san pham nong nghi?p vk mo hinh san xuat nong nghiep Cing dung cong nghe cao.
Tai lieu nOl bo.
3 Mot so van de ly lu^n ve phan tich ctiuOi gia tri thily san, Tac giii Nguyen Thi Thuy Vinh, Tr§n HCu CiJdng, Di/dng Van Hi^u. Tap chi Khoa hoc va Phat trien 2013, tap 1 1 , so 1.125-132.
4. Nghien cilu da dang hoa thi trudng !ieu thu chu6i gia tn bi/cli da xanh Bgn Tre. TSc gia Ths. Ho&ng Van Viet Tap chi phat trien va hoi nhap. so 16 (26) • thSng 05-06/2014.
5 Gia tang gia tri hang nong sSn thong qua nang cap chuoi gici tn xuat khau, TnJdng hflp nghien cifu chuoi giii tri dtfa Ben Tre. Tac gia Le Tuan Loc va NguySn Van Nen. Tap chi phat trien va hoi nhap, so 18 (28) - thang 09-10/2014.
6. Sach Agncultural value chain finance, Tools and lessons. T^c gi4 Calvin Miller va Linda Jones. Xuat ban bdi Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations va Practical Action Publishing nam 2010.
TAPCHiNGANHANG | 3 0 5 j THANG3/2015 ©
